The Palgrave Handbook Of Populism

Preface
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I Populism–Introduction to & Some Reflections on the Concept
1 The New Age of Populism: Reapproaching a Diffuse Concept
Populism as a Concept
Definitions, Perspectives and Strands of Populism
The Normative Attachment to Populism
Core Elements of Populism
Anti-establishment, ‘for the People’ and Projection on Out-Groups
Anti-status Quo (Protest Attitude) and Relative Deprivation
Loss (Fear) Economic-Cultural
Unimodality and Anti-pluralism
Adversity to Political Mediation and the Volonté Générale
Simplification
Conceptual Flaws and Distinguishment from Other Concepts
Defining Populism
Literature
Part II Theoretical Critique
2 The Past and Present of American Populism
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Literature
3 Populism Is Hegemony Is Politics? Ernesto Laclau’s Theory of Populism
Introduction
Demands and the People
The Unification of the Plebs as an Effect of Its Identification with a Leader
Hegemony Is Populism Is Politics
Laclau’s Second Thoughts About Popular Subject Positions
Is a Crisis a Condition or an Effect of Politics-as-Populism?
Do All Politics Require Demands?
From a Vague Sense of Solidarity to Stable Identities
Laclau’s Self-Referential Bias
A More Cautious Reception of OPR
Literature
4 “An Antipodean Populism? Winston Peters, New Zealand First, and the Problems of Misclassification”
Introduction
An Antipodean Populism?
The Settler Colonial Context of Aotearoa New Zealand
Moffitt’s Model and Pauline Hanson
Moffitt’s Model and Peters
Policies: Peters and Hanson
Moffitt’s Model and Maori Issues
Moffitt’s Model and Immigration
Peters and Insider Politics
Conclusions
Literature
5 A Critique of Left-Wing Populism: Critical Materialist and Social-Psychological Perspectives
Introduction
The Post-Marxist Model of Left-Wing Populism
Immanent Critique: The Contradictory Promises of Left-Wing Populism
Social-Psychological Critique: The Regressive Entanglements of Left-Wing Populism
Conclusion: The Political Implications of Left-Wing Populism
Literature
Part III The Political Psychology of Populism & its Affective Underpinnings
6 The Psychology of Populism
Introduction
Who Are the Populists
The Psychology of Identity and the Lure of Populism
The Power of a Populist Communication Style: Cues, Heuristics and Bias
Concluding Thoughts
Literature
7 Emotional Mobilization: The Affective Underpinnings of Right-Wing Populist Party Support
Forty Years of Radical Right-Wing Populism: An Assessment
What Is Right-Wing Populism?
What Accounts for the Staying Power of Right-Wing Populist Parties?
Methodological Individualism and the Crucial Role of Emotions
The Nostalgia Factor
Catch-All-Parties of Protest and Structural Factors Prone to Engender Strong Emotions
Conclusion: The Need for a Holistic View
Literature
8 From Specific Worries to Generalized Anger: The Emotional Dynamics of Right-Wing Political Populism
Introduction
Emotions and Right-Wing Political Populism
Emotions as Predictors of Right-Wing Populist Support
Emotions and the populist political style
Emotions and Right-Wing Populism: A Dynamic Relationship
Method and Data
Analytical Strategy
Data and Measures
Results
Discussion and Conclusion
Literature
Part IV Authoritarian Populism & Fascism
9 Fascism and Populism
Populists or Fascists?
