Endocrinology
Editorial Staff
Copyright
Forward
Acknowledgements
Contents
Endocrine Test Categories
Adrenocortical Function
Cardiovascular/Lipids
Catecholamines
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
Endocrine Autoimmunity
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Renal
Genetic (Biochemical and Cytogenetic)
Gonadal Function
Growth and Growth Hormone
Hypothalamic and Pituitary Function
Metabolic (Including Diabetes Mellitus) and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
Parathyroid and Mineral Metabolism
Thyroid Function
Additional Diagnostic Profiles
Dynamic/Perturbation Tests
Alphabetical Test Section
ACTH, Plasma
Adrenal Antibody
Aldosterone, 24-Hour Urine
Aldosterone, LC/MS/MS, Serum
Aldosterone/PRA Ratio
Alkaline Phosphatase, Bone Specific
Alpha Subunit
3α-Androstanediol Glucuronide (3α-diol G)
Androstenedione, LC/MS/MS
Angiotensin II
Arginine Vasopressin, Plasma
Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) and Osmolality Random Urine
CAH (21-Hydroxylase Deficiency) Common Mutations
CAH (21-Hydroxylase Deficiency) Rare Mutations
CAH Panel 1 (21-Hydroxylase vs 11ß-Hydroxylase Deficiency)
CAH Panel 3 (Aldosterone Synthase Deficiency)
CAH Panels 4 and 8 (17-Hydroxylase Deficiency)
CAH Panel 6 (StAR Deficiency)
CAH Panel 6B (Comprehensive Screen)
CAH Panel 7 (21-Hydroxylase Deficiency Therapeutic Monitoring)
CAH Panel 9 (3ß-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency)
CAH Panel 11, Neonatal Random Urine
Calcitonin
Calcium, Ionized
Calcium, Total
Calcium, Urine
Catecholamines, Fractionated, 24-Hour Urine
Catecholamines, Fractionated, Plasma
Catecholamines, Fractionated, Random Urine
Central Diabetes Insipidus (CDI) Mutations
Chromogranin A
Collagen Cross-Linked N-Telopeptide (NTx), Urine
Collagen Type 1 C-Telopeptide (CTx)
Corticosterone, LC/MS/MS
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Cortisol-Binding Globulin (CBG)
Cortisol, Free and Cortisone, 24-Hour Urine
Cortisol, Free, 24-Hour Urine
Cortisol, Free, Saliva
Cortisol, Free, Serum
Cortisol, Total, LC/MS/MS
Cortisone, 24-Hour Urine
Cortisone, Serum
C-Peptide, Serum or Urine
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (Cyclic AMP)
Cystatin C
Deoxycorticosterone (DOC)
11-Deoxycortisol, LC/MS/MS
Deoxypyridinoline (DPD, DPYD), Free
Dexamethasone
DHEA (Dehydroepianodrosterone)
DHEA Sulfate
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Dihydrotestosterone, Free
Estradiol, Free
Estradiol, Ultra Sensitive
Estrogen, Total, Serum
Estrogens, Fractionated, Serum
Estrone, Serum
Estrone Sulfate
Fructosamine
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone), Pediatrics
Gastric Parietal Cell Antibody
Gastrin
Glucagon
Glucose, Serum
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65 Autoantibodies (GAD-65)
Glycated Albumin
Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone (GH) Antibody
Growth Hormone-Binding Protein (GHBP)
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
hCG, Total with HAMA Treatment
hCG, Total, Quantitative
Hemoglobin A1c
5-HIAA (5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid), Urine
Homovanillic Acid (HVA), Urine
17-Hydroxycorticosteroids, 24-Hour Urine
18-Hydroxycorticosterone
6ß-Hydroxycortisol, 24-Hour Urine
18-Hydroxycortisol, Free, 24-Hour Urine
21-Hydroxylase Antibody
17-Hydroxypregnenolone
17-Hydroxyprogesterone, LC/MS/MS
Hydroxyproline, Free, Plasma
Hydroxyproline, Free and Total, 24-Hour Urine
Hydroxyproline, Free and Total, Random Urine
Hypertension, Endocrine
IA-2 Antibody
IGF Binding Protein-1 (IGFBP-1)
IGF Binding Protein-2 (IGFBP-2)
IGF Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3)
IGF-I
IGF-II (Insulin-Like Growth Factor II)
