This book contributes to the literature on organized crime by providing a detailed account of the various nuances of what happens when criminal organizations misuse or penetrate legitimate businesses. It advances the existing scholarship on attacks, infiltration, and capture of legal businesses by organized crime and sheds light on the important role the private sector can play to fight back. It considers a range of industries from bars and restaurants to labour-intensive enterprises such as construction and waste management, to sectors susceptible to illicit activities including transportation, wholesale and retail trade, and businesses controlled by fragmented legislation such as gambling.
Organized criminal groups capitalize on legitimate businesses beleaguered by economic downturns, government regulations, natural disasters, societal conflict, and the COVID-19 pandemic. To survive, some private companies have even become the willing partners of criminal organizations. Thus, the relationships between licit businesses and organized crime are highly varied and can range from victimization of businesses to willing collusion and even exploitation of organized crime by the private sector – albeit with arrangements that typically allow plausible deniability. In other words, these relationships are highly diverse and create a complex reality which is the focus of the articles presented here.
This book will appeal to students, academics, and policy practitioners with an interest in organized crime. It will also provide important supplementary reading for undergraduate and graduate courses on topics such as transnational security issues, transnational organized crime, international criminal justice, criminal finance, non-state actors, international affairs, comparative politics, and economics and business courses.
Author(s): Yuliya Zabyelina, Kimberley L. Thachuk
Series: Routledge Studies in Organised Crime
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 326
City: London
Cover
Endorsement
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Contributors
Foreword
Acronyms
Acknowledgments
Introduction
About the Book
Structure of the Book and Chapter Synopses
References
Chapter 1 Theorizing the Linkages Between the Private Sector and Organized Crime
Introduction
Revisiting the Enterprise Perspective On Organized Crime
The Illegal-Legal Business Continuum
Protection
Marginal Interaction
Transformation and Convergence
Private Sector Engagement in Countering Organized Crime
Corporate Compliance
Public–Private Partnerships
Self-regulation Through Standardization and Certification Schemes
Corporate Security (In-House) Expertise
Contribution to Sustainable Employment and Alternative Livelihoods
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 2 A Review of Methods in Research On Organized Crime Infiltration of Legitimate Businesses
Introduction
Qualitative Studies
Quantitative Studies
Mixed Methods Research
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 3 Organized Crime and the Haulage Sector
Mapping Illicit Markets
Modes of Organized Crime Infiltration
The Haulage Industry and Organized Crime
Migrant Smuggling in the UK
Illegal Logging in Mexico
Best Practices in the Haulage Sector Against Organized Crime
Awareness Raising Across Haulage Business Operators
Industry Due Diligence and Security Standards
Regional Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 4 Private Port Authorities and Organized Crime
Introduction
Privatization of Port Authorities and Management
Port Management and Organized Crime
Illicit Flows of Goods and People
Organized Crime Infiltration of Ports (Corruption)
Extralegal Governance of Ports (Labor Racketeering)
Examples of Private Industry’s Security Measures in Ports
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 5 Information Technology and Communications Providers’ Measures Against Organized Crime
Introduction
Information Technology and Communications Providers and Organized Crime
Logistics
Marketing
Recruitment
Payment
Private Sector Countermeasures
Policies
Technology
Partnerships
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 6 Organized Crime and the Hydrocarbons Industry
Introduction
Upstream Organized Crime
Corruption in Criminal Petro Economies
Corporate Organized Crime
“Bunkering” of Crude Oil and Its “Laundering”
Downstream Organized Crime
Pipeline Tapping
Smuggling
Adulteration and Dilution
Direct Threats to Oil Companies’ Personnel (Kidnapping for Ransom)
Countermeasures By Oil Companies Against Organized Crime and Corruption
Transparency of Corporate Business and Supply Chains
Technology- and Science-Informed Countermeasures
Advances in SCADA
Fuel Integrity Programs
Blockchain Technology
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 7 Trafficking in Persons and the Hotel Industry
Introduction
Hotel Businesses and Trafficking in Persons as Organized Crime
Liability of the Hotel Industry for Trafficking in Persons in the United States
Knowingly Receiving a Financial Benefit
Participation in a Sex Trafficking Venture
Willful Blindness
Negligence (Premise Liability)
Franchisee as Agent of Franchisor (Vicarious Liability)
Corporate Anti-Human Trafficking Compliance and Initiatives