Argentinean Peronism and the First Debates on Fascism and Populism
Fascism
Populism
Comparing Fascism and Populism
Historicity
Enemies
Linkages
Political Imaginaries
Postfascism and Right-wing Populisms
Conclusion
Literature
10 Populism and Authoritarianism
Introduction
Populism
Populism: A Double-Edged Sword
Authoritarian Populism
Methodology
Victor Orbán: Hungary
Rodrigo Duterte: The Philippines
Donald Trump: The United States
Discussion
Literature
11 Authoritarian Populism and Collective Memory Manipulation
Introduction
Historicity of Populism
Populism and Its Authoritarian Malformations
Collective Memory Manipulations: Sources, Mechanisms, Consequences
Concluding … Towards the Analytical Framework
Literature
12 The (Almost) Forgotten Elitist Sources of Right-Wing Populism Kaltenbrunner, Höcke and the Distaste for the Masses
Elitist “Critiques” of Right-Wing Populism
Elitist Thought from Historical to New Right
Almost Forgotten Sources
Kaltenbrunner’s “Education for the Case of Emergency”
Björn Höcke: Elitist Content in Populist Shape
Conclusion and Prospects
Literature
Part V Economic Populism, Inequality & Crises
13 Populism and the Economics of Antitrust
The Interconnectedness of Economic and Political Populisms
From Political Demagoguery to Economic Policy
From Economic Populism to Political Authoritarianism
Economic Anthropology of Populism
Disenfranchisement and Injustice
Small v Big, Us v Others
Economic Anthropology of Antitrust
Populist Roots of Antitrust
Antitrust Cycles
Tackling Antitrust Populism
Anti-experts and the Holistic View
Anti-unfair Competitiveness—The Industrialist Perspective
Literature
14 The Red Herring of Economic Populism
Introduction
TEP Overview
Old Wine in Old Bottles
TEP’s Northward Migration
A Fresh Look at TEP’s Analytical Flaws
The Ideological Nature of TEP’s Political Economy
Conclusion: The Sad Fate of Weaponized Concepts
Literature
15 Populist Mobilization in the United States: Adding Political Economy to Cultural Explanations
Introduction
Culture vs. Economy: A False Dichotomy
Political Factors in U.S. Populist Mobilization
Trust
Responsiveness
Polarization
Economic Factors in U.S. Populist Mobilization
Deep Inequalities
Gloomy Prospects: White Privilege Compromised
Conclusion
Literature
Part VI Populism & Gender
16 Right-Wing Populism and Gender
Introduction
Intersectionalities
Research Report1
General Literature
Special Subjects
Gender as Meta-Language
Outlook
Literature
17 ‘The Gendered Politics of Right-Wing Populism and Instersectional Feminist Contestations’
Introduction
Gender and the ‘Right-Wing Populist Complex’
Right-Wing Populist Patterns of Gendering
Pattern I: Gender as ‘Affective Bridge’ in (Mass) Media
Pattern II: Appropriating Women’s Politics for Femonationalist Alliances
Pattern III: Against ‘Gender Ideology’ and Affirmative Action
Pattern IV: Reverse Anti-Colonialism in Radical Religious and Femoglobal Alliances
Pattern V: Gendering of Inequalities, Gendering of Fear
Intersectional Feminist Contestations
Outlook
Literature
18 Popular Sovereignty and (Non)recognition in Venezuela: On the Coming into Political Being of ‘el Pueblo’
Introduction
Critique of Populism and Its Others
Decolonial Feminisms Framework
Narrative Analysis
Non-being (Trauma) as the Ontological Starting Point of Popular Political Subjectivity
Process of ‘Reconocimiento’/Recognition of (Political) Being
Non-being/Non-reconocimiento
Conclusion
Literature
Part VII New Populisms and Cleavages
19 Environmental Populism
Introduction
Varieties
Explanations
Effects
Outlook
Literature
20 Medical Populism
Introduction
Populism and Health Crises
Simplification
Spectacularization
Forging of Divisions
Invocation of Knowledge Claims
Conclusion
Literature
21 Global Populism
Introduction
The Populist Rise to the Global Arena
The Patterns of Global Populism
The Populist Impact on the International System
Global Populism: Quo Vadis?
Literature
22 Populism and the Cosmopolitan–Communitarian Divide
The Lipset–Rokkan Thesis Revisited
Does the Cosmopolitism–Communitarianism Divide Constitute a New Cleavage?
Cleavages and the Left–Right-Distinction
The Misconception of Inglhart’s Postmaterialism
How Can the Rise of Populism Be Explained?
Literature
23 Populism and the Recasting of the Ideological Landscape of Liberal Democracies
The Rise of the Antiestablishment Vote
Changes in the Ideological Map of Capitalist Democracies
Literature
Part VIII Populism Discourses
24 Meaning Matters: The Political Language of Islamic Populism
Introduction
The Forging of Religious Populism
Making, Mediating and Mobilizing
Conclusion
Literature
25 Populism, Anti-populism and Post-truth
Introduction
Post-truth and Anti-populism in Greece
Truth, Post-truth and Political Representation
Theoretical and Political Implications
Conclusion
Literature
26 Experience Narratives and Populist Rhetoric in U.S. House Primaries
Introduction
Defining Populism
Populism in the United States
Populism in Congressional Primaries
Analysis
Discussion and Conclusion
Appendix: Numbers of Contests, Candidates and Votes
Literature
27 The Framing of Right-Wing Populism: Intricacies of ‘Populist’ Narratives, Emotions, and Resonance
Introduction
Populist Wolf Politics in Eastern Germany
The Complexities of Popular Resentments
Conclusion
Literature
28 Populism and Collective Memory
Introduction
Authoritarian Past and Populism
Authoritarian Past
Authoritarian Legacies
Empirical Applications
Conclusions
Literature
Part IX Populists in Office
29 Populism in Southeast Asia
Introduction
What Is Populism?
