The Palgrave Handbook Of Prison Design

Praise for The Palgrave Handbook of Prison Design
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
References
Part I The History and Philosophy of Custodial Design
2 That Time We Tried to Build the Perfect Prison: Learning from Episodes Across U.S. Prison History
The Desire to Build the Perfect Prison at the Origin
John Howard’s Vision
Benjamin Rush’s Vision
Jeremy Bentham’s Vision
The First Prisons
Responding to Failure: Recurring Efforts to Redesign the Prison
Common Elements of the Perfect Prisons
The Desire for Prisons That Profit (and Prisoners Who Work)
The Desire for Prisons That Keep Prisoners Healthy (Generally, Humanitarian Prisons)
The Desire for Prisons That Reform
The Desire for Total Control
The Trajectory of the Perfect Prison
Reflections
On Failure
On Belief
Moving Forward
References
3 Defining the Mechanisms of Design: An Interdisciplinary Approach
Outcomes Associated with Custodial Design
Why Custodial Design is Anticipated to Effect Outcomes
How Custodial Design Impacts Outcomes
Increase or Reduce Opportunity
Communication or Provision of Information
Strain
The Role of the Individual
Exploring Mechanisms in a Small Qualitative Study
Creating a Theoretical Framework for Custodial Design
Next Steps
References
4 Custodial Design: Collective Methods
Introduction
The Reference Custodial Project of Collaborative Design
Framing—Theory and Practice
Example Workflow
Qualitative Data
Scripts
Design Orientation Scenario. “Approaching the Prison”
Design Orientation Scenario. “Visits Re-Imagined”
Discussion
A Place for the Collective Method
Bibliography
5 What Works Least Worst? A Personal Account of Two New Prison Design Projects
Introduction
A Statement of Failure
Conclusion
References
6 The Creative Prison Revisited
Bibliography
7 Prison Design: Between Pragmatic Engagement and the Dream of Decarceration
Introduction
The Problematic Nature of Prison and Its Effect in Design
Critical Prison Design
Case Studies
Conclusions
References
8 Prison Architecture in Chile: A Critical Realist Analysis of Prison Architectural Outputs Through the Lens of Organised Hypocrisy Theory
Introduction
Critical Realism
Research Approach
The Chilean Case
The Chilean Geo-Historical Prison Context
The Prison Architecture Evolution in Chile and the Transition to the Public–private Partnership Prisons
Public–Private Partnership Prisons: Expectations Versus Outcomes
Organised Hypocrisy
Organised Hypocrisy Theory and the Chilean Prison Service
How Hypocrisy Works in Prison Design
Stability and Destabilisation of Hypocrisy
Time as a Stabiliser
Creating Change as a Stabiliser
Destabilising Hypocrisy in Prison Services
Conclusions
References
9 The Architecture and Design of the Communist and Post-Communist Prison in Europe
Introduction
The Globalisation of Prison Design and Shifts Towards Cellular Confinement
The Soviet Model
Narratives of Reform in Estonia
Narratives of Reform in Russia
Concluding Comments: The Resilience of the Architecture of Collectivism in the Post-Communist Realm
References
Part II Determining the “Effectiveness” of Custodial Design
10 Challenges and Solutions in Establishing the Impact of Custodial Design
Challenges in Establishing Causality
Operationalizing Key Concepts
Lack of Data Availability
Isolating the Effects of Design from Other Influences
Solutions
Collaborations/Partnerships
Mixed Methods and Advanced Statistical Analyses
Conclusion
References
11 Evaluating Correctional Environments: A Critical Psychosociospatial Approach
Introduction
Towards an Enhanced Participatory “Post-occupancy” Evaluation of Correctional Environments: Improving Design and Operations
A Brief History of POE: Problems and Potential
Rethinking POE for Correctional Environments
Spatializing Trauma and Safety: Documenting Dehumanizing Physical Spaces in Correctional (and Other Institutional) Facilities
The Possible Link Between Suicide and Experiences in Custodial Environments
