The plasma environment of Venus, Mars, and Titan

001Download PDF (90.1 KB)front-matter......Page 1
Contents......Page 5
The Plasma Environment of Venus, Mars, and Titan, an Introduction......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 9
Upstream Ion Cyclotron Waves at Venus and Mars......Page 10
Importance of Upstream Waves......Page 11
Waves at the Ion Cyclotron Frequency......Page 12
Hydrogen Ionization and Wave Generation......Page 13
Observations......Page 14
Wave Characteristics......Page 15
Wave Generation and Exospheric Density......Page 17
Observations......Page 19
Wave Characteristics and Occurrence......Page 23
Exospheric Conditions......Page 24
Discussion: Hydrogen Ionization and Wave Generation......Page 25
Summary and Open Questions......Page 26
References......Page 28
Upstream of Saturn and Titan......Page 30
Introduction......Page 31
Key Processes in the Formation of Titan's Induced Magnetosphere......Page 32
Basic Configuration of Saturn's Magnetosphere Near 20 RS......Page 37
Location of the Magnetopause......Page 39
Latitudinal Structure and the Effects of Centrifugal Forces......Page 40
Rotational and Longitudinal Variability......Page 41
Large Scale Structure of the Heliosphere Near Saturn......Page 44
Statistical Properties of Titan's Magnetospheric Background......Page 47
Magnetodisc and Solar Wind Influences......Page 48
Periodic Influences......Page 49
Energetic Protons......Page 51
Energetic Particle Composition......Page 52
Suprathermal Pressure......Page 54
Energetic Particle Dynamics......Page 56
Data Processing and Selection......Page 57
Statistical Results......Page 59
Electron and Ion Classification: Rymer et al. (2009) and Németh et al. (2011)......Page 62
Classification Scheme......Page 63
Spectra......Page 66
Results......Page 67
Magnetic Field Classification: Simon et al. (2010a)......Page 68
Length of Time Interval for Classification......Page 69
Results......Page 70
Energetic Particle Classification: Garnier et al. (2010)......Page 72
Combined Classifications......Page 76
Discussion......Page 78
Periodicities in Upstream Conditions: Do They Simply Produce Periodic Modulations in the Induced Magnetosphere or Are There Resonances or Non-linearities That Produce More Profound Changes?......Page 80
Future Work......Page 81
References......Page 82
Introduction......Page 89
Titan's Ionospheric Structure......Page 91
Titan's Ionospheric Chemistry......Page 95
Titan's Ionospheric Transport Processes......Page 102
Photoelectrons at Venus, Mars and Titan......Page 106
Acknowledgements......Page 110
References......Page 111
The Induced Magnetospheres of Mars, Venus, and Titan......Page 116
Introduction......Page 117
Mars......Page 118
The Martian Bow Shock......Page 120
Magnetosheath......Page 122
Identification and Structure......Page 123
Comparison of Martian IMB and Bow Shock Sizes, Shapes and Controlling Factors......Page 126
Influence of the Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure......Page 128
Influence of the Crustal Magnetic Fields......Page 130
Influence of the Solar EUV Flux......Page 131
Influence of IMF Direction/Upstream Convective Electric Field......Page 132
The Induced Magnetosphere......Page 133
The Photoelectron Boundary (PEB)......Page 136
MARSIS Ionospheric Electron Density Gradients: Possible Venus-Like Ionopause......Page 137
Remote Sounding Observations......Page 138
Spatial Distribution of Density Gradients......Page 139
Venus......Page 141
Bow Shock......Page 142
Magnetosheath......Page 143
Identification and Structure......Page 146
Comparison of Venusian IMB and Bow Shock Sizes, Shapes and Controlling Factors......Page 148
Influence of the Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure......Page 149
Influence of the EUV Flux/Solar Cycle......Page 150
The Induced Magnetosphere......Page 151
The Ionospheric Boundary: Ionopause, Photoelectron Boundary......Page 154
