Following the emergence of quantum computing, the subsequent quantum revolution will be that of interconnecting individual quantum computers at the global level. In the same way that classical computers only realised their full potential with the emergence of the internet, a fully-realised quantum internet is the next stage of evolution for quantum computation. This cutting-edge book examines in detail how the quantum internet would evolve in practise, focusing not only on the technology itself, but also the implications it will have economically and politically, with numerous non-technical sections throughout the text providing broader context to the discussion. The book begins with a description of classical networks before introducing the key concepts behind quantum networks, such as quantum internet protocols, quantum cryptography, and cloud quantum computing. Written in an engaging style and accessible to graduate students in physics, engineering, computer science and mathematics.
Author(s): Peter P. Rohde
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 362
City: Cambridge
Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 Introduction
Part I Classical Networks
2 Mathematical Representation of Networks
2.1 Graph-Theoretic Representation
2.2 Cost Vector Analysis
2.3 Routing Strategies
2.4 Strategy Optimisation
3 Network Topologies
3.1 Point-to-Point
3.2 Linear
3.3 Complete
3.4 Lattice
3.5 Tree
3.6 Percolation
3.7 Random
3.8 Hybrid
3.9 Network Robustness
4 Network Algorithms
4.1 Network Exploration and Pathfinding
4.2 Shortest Path
4.3 Minimum Spanning Tree
4.4 Minimum-Cost Flow
4.5 Maximum Flow
4.6 Multicommodity Flow
4.7 Vehicle Routing Problem
4.8 Vehicle Rescheduling Problem
4.9 Improving Network Algorithms Using Quantum Computers
Part II Quantum Networks
5 Quantum Channels
5.1 Quantum Processes
5.2 Quantum Process Matrices
5.3 Quantum Processes in Quantum Networks
5.4 Characterising Quantum States and Channels
6 Optical Encoding of Quantum Information
6.1 Single Photons
6.2 Photon Number
6.3 Spatiotemporal
6.4 Phase Space
6.5 Nonoptical Encoding
7 Errors in Quantum Networks
7.1 Loss
7.2 Dephasing
7.3 Depolarisation
7.4 Amplitude Damping
7.5 Mode-Mismatch
7.6 Dispersion
7.7 Spectral Filtering
8 Quantum Cost Vector Analysis
8.1 Costs
8.2 Costs as Distance Metrics
9 Routing Strategies
9.1 Single User
9.2 Multiple Users
10 Interconnecting and Interfacing Quantum Networks
10.1 Optical Interfacing
Part III Protocols for the Quantum Internet
11 Optical Routers
11.1 Mechanical Switches
11.2 Interferometric Switches
11.3 Two-Channel Two-Port Switches
11.4 Multiplexers and Demultiplexers
11.5 Single-Channel Multiport Switches
11.6 Multichannel Multiport Switches
11.7 Crossbar Switches
12 Optical Stability in Quantum Networks
12.1 Photon Wave Packets
12.2 Mach-Zehnder Interference
12.3 Hong-Ou-Mandel Interference
12.4 HOM vs MZ Interference
13 State Preparation
13.1 Coherent States
13.2 Single Photons
13.3 Cluster States
13.4 Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger States
13.5 Bell States
13.6 Squeezed States
14 Measurement
14.1 Photodetection
14.2 Multiplexed Photodetection
14.3 Homodyne Detection
14.4 Bell State and Parity Measurements
15 Evolution
15.1 Linear Optics
15.2 Nonlinear Optics
16 High-Level Protocols
16.1 Random Number Generation
16.2 Entanglement Purification
16.3 Quantum State Teleportation
16.4 Quantum Gate Teleportation
16.5 Entanglement Swapping
16.6 Superdense Coding
16.7 Quantum Metrology
16.8 Quantum-Enabled Telescopy
Part IV Entanglement Distribution
17 Entanglement: The Ultimate Quantum Resource
17.1 Bell States
17.2 GHZ States
17.3 Cluster States
17.4 Why Specialise in Entanglement Distribution?
17.5 Why Not Distributed Entangling Measurements?
18 Quantum Repeater Networks
18.1 First-Generation Repeaters
18.2 Second-Generation Repeaters and Error Correction
18.3 Third-Generation Repeaters
18.4 The Transition to Quantum Networks
19 The Irrelevance of Latency
20 The Quantum Sneakernet
Part V Quantum Cryptography
21 What is Security?
22 Classical Cryptography
22.1 Private-Key Cryptography
22.2 One-Time Pad Cipher
22.3 Public-Key Cryptography
22.4 Digital Signatures
22.5 Hashing
23 Attacks on Classical Cryptography
23.1 Classical Attacks
23.2 Quantum Attacks
24 Bitcoin and the Blockchain
25 Quantum Cryptography
25.1 Quantum Key Distribution
25.2 Hybrid Quantum/Classical Cryptography
25.3 Quantum Anonymous Broadcasting
25.4 Quantum Voting
26 Attacks on Quantum Cryptography
26.1 Beam Splitter and Photon Number–Splitting Attacks
26.2 Trojan Horse and Flashback Attacks
26.3 Detector Attacks
Part VI Quantum Computing
27 Models for Quantum Computation
27.1 Circuit Model
27.2 Cluster States
27.3 Restricted Models for Quantum Computation
27.4 Fault Tolerance
28 Quantum Algorithms
28.1 Deutsch-Jozsa
28.2 Quantum Search
28.3 Quantum Simulation
28.4 Integer Factorisation
Part VII Cloud Quantum Computing
29 The Quantum Cloud
29.1 Outsourced Quantum Computation
29.2 Distributed Quantum Computation
29.3 Delegated Quantum Computation
29.4 Modularised Quantum Computation
29.5 Outsourced Quantum Research
29.6 The Globally Unified Quantum Cloud
30 Encrypted Cloud Quantum Computation
Part VIII Economics and Politics
31 Classical-Equivalent Computational Power and Computational Scaling Functions
31.1 Virtual Computational Scaling Functions
31.2 Combined Computational Scaling Functions
32 Per Qubit Computational Power
33 Time Sharing
34 Economic Model Assumptions
34.1 Efficient Markets
34.2 Central Mediating Authority
34.3 Network Growth
34.4 Hardware Cost
35 Network Power
36 Network Value
37 Rate of Return
38 Market Competitiveness
39 Cost of Computation
39.1 Objective Value
39.2 Subjective Value
40 Arbitrage-Free Time-Sharing Model
41 Problem Size Scaling Functions
42 Quantum Computational Leverage
43 Static Computational Return
44 Forward Contract Pricing Model
45 Political Leverage
46 Economic Properties of the Qubit Marketplace
46.1 The Concept of Elasticity
46.2 Elasticity of the Qubit Market
47 Economic Implications
47.1 The Price to Pay for Isolationism
47.2 Taxation
47.3 The Quantum Stock Market
47.4 Geographic Localisation
48 Game Theory of the Qubit Marketplace
48.1 Key Concepts
48.2 Strategies
48.3 Utility Payoff Behaviour
48.4 Cooperative Payoff Enhancement
48.5 Taxation
48.6 Resource Asymmetry
48.7 Multiplayer Games
48.8 Conclusions
Part IX Essays
49 The Era of Quantum Supremacy
50 The Global Virtual Quantum Computer
51 The Economics of the Quantum Internet
52 Security Implications of the Global Quantum Internet
53 Geostrategic Quantum Politics
54 The Quantum Ecosystem
Part X The End
55 Conclusion: The Vision of the Quantum Internet
References
Index