Beyond Solitary Confinement: Other Institutional Spaces of Dehumanization and Despair
Design-Build Research Techniques for Spatial Evaluation and Transformation
Non-inmate Spatial Experiences in Correctional Environments
Conclusion
References
12 Towards a Dignified Design: O-T-I, S-L-S, and Experience in Carceral Space
Overlapping Openness, Transparency, Inclusivity, Space, Layout, and Sense with Dignity
A Dignified Design? Setting the Stage to Explore Dignity in Custodial Buildings
A Geographic Lens: Building Placement Within a Dignified Design Framework
Space Within Place: Assuring Adequate Capacity as a Consideration of Dignity
Rehabilitative Places: Mitigating Harm, Facilitating Growth Through Dignified Design
A Dignified Design, If You Can Keep It: Custodial Maintenance and Its Essentiality for Dignity
Conclusion
References
13 A Model for the Design of Youth Custodial Facilities: Key Characteristics to Promote Effective Treatment
Introduction
‘What Works’ for Justice-Involved Young People
Addressing Offending Behaviours
Social-Ecological Approach
A Design Model for Youth Custodial Facilities
Small-Scale
Local Siting
Relational and Differentiated Security
Therapeutic Design
European Precedent Studies
Background
Spain: Diagrama Facilities in Cordoba, Castilla la Mancha, and Carmona
Norway: Bjørgvin Youth Unit, Bergen
The Netherlands: Amsterdam Small-Scale Facility
Facility Size
Locality
Security Measures
Physical Security Infrastructure
Spatial Arrangement and Boundaries
Therapeutic Design
Discussion
Bibliography
14 Designing a Rehabilitative Prison Environment
Introduction
Rehabilitation as a Goal of Prison
An Ecological Systems Approach to Prison Rehabilitation
A Multilevel Model of Prison-Based Rehabilitation
Causal Properties
Psychological Need Satisfaction
Skill and Knowledge Development
Identity Transformation
Conclusion
References
Part III Designing for Imprisoned Populations
15 How Prison Spaces Work on Bodies: Prison Design in the Norwegian Youth Units
The Normative Demands behind “Child Friendly” Designs
Ethnographic Prison Research
Sameness and Differences Between the Youth Units
Youth Unit West
Youth Unit East
Prison Designs in the Best Interests of the Child?
A Prison Design that Supports “The Best Interest of the Child” and the Principle of “Normality”
The Implication of Ethnographic Studies for the Policy Level
Closing Comments
References
16 Does Design Matter? An Environmental Psychology Study in Youth Detention
Introduction
A Necessarily Contested Context
Does Design Matter?
How Does Design Matter?
What About Design Matters?
Design as Social Meaning—Extending Affect Control Theory
Stepping Through the Theory and Situating the Research Questions
Methodology
Visualisations of Youth Justice Spaces
Selection of Youth Justice Spaces
Survey Method
Affective Meaning Rating Scales
Survey Structure and Wording
Participants
Research Design and Propensity Score Matching
Propensity Score Matching
Analysis Method
Presentation of Descriptive Results
Results
Fundamental Sentiments
Impressions
Expectations
Discussion
Bibliography
17 Prisoners with Severe Mental Illnesses and Everyday Prison Interior (Re)design
Introduction
Prison Interior Design
Prison Interior Re-Design and Mental Health Care
A New Prison Mental Health Unit
Setting
Methodological Approach
Adaptation
Initial Adaptation
Ongoing Adaptation
Adaptive Co-Design
Indeterminacy
Accommodation
Conclusions
References
18 Autoethnographic Analyses of Prison Design’s Impacts
Autoethnography
Criticisms
Methodological Precedent
Current Approach
Reflections
Facility Perimeters
Cell Design
The Toilet
Communication Spaces
Common Areas
Conclusion
References
19 Culture Change Within Facilities that Incarcerate
Podular Direct Supervision Design
Challenges to Success
Failure to Fully Implement the PDS Model
Failure to Train
Maintaining Organizational Culture Over Time
Moving Forward—Preparing for a New Facility or Changes to Existing Institutions
Facility Design
