This textbook provides a basic introduction to radiology and imaging along with the minimum required knowledge written from a practical clinical perspective. Presenting essential definitions and critical images, this textbook offers key references in a welcomed concise format, targeting medical students and interns undertaking the USMLE and house staff of any specialty desiring a resource for practical and useful information relevant to and including medical imaging of common diseases and conditions. Organized by signs, symptoms, history, disease, imaging and imaging findings, and clinical service/specialty, this textbook thoughtfully addresses the early challenges faced by medical students and interns preparing for their beginning rotation or internship. Allowing readers to bypass dense radiology books too cluttered with detail, organized by body part instead of clinical relevance, or not inclusive of the latest developments and technologies, this textbook prepares students and house staff to enter and to succeed in this most rapidly evolving field in medicine.
The Radiology Survival Kit: What You Need to Know for USMLE and the Clinics is a practical, clinically-oriented textbook offering an early career perspective intended for first through fourth year medical students and house staff, including interns and residents from any discipline, as well as radiology and radiography students and technologists, radiology and ICU nurses, nursing students, radiology administrators, and foreign medical graduates.
Author(s): Hayet Amalou, Robert D. Suh, Bradford J. Wood
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 498
City: Cham
Disclaimer
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Volume Editors
Associate Editors
Contributors
Part I: General
The Radiology and Images Survival Kit: What You Need to Know for Boards and Clinics
1 Summary: Aims and Scope
2 Chapter Organizational Themes
Introduction and Basic Principles of Radiology
1 Radiation Awareness
2 IV Contrast
2.1 Renal Insufficiency and Gadolinium
3 Terminology
4 Bright Versus Dark (Mechanism) (Main Example)
4.1 Technique: Looking Good on Rounds
4.2 Technique: Cardiomegaly or Not?
4.3 Underinflation or Expiratory CXR
4.4 Systematic Approach
5 A Word on Research Versus Clinical Questions and Compliance
5.1 Closing Thoughts
6 Silly Facts About Which They Love to Ask and Tips and Strategies for Evaluating Images
7 Silly Facts on Which They Love to Test
Philosophy and Approach to the Boards
Part II: Core Radiology
Chest X-Ray and Chest CT
1 Systematic Approach to the Chest X-Ray
2 The Normal Chest X-Ray
3 Lines and Tubes
3.1 Central Venous Catheter
3.2 Swan-Ganz Catheter
3.3 Enteric Tube
3.4 Esophageal pH Probe
3.5 Chest Tube
3.6 Endotracheal Tube
4 Lungs and Pleura
4.1 Pneumothorax
4.2 Atelectasis
4.3 Right Lower Lobe Collapse
4.4 Left Lower Lobe Collapse
4.5 Right Middle Lobe Collapse
4.6 Right Upper Lobe Collapse
4.7 Left Upper Lobe Collapse
4.8 Alveolar Airspace Disease
4.9 Pneumonia
4.10 Pulmonary Hemorrhage
4.11 Pulmonary Edema
4.12 Lung Cancer
4.13 Pulmonary Cavitation
4.14 Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
4.15 Emphysema
4.16 Pleural Effusion
4.17 Pleural Plaques
5 Pulmonary Vasculature
5.1 Pulmonary Embolism
6 Heart and Pericardium
6.1 Cardiac Devices
6.2 Chamber Enlargement
6.3 Pericardial Effusion/Cardiac Tamponade
7 Systemic Vasculature
7.1 Aortic Dissection
7.2 Aortic Coarctation
8 Hilum/Mediastinum
8.1 Pneumomediastinum and Pneumopericardium
8.2 Mediastinal Masses
8.3 Hilar Lymphadenopathy
9 Do Not Miss Findings on CXR Outside of the Thorax
9.1 Pneumoperitoneum
9.2 Thoracic Musculoskeletal Trauma
References
Abdominal Imaging
1 Liver
1.1 Liver Disease
1.1.1 Hepatic Steatosis and Hemosiderosis
1.1.2 Hepatitis
1.1.3 Cirrhosis
1.2 Liver Focal Lesion
1.2.1 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)/Hepatoma
1.2.2 Metastases
1.2.3 Hepatic Abscess
1.2.4 Other Benign Lesions: Cyst, Hemangioma, Focal Nodular Dysplasia (FNH)