Inhibin A
Inhibin B
Insulin Antibodies
Insulin, Free (Bioactive)
Insulin, Total (Free and Bound)
Invasive Trophoblast Antigen (ITA) (Pregnancy)
Islet Cell Antibody (ICA)
17-Ketosteroids (17-KS), Urine
17-Ketosteroids, Fractionated, 24-Hour Urine
17-Ketosteroids, Fractionated, 24-Hour Urine (continued)
Leptin
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
LH (Luteinizing Hormone), Pediatrics
Macroprolactin
MEN 2 and FMTC Mutations, Exons 10, 11, and 13-16
Metanephrines, Fractionated, Plasma
Metanephrines, Fractionated, Urine
Microalbumin, Intact, Urine
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (Autosomal) Mutations
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (X-Linked) Mutations
Osmolality, Random Urine
Osmolality, Serum
Osteocalcin (Bone Gla Protein, BGP)
Pancreatic Polypeptide
Pheochromocytoma Gene Mutations
Plasma Renin Activity (PRA)
Pregnanetriol, Urine
Pregnenolone
Progesterone
Proinsulin
Prolactin
PTH Antibody
PTH, Intact and Calcium
PTH-related Protein (PTH-RP)
Pyridinium Collagen Cross-links, Urine (PYD and DPYD)
Resistance to Thyroid Hormone
Serotonin
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
Somatostatin
T3 Antibody
T3 Uptake
T3, Free, Non-dialysis
T3, Free, Tracer Dialysis
T3, Reverse
T3, Total (Triiodothyronine)
T4 (Thyroxine) Antibody
T4 Binding Proteins
T4 Binding Proteins (continued)
T4, Free, Direct Dialysis
T4, Free, Non-dialysis
T4, Total (Thyroxine)
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase
TBG (Thyroxine-Binding Globulin)
TBII (Thyrotropin-binding Inhibitory Immunoglobulin)
Testosterone, Calculated Free, Bioavailable, and Total
Testosterone, Calculated Free, Bioavailable, and Total (continued)
Testosterone, Free and Total, LC/MS/MS
Testosterone, Total, ICMA
Testosterone, Total (Women, Children, Hypogonadal Males)
Testosterone, Urine
Tetrahydroaldosterone, 24-Hour Urine
Thyroglobulin Antibody
Thyroglobulin Panel
Thyroglobulin Panel with HAMA Treatment
Thyroid Peroxidase and Thyroglobulin Antibodies
Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (Anti-TPO)
Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH)
TSH Antibody
TSH, Ultrasensitive
TSH with HAMA Treatment
TSI (Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin)
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)
Vitamin D, 1,25-Dihydroxy
Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxy, LC/MS/MS
VMA (Vanillylmandelic Acid), Urine
Test Application and Interpretation
Preface
Disorders of Adrenal Function
Background Physiology
Adrenal Insufficiency
Adrenal Biosynthetic Enzyme Deficiencies
Classical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
Nonclassical Disease (Partial Deficiency to Steroid Biosynthesis)
Cushing's Syndrome
Renin-Angiotensin-- Aldosterone System
Background Physiology
Assessment of Disorders of the RAAS
Primary Aldosteronism
Renovascular Hypertension
Dexamethasone- suppressible Hyper- aldosteronism
Pseudo- hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal Diagnosis via Urine GC/MS Metabolite Analysis
References
Disorders of Anterior Pituitary Function
Background Physiology
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary Adenomas
General Features
Prolactinoma
Acromegaly
Cushing's Disease
Thyrotropinoma
Gonadotropinoma
References
Disorders of Calcium and Bone Metabolism
Background Physiology
Laboratory Assessment of Disorders of Calcium Metabolism
Evaluation of Hypercalcemia
Evaluation of Hypocalcemia
Vitamin D Deficiency
Vitamin D Metabolism in Renal Failure
Metabolic Bone Disease
Clinical Application of Bone Markers
Diagnosis of Bone Disorders
Diagnosis of Osteoporosis
Efficacy of Therapy
Follow-up to Therapy
References