Setting Goals
Staffing, Training, and Re-Training
Promoting and Maintaining Change with Incentives and Disincentives
Collective Bargaining Considerations
Considering the Jail Within the Context of the Larger Justice System
Conclusion
References
20 Gendered Inconsiderations of Carceral Space
Literature Review
Privacy
Overcrowding
Programming
Women-Specific Treatment
Physical Health Needs
Mental Health & Substance Use Needs
Case Study
Methodology
Research Protocol
Analysis
Findings
Space, Design, & Layout
Conclusion
Practical Implications
Future Research
References
21 A Cultural Competence Framework for Corrections in Hawai’i
Background
Teaching: Fourth Year Concentration Design Studio
Outreach: Decolonizing Cities Symposium
Methods
Tool #1—Strategic Planning
Tool #2—Community Directory
Tool #3—Culturally Integrative Capital Improvement Project Process
Tool #4—Cultural Design Resource
Tool #5—Indigenous Health and Well-Being Framework
Tool #6—Design Strategies
Conclusion
Bibliography
Part IV Custodial Design for Spaces and Functions
22 From Grey to Green: Guidelines for Designing Health-Promoting Correctional Environments
Introduction
The Grey
The Green
Biophilia and Biophilic Design
Attention Restoration Theory
Additional Design Theories
Landscape Design in Custodial Settings
Guidelines for Designing Health-Promoting Custodial Environments
Individual Outcomes Level in Nested Model
Centres the Individual Who is Incarcerated
Institutional Design Level of Nested Model
Freedom of Access and Use
Create a Home-Like Outdoor and Indoor Natural Environment
Innovate to Address Security and Staffing Concerns
Policy
Select or Retrofit Facility Sites to Make Healthy Landscape Design Possible
Budget and Solicit Funds to Support the Landscape
Develop Policies and Procedures to Support the Landscape
Alliance
Involve Landscape Design Professionals from the Outset
Engage Stakeholders in Participatory Design Processes
Conclusion
References
23 Does Nature Contact in Prison Improve Wellbeing? Greenspace, Self-Harm, Violence and Staff Sickness Absence in Prisons in England and Wales
Introduction
Self-Harm, Violence and Staff Sickness Absence as Proxies for Prisoner and Prison Staff Wellbeing
Prison Greenspace and Prisoner and Staff Wellbeing
Prison Layout Type
Greenspace and Prisoner and Prison Staff Wellbeing
Greenspace, Wellbeing and Prison Layout
Implications and Conclusions
Bibliography
24 Designing Green Prisonscapes in Norway: Balancing Considerations of Safety and Security, Rehabilitation and Humanity
Introduction
Theoretical Approach
The Prisonscape
Access to Space and Green Space
Access to Movement and Exercise
Access Time
Closing Comments
References
25 Prioritizing Accountability and Reparations: Restorative Justice Design and Infrastructure
Introduction
Restorative Justice: Philosophy and Practice
Restorative Justice and Design
Restorative Justice Design Principles
Relational and Flexible
Natural and Organic
Private and Nested
Transparent and Open
Domestic and Cultural
Restorative Justice Design and Custodial Environments
Digging a New Foundation
Remove Detention and Custodial Facilities from the Design Discussion
Design to Address Victims’ Needs
Design to Facilitate Meaningful Accountability and Address Causes of Harmful Behaviour
Design Infrastructure for Social Justice
Conclusion
References
26 Made in Prison: Understanding Knowledge Exchange, Co-design and Production of Cell Furniture with Prisoners to Reimagine Prison Industries for Safety, Well-Being and Sustainability
Introducing the Cell Furniture Design Brief
Project Context
Creating a Collaborative, Democratic Environment
Coproduced Design and Criminal Justice
Knowledge Exchange During the Cell Furniture Project
Evaluation and a Framework for Measuring Impact
Challenges and Learning Within the Cell Furniture Project
Implications of Co-production Linked to Design Activity Within the Criminal Justice Context: A Future Call to Action
Bibliography
Index