1.3 Liver Traumatic Injury
2 Gallbladder and Biliary Tract
2.1 Gallbladder Cholecystosis
2.2 Gallstone Disease
2.3 Cholangiocarcinoma
3 Spleen
3.1 Cysts
3.2 Hemangioma
3.3 Hamartoma
3.4 Abscess
3.4.1 Pyogenic Abscess
3.5 Fungal or Parasitic Abscess
3.6 Mycobacterial Abscess
3.7 Infarction
4 Pancreas
4.1 Acute Pancreatitis
4.1.1 Interstitial Edematous Pancreatitis
4.1.2 Necrotizing Pancreatitis
4.1.3 Chronic Pancreatitis
4.2 Cystic Pancreatic Lesions
4.3 Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (PDA)
5 Bowel
5.1 Appendicitis
5.2 Diverticulitis
5.3 Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
5.3.1 Crohn’s Disease
5.3.2 Ulcerative Colitis
5.4 Small Bowel Obstruction
5.5 Colorectal Cancer
5.6 Carcinoid Tumor
5.7 Intestinal Vascular Disorders
5.7.1 Mesenteric Ischemia
5.7.2 Ischemic Colitis
6 Adrenal Glands
6.1 Functioning Adrenal Masses
6.2 Nonfunctioning Adrenal Masses
7 Kidneys
7.1 Renal Stones
7.2 Pyelonephritis
7.3 Kidney Infarction
7.4 Renal Masses
7.4.1 Cysts
7.4.2 Angiomyolipoma
7.4.3 Oncocytoma
7.4.4 Renal Cell Carcinoma
References
Neuroradiology
1 Vascular Pathology
1.1 Epidural Hematoma
1.2 Subdural Hematoma
1.3 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
1.4 Pseudo-Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
1.5 Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm
2 Infection
2.1 Brain Abscess
2.2 Osteomyelitis-Discitis and Epidural Abscess
2.3 Prion Disease
2.4 Neurocysticercosis
2.5 Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
3 Demyelination
3.1 Multiple Sclerosis
4 Toxicity
4.1 Methanol Poisoning
4.2 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
5 Metabolism
5.1 Wernicke Encephalopathy
5.2 Subacute Combined Degeneration
5.3 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
5.4 Pontine Myelinolysis
6 Neoplasm
6.1 Glioblastoma
6.2 Cord Compression from Metastatic Disease
6.3 Schwannomas
6.4 Neurofibromatosis Type 2
6.5 Neurofibromatosis Type 1
7 Congenital Malformations
7.1 Chiari 1 Malformation
7.2 Chiari II Malformation with Myelomeningocele
8 Neurodegenerative Disease
8.1 Alzheimer’s Disease
References
Emergencies/Common On-Call Scenarios/Specific Cases Imaging
1 Strategies for Multiple-Choice Questions
1.1 What You See Is All There Is (WYSIATI)
1.2 The Negative Image
1.3 History Is King
1.4 More Exam-Taking Tips
2 Chest Case 1
2.1 Learning Points: Tension Pneumothorax
3 Chest Case 2
3.1 Learning Points: Aortic Dissection
4 Chest Case 3
4.1 Learning Points: Pulmonary Embolism (“PE”)
5 Brain Cases
5.1 Learning Points: Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke
6 Spine Case
6.1 Learning Points: Cervical Spine Fracture
7 Abdominal Case 1
7.1 Learning Points: Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
8 Abdominal Case 2
8.1 Learning Points: Pneumoperitoneum
9 Abdominal Cases 3 and 4
9.1 Learning Points: Pneumatosis Intestinalis
10 Abdominal Cases 5, 6, and 7
10.1 Learning Points: Appendicitis
11 Abdominal Case 8
11.1 Learning Points: Acute Calculous Cholecystitis
12 Obstetric Case
12.1 Learning Points: Ectopic Pregnancy
References
Musculoskeletal and Bone Imaging
1 Introduction
2 MSK Imaging Modalities
2.1 Radiography (x-ray)
2.2 Computed Tomography (CT)
2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
2.4 Ultrasound (US)
2.5 Nuclear Medicine (Bone Scan)
3 MSK Anatomy Basics
3.1 Bones and Bone Marrow
3.2 Muscles and Tendons
3.3 Ligaments
3.4 Cartilage
4 MSK Disorders
4.1 Trauma
4.1.1 Fractures
4.1.2 Soft Tissue Injuries
4.2 Infection
4.2.1 Bone Infection
4.2.2 Muscle Infection
4.2.3 Joint Infection
4.2.4 Soft Tissue Infection
4.3 Arthritis
4.4 Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions
References
Part III: Other Imaging & Q Bank
Vascular, Interventional Radiology, and Interventional Oncology
1 Introduction
2 Vascular Accesses
3 Vascular Interventional Radiology
4 Arterial System
4.1 Visceral Arteries
4.2 Arteries of the Lower Limb
4.3 EVAR/TEVAR
4.4 Hemorrhagic Pathology
