This book is about the remarkable trade conflict between two agricultural superpowers with a focus on Brazil’s rapid agricultural modernization in recent decades and its impact on trade policy formation and global economic governance. Previous research, including Black (2016), trace the origins and evolution of the cotton dispute up to the August 31, 2009 final arbitration ruling that authorized Brazil to impose retaliatory trade measures to compel U.S. compliance. Inside the Cotton Dispute offers a comprehensive examination of the bilateral relations and negotiations that culminated with the October 2014 mutual solution to one of the most important trade conflicts since the establishment of the World Trade Organization.
Author(s): Mark S. Langevin
Series: International Political Economy Series
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 265
City: London
Preface
Contents
About the Author
Acronyms
List of Tables
1 Introduction
My Participation
Explaining Competition, Compliance, and Trade Policy
The Purpose of the Book
The Organization of the Book
References
2 Cultivation and Competition
Promoting Coffee, Neglecting Cotton
Agriculture and the Estado Novo
Pushing Productivity
The Rise of Cotton Yields in the Center-West
Unfair Competition
References
3 Trade Clashes and the Uruguay Round
Washington’s Trade Policy Schism
Washington’s Wars on Brazilian Development
The Uruguay Round
References
4 Confrontation and Compliance
Supplying Compliance
Compliance Under Bush
Compliance Moment 1: Non-compliance
Compliance Moment 2: Partial-Compliance
Compliance Moments 3–5: Partial-Compliance
Compliance Under Obama
Compliance Moment 6: Partial-Compliance
Compliance Moment 7: Intentional Non-compliance
Compliance Moment 8: Partial-Compliance
Partial-Compliance and a Suboptimal Solution
References
5 Discord, Dialogue, and Cooperation
Joining ABRAPA
Dialogue and Discord
Assembling in Atlanta
Misfire in Brasília
Back in Washington
Campo Grande
Memphis
Miami
References
6 Reverberations and Resolution
Engaging Governments
ABRAPA Comes to Washington
The Agricultural Act of 2014
Mutual Solution
References
7 Epilogue
References
Appendices
Appendix 1: Brazil–United States Memorandum of Understanding, April 20, 2010
Memorandum of Understanding Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil Regarding a Fund for Technical Assistance and Capacity Building with Respect to the Cotton Dispute (WT/DS267) in the World Trade Organization
Section I
Organization
Section II
Transfers to the Fund
Section III
Transparency and Auditing Requirements for the Fund
Section IV
Authorized Activities
Section V
Definitions
Section VI
Duration
Section VII
Consultation
Section VIII
Transition
Section IX
Reservation of Rights
Section X
Effective Date
Appendix 2: Brazil–United States Framework for a Mutually Agreed Solution to the Cotton Dispute in the World Trade Organization (WT/DS267)
United States—Subsidies on Upland Cotton
Joint Communication Between Brazil and the United States
Framework for a Mutually Agreed Solution to the Cotton Dispute in the World Trade Organization (WT/DS267)
Section I
U.S. Domestic Cotton Support
Section II
The GSM-102 Program
Section III
Consultation
Section IV
Duration
Section V
Suspension of Countermeasures
Section VI
Reservation of Rights
Section VII
Effective Date
Appendix 3: ABRAPA–NCC Letter of Joint Recommendations, May 17, 2013
Letter of Joint Recommendations
Appendix 4: Brazil–United States Memorandum of Understanding of Mutual Solution, October 1, 2014
Memorandum of Understanding Related to the Cotton Dispute (WT/DS267)
Section I
Transfer of Funds
Section II
Brazilian Cotton Institute and Authorized Activities
Section III
IBA Transparency and Auditing Requirements
Section IV
Operation of the GSM-102 Program
Section V
GSM Transparency Requirements
Section VI
Peace Clause
Section VII
Consultation
Section VIII
Section IX
Status of 2010 Memorandum of Understanding and 2010 Framework Agreement
Section X
Reservation of Rights
Section XI
Effective Date
Index