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Background Physiology
Hyperglycemic Disorders
Type 1 Diabetes
Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)
Type 2 Diabetes
Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
Preventing and Managing Complications
Hypoglycemic Disorders
Diagnostic Approach
References
Disorders of Gonadal Function
Background Physiology
Development of the Hypothalamic--Pituitary Axis and Isolated Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Deficiency
Regulation of Pubertal Onset
Regulation of the Mature Hypothalamic-- Pituitary-- Gonadal Axis
Gonadal Determination and Differentiation
Measurement of Pituitary--Gonadal Axis Hormones
Luteinizing Hormone (LH, Lutropin)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH, Follitropin)
Estrogens
Testosterone
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
Inhibin
Abnormalities of Sexual Determination and Differentiation
Disorders of Sexual Maturation
Normal Puberty Staging
Timing of Physical Changes of Puberty
Normal Variants of Puberty
Precocious Puberty
Delayed or Absent Puberty
Disorders of Testicular Function
Developmental Disorders
Disorders of the Germinal Cells
Testicular Aging
Disorders of Ovarian Function
Premature Ovarian Failure (POF)
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Assessment of Functional Gonadal Tumors
References
Disorders of the Growth Hormone--Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis
Background Physiology
Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children
Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults
Growth Hormone Excess
Laboratory Assessment of the Growth Hormone--IGF Axis
Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Binding Proteins
Growth Hormone Dynamic Testing
References
Disorders of Thyroid Function
Background Physiology
Differential Diagnosis of Thyroid Disorders
Primary Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hypothyroidism
Innappropriate TSH Secretion
Nonthyroidal Illness
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
Thyroid Dysfunction in Infancy and Early Childhood
Thyroid Neoplasia
Thyroid Protein Binding Abnormalities
References
Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Background Physiology
Primary Disorders
Secondary Disorders
Disorders of Potassium
References
Pheochromocytoma, Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma, and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
Pheochromocytoma
Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma
Genetic Testing for Pheochromocytoma
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC)
Hereditary MTC Diagnosis and Management
Sporadic MTC Diagnosis and Management
MEN Type 1
References
Dynamic Tests
Adrenal Dynamic Tests
ACTH Stimulation Test, Standard
ACTH Stimulation Test, Prolonged
ACTH Stimulation Test, Low Dose
Aldosterone Suppression Test
CRH Stimulation Test
CRH Stimulation Test, Adrenal Venous Sampling
CRH Stimulation Test, Petrosal Venous Sinus Sampling
Dexamethasone Suppression Tests
Carbohydrate Metabolic Dynamic Tests
Glucose Tolerance Test
Pancreatic Hormone Response Test
Prolonged Fasting Test
Gonadal Dynamic Test
GnRH Stimulation Test
Intravenous GnRH
Subcutaneous GnRH
Growth Hormone Dynamic Tests
Glucose Suppression Test
Growth Hormone Stimulation Test
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Dynamic Test
Secretin Stimulation Test
Posterior Pituitary Dynamic Tests
Combined Anterior Pituitary (CAP) Test
Water Deprivation Test
Thyroid Dynamic Tests
Calcitonin-Calcium Stimulation Test
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) Stimulation Test
References
International System of Units (SI Units)
Test Index
Subject Index
