The second edition of this popular compendium provides the necessary intellectual equipment to engage with and participate in effective philosophical argument, reading, and reflectionFeatures significantly revised, updated and expanded entries, and an entirely new section drawn from methods in the history of philosophyThis edition has a broad, pluralistic approach--appealing to readers in both continental philosophy and the history of philosophy, as well as analytic philosophyExplains difficult concepts in an easily accessible manner, and addresses the use and application of these conceptsProven useful to philosophy students at both beginning and advanced levels
Author(s): Julian Baggini, Peter S. Fosl
Edition: 2
Year: 2010
Language: English
Pages: 303
THE PHILOSOPHER’S TOOLKIT......Page 6
Contents......Page 10
Alphabetical Table of Contents......Page 14
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgements......Page 19
1.1 Arguments, premises and conclusions......Page 20
1.2 Deduction......Page 25
1.3 Induction......Page 27
1.4 Validity and soundness......Page 32
1.5 Invalidity......Page 36
1.6 Consistency......Page 38
1.7 Fallacies......Page 42
1.8 Refutation......Page 45
1.9 Axioms......Page 47
1.10 Definitions......Page 50
1.11 Certainty and probability......Page 53
1.12 Tautologies, self-contradictions and the law of non-contradiction......Page 57
2.1 Abduction......Page 61
2.2 Hypothetico-deductive method......Page 65
2.3 Dialectic......Page 68
2.4 Analogies......Page 71
2.5 Anomalies and exceptions that prove the rule......Page 74
2.6 Intuition pumps......Page 77
2.7 Logical constructions......Page 79
2.8 Reduction......Page 81
2.9 Thought experiments......Page 84
2.10 Useful fictions......Page 87
3 Tools for Assessment......Page 90
3.1 Alternative explanations......Page 91
3.2 Ambiguity......Page 93
3.3 Bivalence and the excluded middle......Page 96
3.4 Category mistakes......Page 98
3.5 Ceteris paribus......Page 100
3.6 Circularity......Page 103
3.7 Conceptual incoherence......Page 106
3.8 Counterexamples......Page 109
3.9 Criteria......Page 112
3.10 Error theory......Page 114
3.11 False dichotomy......Page 116
3.12 False cause......Page 118
3.13 Genetic fallacy......Page 120
3.14 Horned dilemmas......Page 124
3.15 Is/ought gap......Page 127
3.16 Masked man fallacy......Page 129
3.17 Partners in guilt......Page 132
3.18 Principle of charity......Page 133
3.19 Question-begging......Page 137
3.20 Reductios......Page 140
3.21 Redundancy......Page 142
3.22 Regresses......Page 144
3.23 Saving the phenomena......Page 146
3.24 Self-defeating arguments......Page 149
3.25 Sufficient reason......Page 152
3.26 Testability......Page 155
4 Tools for Conceptual Distinctions......Page 159
4.1 A priori/a posteriori......Page 160
4.2 Absolute/relative......Page 163
4.3 Analytic/synthetic......Page 166
4.4 Categorical/modal......Page 169
4.5 Conditional/biconditional......Page 170
4.6 De re/de dicto......Page 172
4.7 Defeasible/indefeasible......Page 175
4.8 Entailment/implication......Page 177
4.9 Essence/accident......Page 180
4.10 Internalism/externalism......Page 183
4.11 Knowledge by acquaintance/description......Page 186
4.12 Necessary/contingent......Page 189
4.13 Necessary/sufficient......Page 192
4.14 Objective/subjective......Page 195
4.15 Realist/non-realist......Page 197
4.16 Sense/reference......Page 200
4.17 Syntax/semantics......Page 201
4.18 Thick/thin concepts......Page 204
4.19 Types/tokens......Page 206
5.1 Aphorism, fragment, remark......Page 209
5.2 Categories and specific differences......Page 212
5.3 Elenchus and aporia......Page 215
5.4 Hume’s fork......Page 218
5.5 Indirect discourse......Page 221
5.6 Leibniz’s law of identity......Page 223
5.7 Ockham’s razor......Page 228
5.8 Phenomenological method(s)......Page 230
5.9 Signs and signifiers......Page 233
5.10 Transcendental argument......Page 237
6.1 Class critique......Page 241
6.2 Deconstruction and the critique of presence......Page 244
6.3 Empiricist critique of metaphysics......Page 246
6.4 Feminist critique......Page 248
6.5 Foucaultian critique of power......Page 250
6.6 Heideggerian critique of metaphysics......Page 253
6.7 Lacanian critique......Page 256
6.8 Critiques of naturalism......Page 258
6.9 Nietzschean critique of Christian-Platonic culture......Page 260
6.10 Pragmatist critique......Page 263
6.11 Sartrean critique of ‘bad faith’......Page 265
7.1 Basic beliefs......Page 268
7.2 Gödel and incompleteness......Page 271
7.3 Philosophy and/as art......Page 273
7.4 Mystical experience and revelation......Page 276
7.5 Paradoxes......Page 278
7.6 Possibility and impossibility......Page 281
7.7 Primitives......Page 284
7.8 Self-evident truths......Page 286
7.9 Scepticism......Page 289
7.10 Underdetermination......Page 292
Internet Resources for Philosophers......Page 295
Index......Page 296