Reducing Expectation of Privacy
Codes of Conduct and Coalition Building With Stakeholders
Training
Public Awareness
Public–Private Partnerships Against Trafficking in Persons
Empowerment and Employment of TIP Survivors
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 8 Organized Crime in the Waste Management Industry
Introduction
Overview of Waste Crime
Waste Crime and Mafia Groups in Italy
Italian Government Response
Italian Private Business Sector Response
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 9 Organized Crime in the Fisheries Sector
Introduction
IUU Fishing as Organized Crime
Organized Crime and the Trafficking of Seafood From South Africa
Chinese Triads and Abalone Poaching in South Africa
Organized Crime and Totoaba Trafficking From Mexico
European Glass Eel Trafficking in the European Union
Crime Convergence: Organized Crimes Associated With the Fisheries Sector
Trafficking in Persons for Labor Exploitation
Maritime Drug Trafficking
Arms Trafficking
Migrant Smuggling
Examples of the Fisheries Industry Responses to IUU Fishing and Fisheries Crimes
Enhancing Traceability and Transparency
Promoting Compliance Through Eco-Labeling and Certification of Fisheries Products
Enhancing Compliance Through Rights-Based Fisheries Management Programs
Establishing International Coalitions of Private-Sector Actors
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 10 Organized Forest Crimes: Charcoal and Timber Trade in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Introduction
Organized Forest Crime
Legal-Illegal Interfaces of Organized Forest Crime
Organized Forest Crime in the DRC
Historical, Socioeconomic, and Ecological Background
“The Makala Highway”: Logging for Charcoal
“Chainsaws and Tokens”: Deforestation and Timber Trade
Interactions Between Militias and Business Entrepreneurs
Public and Private Sector Responses
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 11 Organized Crime in the Agri-Food Industry
Introduction
Criminal Opportunities of the Food System
Food Offenses Perpetrated By Organized Crime
Food Crime
Nexus Between Food Crime and Other Kinds of Organized Crime
Complicity of Food Corporate Actors in Organized Crime
Countermeasures Adopted By Private Stakeholders
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 12 Organized Crime and the Retail Sector
Introduction
Organized Retail Crime
Scope and Types
Preventing and Countering Organized Retail Crime
Overview of Organized Crime Infiltration of the Retail Sector
Tackling Organized Crime Infiltration of the Retail Industry
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 13 Organized Crime Money Laundering Through Online Gambling Businesses in Great Britain
Introduction
Betway and Triplebet: Vulnerabilities of Online Gambling Businesses to Organized Crime Money Laundering
Betway: Failing to Know Your Customer
Triplebet’s Widespread Noncompliance
Understanding Organization: Reducing the Risks of Organized Crime Money Laundering Via Online Gambling Businesses
The Type of Crime
Revenue
The Offender’s Goals
The AML Regime
Additional Industry Responses to Money Laundering Risks and AML Expectations
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 14 Private Art Businesses and Organized Crime
Introduction
Art Market Structure and Organized White-Collar Crime
Points of Risk in the Art Market: The Malleability of Value
Recent Initiatives Against Money Laundering Through Art Businesses
Self-Regulation: Art Market and External Responses Risk
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 15 Organized Crime and the Pharmaceutical Industry
Introduction
Key Definitions
Illicit Medical Products: Counterfeit and Falsified
Pharmaceutical Crime
Pharmaceutical Crime as Organized Crime
Manufacture of Counterfeit and Falsified Medicines
Legal Supply Chain Infiltration and Illicit Supply Chains
Online Distribution Channels
Falsified Medicines During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Adverse Consequences of Pharmaceutical Crime
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Responses to Falsified and Counterfeit Medicines
Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships
Technological Solutions
Raising Public Awareness
Online Pharmacy Authenticity Verification
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 16 Organized Crime Links to Tobacco Companies
Introduction
Types of Illicit Tobacco Trade
Smuggling
Cheap Whites
Diversion and Tax Evasion
Counterfeit Cigarettes
Tobacco Industry’s Efforts to Address Illicit Trade
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 17 Organized Crime and the Private Security Industry
Introduction
The Private Security Industry: An Overview
Local Private Security Provision and Organized Crime
Private Military Companies and Organized Crime
Cybersecurity Companies and Organized Crime
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Private Sector Criminal Risk Assessment and Risk Management
Introduction
Organized Crime-Related Risks to the Private Sector
Risks to and From Personnel
Risks to Products
Risks to Physical Resources (And Lives)
Risks to Communication and Information Systems
Risks to Overall Profit Levels
Risk Management Strategies
From Victimization to Collusion
Notes
References
Index