4.5 Tips
4.6 Uterine Artery Embolization – UAE
4.7 Prostatic Artery Embolization – PAE
5 Venous System
5.1 Deep Vein Thrombosis
5.2 Varicocele Sclero-Embolization
6 Interventional Oncology
7 Endovascular Interventions
8 Percutaneous Interventions
References
Women’s Imaging/Mammography
1 Gynecologic Imaging
1.1 Pelvic Ultrasound
1.2 Other Pelvic Imaging Studies
1.3 Pelvic Pain
1.3.1 Differential Diagnoses in the Non-pregnant Patient
1.3.2 Differential Diagnoses in the Pregnant Patient
1.4 Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding
2 Breast Imaging
2.1 Imaging Modalities
2.2 Description of Findings
2.3 Palpable Abnormality – Common Benign Entities (Fig. 23)
2.4 Breast Cancer
2.5 Male Breast
2.6 Breast Emergencies
References
Ophthalmology Imaging
1 Neuro-Ophthalmology
1.1 Visual Field Defects
1.2 Horner’s Syndrome
1.3 Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension)
1.4 Multiple Sclerosis
1.5 Neurofibromatosis
1.6 Cranial Nerve Palsies
2 Oculoplastics
2.1 Dacryocystitis
2.2 Hordeolum/Chalazion
2.3 Preseptal Vs. Orbital Cellulitis
2.4 Thyroid Eye Disease
2.5 Orbital Fracture
3 Cornea and External Disease
3.1 Herpes Simplex Keratoconjunctivitis
3.2 Corneal Ulcer
3.3 Endophthalmitis
4 Glaucoma
4.1 Glaucoma
4.2 Open-Angle Glaucoma
4.3 Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma
5 Retina
5.1 Diabetic Retinopathy
5.2 Hypertensive Retinopathy
5.3 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMRD)S
5.4 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinopathy
5.5 Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO), Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)
5.6 Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO), Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)
6 Oncology
6.1 Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
6.2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
6.3 Choroidal Melanoma
6.4 Retinoblastoma
6.5 Rhabdomyosarcoma
7 Pediatrics
7.1 Sturge-Weber Syndrome
7.2 Leukocoria
7.3 Neonatal Conjunctivitis
References
Dermatology Imaging
1 Pyoderma Gangrenosum (PG)
2 Necrotizing Fasciitis
3 Burns
4 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)
5 Urticaria (+/− Angioedema)
6 Angioedema Without Urticaria: Acquired v. AD Hereditary (Types I-III)
7 Atopic Dermatitis (AD, Eczema)
8 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV, Human Herpes Virus 1 and 2)
9 Scabies
10 Infantile Hemangioma (IH)
11 Tinea (Pityriasis) Versicolor
12 Tinea, Dermatophytoses
13 Bullous Pemphigoid (BP)
14 Hypertrophic and Keloid Scars
15 Psoriasis
16 Hypersensitivity Reactions
17 Contact Dermatitis
18 Molluscum Contagiosum
19 Seborrheic Dermatitis
20 Vitiligo
21 Impetigo
22 Acne Vulgaris
23 Folliculitis
24 Pityriasis Rosea
25 Rosacea
26 Senile Purpura
27 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)
28 Pemphigus Vulgaris
29 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) “Acne Inversa”
30 Stasis Dermatitis
31 Cellulitis
32 Erysipelas
33 Hyperpigmentation Disorders
34 Skin Neoplasms
34.1 Melanoma
34.2 Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
34.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
34.4 Actinic Keratosis (AK)
34.5 Seborrheic Keratosis (SK)
34.6 Lentigines
35 Varicella Zoster Virus (Human Herpes Virus-3)
36 Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
References
Helpful Resources
Clinical Rotation Tips/Practical Tips for Ordering Imaging Tests: Plain X-Ray, Ultrasound, CT, MRI
References
Question bank
1 Emergencies
2 Chest
3 Neuroradiology/Brain/CNS
4 Abdomen
5 Bone and Musculoskeletal
6 Vascular/Interventional Radiology
7 Women’s Imaging
7.1 Case 1
7.2 Case 2
7.3 Case 3
7.4 Case 4
7.5 Case 5
8 Clinical Tips
9 Ophthalmology/Eye
10 Dermatology/Skin
10.1 Scenario 1
10.2 Scenario 2
Suggested Reading
Helpful Resources
Google Image Search Terms
1 Perspectives from a Medical Student on Using This Resource
2 Tips on How to Study and Search Google Image
3 Google Image Search Terms
Index