Titan......Page 155
Titan's Plasma Context......Page 157
The Induced Magnetosphere Boundary......Page 158
The Induced Magnetosphere......Page 161
The Ionospheric Boundary......Page 165
Comparisons and Conclusions......Page 166
References......Page 168
Ion Energization and Escape on Mars and Venus......Page 175
Introduction......Page 176
General Features of Ion Energization......Page 178
Momentum Conservation Constraints and Global Morphology of Escape......Page 181
Polar Wind......Page 186
Plasma Sheet......Page 188
Boundary Layer/Mantle......Page 192
Ion Pick-Up......Page 195
Bursty Energization and Escape......Page 198
Protrusion of Blobs of Solar Wind and Ion Scavenging......Page 200
Energization and Escape through Auroral Flux Tubes......Page 201
Escape During the Impact of CIRs/CMEs......Page 207
Conclusions......Page 208
References......Page 210
Exospheres and Energetic Neutral Atoms of Mars, Venus and Titan......Page 214
Exosphere......Page 215
Application of ENA Imaging to Space Plasma Sciences......Page 216
Generation Mechanism of ENAs......Page 217
Solar Wind Interaction with Mars and Venus......Page 219
Theoretical Prediction of ENA Generation at Mars......Page 221
ENAs from Phobos......Page 222
Solar Wind Interaction with Mars......Page 223
ENAs in the Wake of Mars and Venus......Page 228
Atmospheric Effect on Mars......Page 230
Oxygen ENAs at Mars and Venus......Page 231
Summary of ENA Environment Close to Mars and Venus......Page 232
Composition......Page 233
Observations of the Neutral Exospheres......Page 234
Recent Observations of Hydrogen Coronae by UV Remote Sensing......Page 235
Venus Hydrogen Corona Implied from Magnetometer Data......Page 237
Hot Hydrogen Coronae......Page 238
Oxygen Coronae......Page 239
Monte Carlo Modeling of the Venusian Hot Oxygen Corona......Page 240
Dissociative Recombination Rates, Branching Ratios and Vibrational Distribution......Page 241
Collision Cross Sections......Page 242
Titan and the Cassini Spacecraft......Page 244
Titan's Exosphere and Energetic Neutral Atoms......Page 245
First Cassini Results......Page 246
Titan Exospheric Populations......Page 248
Nonthermal Corona......Page 249
Pre-Cassini Studies......Page 250
Absorption of ENAs by Titan's Atmosphere......Page 251
Statistical Observations of the Titan ENA Halo......Page 252
Background......Page 253
Saturn High Energy Proton Interaction with Titan Atmosphere......Page 255
Energy Deposition of the High Energy Particle in the Atmosphere......Page 256
Summary and Open Questions......Page 258
References......Page 259
Modeling of Venus, Mars, and Titan......Page 268
Self-consistent Plasma Modeling Methods......Page 269
Assumptions of MHD Models......Page 270
Ideal MHD......Page 273
Multi-species MHD......Page 274
Hall MHD......Page 275
Multi-fluid......Page 276
MHD Models of Venus' Interaction with the Solar Wind......Page 277
MHD Models of Mars' Interaction with the Solar Wind......Page 279
MHD Models of Titan's Interaction with Saturn's Magnetosphere......Page 282
Multi-scale Simulations of the Saturn-Titan Interaction......Page 284
Summary of MHD Methods......Page 285
Hybrid Methods......Page 286
Hybrid Models of Mars' Interaction with the Solar Wind......Page 287
Hybrid Models of Titan's Interaction with Saturn's Magnetosphere......Page 290
Fully Kinetic Methods......Page 292
The Neutral Exosphere of Mars......Page 295
Chamberlain's Method......Page 297
Monte Carlo Method......Page 300
Summary......Page 304
References......Page 305
Ion Acceleration and Outflow from Mars and Venus: An Overview......Page 309
Introduction......Page 310
Solar Wind Energy and Momentum Transfer......Page 313
Mass-Loaded Ion Energization......Page 315
Plasma Acceleration by Waves......Page 321
Plasma Escape from Mars and Venus......Page 326
Discussions and Conclusions......Page 330
References......Page 331