Identifying Populists in Southeast Asia
The Philippines
Indonesia
Thailand
Beyond the Big Three
Explaining Populism
Literature
30 Populism in Africa and the Anti-Corruption Trope in Nigeria’s Politics
Introduction
Populism in Africa: An Overview
Nigeria: In Search of the Populist Streak
Buhari Administration, Populism and the Electoral Interface
Conclusion: Beyond Rhetoric to Objectification
Literature
31 Populism in Southern Africa Under Liberation Movements as Governments: The Cases of Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe
Introduction
Liberation Movements as Populist Governments
Zimbabwe: Mugabeism After Mugabe
Namibia: Nujoma’s Legacy
South Africa: Zuma and Beyond
Conclusion: The End of Big Men?
Literature
32 Venezuela: The Institutionalization of Authoritarian Populism
Introduction
Reconciling the Concepts of Institutionalization, Populism and Authoritarianism
Establishing a Personalist Myth: The Populist Regime of Hugo Chávez, 1999–2013
The Institutionalization of the Charismatic Legacy After 2013
Conclusion
Literature
33 Populist Neo-Imperialism: A New Take on Populist Foreign Policy
Introduction
Populist Foreign Policy and Right-Wing Populism
Research Puzzle and the Case for Populist Neo-Imperialism
Turkey’s Right-Wing Populists Fall Out of Line
The Three Pillars of Neo-Imperial Populist Foreign Policy
Testing for Populist Neo-Imperialism in Three Former Imperial Countries
Necessary Conditions for Populist Neo-Imperialism
Ideology as the Sufficient Condition: The “Thickness” of Populist Neo-Imperialism
Conclusion
Literature
Part X Strategic Populism & Societal Support
34 Populism as an Implementation of National Biopolitics: The Case of Poland
Theoretical Premises
Populism in the Question
Populism and the Right to Property
Populism and Extremism
Legal Populism
Procreative Policy
Instead of the End
Literature
35 Understanding the Support of Right-Wing Populist Positions Within Unsuspected Groups: The Case of Professional Social Workers in Italy
Introduction
Right-Wing Populism and Social Work in Italy
The Study: Objectives and Methods
Who Are the Right-Wing Populist Social Workers?
Betraying or Betrayed?
Conclusions
Literature
36 Clarifying Our Populist Moment(s): Right-Wing and Left-Wing Populism in the 2016 Presidential Election
Introduction
The Two Populisms of 2016
Right-Wing and Left-Wing Populism
Data and Methods
A Two-Factor Solution: EFA and CFA
Who Are the Right-Wing and Left-Wing Populists?
Effects on Presidential Voting Behavior
Null Effects for Democrats: Why?
Conclusion
Literature
Part XI Consequences of Populism & Anti-Populist Discourse
37 New Parties, Populism, and Parliamentary Polarization: Evidence from Plenary Debates in the German Bundestag
Introduction
Populism, New Parties, and Polarization
New Populist and Non-populist Parties in Germany
Data and Method
Measuring Populist Speech
Measuring Polarization
Parliamentary Debates and New (Populist) Parties in Germany
Summary
Literature
38 The Enemy in My House: How Right-Wing Populism Radicalized the Debate About Citizenship in France
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Definition of Populism
Securitization Theory
Securitizing Populist Divide
Citizenship in France
Empirical Analysis
First Wave of Securitization: Grenoble
Second Wave of Securitization: Paris
Discussion of Our Findings
Conclusion
Literature
39 Can Right-Wing Populist Parties Solve the “Democratic Dilemma”?
Introduction
Theory
Empirical Strategy
Data and Measurement
Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Literature
40 Searching for the Philosopher’s Stone: Counterstrategies Against Populism
Populist Movements as Serious Threats for Liberal Democracy
Counterstrategies Along the Three Dimensions of Populism
Actor-Related Counterstrategies: Combating the Symptoms of Populism
Claiming a Ban and Forming a Cordon Sanitaire on Populism
Ignore Populism
Maintain the Status Quo and Tolerance
Adapt the Concerns and Rhetoric of Populists
Cooperating and Collaborating
Supporter-Related Counterstrategies—Combating the Causes of Populism
Confrontation
Active Discussion
Increasing Deliberative Political Participation
Media Awareness and Education
Secure Socio-economic Welfare and Incorporate Cultural Issues
Concluding Remarks
Bibliography
Index