The Palgrave Handbook of Occupational Stress

Foreword
References
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1: Introduction
Part I: Stress Description
2: Conceptualization of Stress
1 Introduction
2 Selye and His Concept: The Beginning
3 Further Developments: Biological and Psychological Dimension
4 Occupational Stress: Modern Understanding
5 From Homeostasis to Allostasis
6 Common Effects of Chronic Psychosocial Stress
7 Stress-Vulnerability and the Concept of Epigenetics
8 Conclusion
References
3: The Cycle of Stress
1 Introduction
2 Stress Types/Psychological Dimension
2.1 Stress at Work
3 The Neurophysiological Process/Physiological Dimension
3.1 The Nervous System
3.2 The Physiological Response to Stress/Physiological Dimension
3.3 The Adrenergic Axis
3.4 The Corticotropic Axis
3.5 Adrenergic and Corticotropic Interactions
4 Influence of the Psychological and Physiological Dimensions/Behavioral Dimension
5 Additional Considerations: Genetics and Epigenetics
6 Conclusion
References
4: Animal Models in Neuroscience: A Focus on Stress
1 Introduction
2 The Stress Response
2.1 Temporal Aspects of Stress
2.2 Types of Stressors
2.3 Sex as a Biological Variable
3 Stress Alters Anxiety, Depression, and Cognitive Function
3.1 Effects in Adult Rodents
3.2 Stress during Developmental Periods Causes Long Lasting Behavioral and Cognitive Changes
4 Neural Effects of Stress
5 Ethical Considerations
6 Conclusions
References
Part II: Stress Assessment
5: Physiological Assessment of the State of Mental Stress at Work
1 Introduction
1.1 General Considerations Regarding Reliability and Limitations
1.2 Methods Presented
2 Heart Rate Variation
2.1 Expected Averaged Values for Samples of Healthy Adults
2.2 Reliability and Limitations
3 Heart Rate Variability
3.1 Expected Averaged Values for Samples of Healthy Adults
3.2 Reliability and Limitations
4 Blood Pressure
4.1 Expected Averaged Values for Samples of Healthy Adults
4.2 Reliability and Limitations
5 Respiratory Frequency
5.1 Expected Averaged Values for Samples of Healthy Adults
5.2 Reliability and Limitations
6 Skin Conductance or Resistivity
6.1 Expected Averaged Values for Samples of Healthy Adults
6.2 Reliability and Limitations
7 Salivary Alpha-amylase
7.1 Expected Averaged Values for Samples of Healthy Adults
7.2 Reliability and Limitations
8 Salivary Cortisol
8.1 Expected Averaged Values for Samples of Healthy Adults
8.2 Reliability and Limitations
9 Cytokine
10 Ethics
11 Conclusions
Appendix: Example of Informed Consent Form Co-signed by the Subject and the Analyst
Informed Consent
A 1: Purpose of the Study
A 2: Profile of Participants
A 3: Procedure
A 4: Duration
A 5: Recordings
A 6: Benefits/Risks for the Participant
A 7: Voluntary Nature of the Study/Confidentiality
A 8: Cost, Reimbursement, and Compensation
A 9: Questions and Contacts—Supervision of the Study
A 10: Declaration of Consent
References
6: Psychological Assessment of the State of Mental Stress at Work
1 Introduction
2 Validity of Questionnaires for Self-Assessment of Stress
3 Questionnaires for Self-Assessment of Stress State
3.1 Questionnaires Dedicated to Assessing Occupational Stress: General Approach
3.2 Questionnaires Dedicated to Assessing Occupational stress: Focused Approach
3.3 Questionnaires Applicable to Assessing Occupational Stress: General Approach
3.4 Questionnaires Applicable to Assessing Occupational Stress: Focused Approach
4 Overall Limits of Questionnaires
4.1 Overestimation for High Level of Stress
4.2 Delay Bias
4.3 Major Cognitive Biases
4.4 Effect of the Type of Stressor
5 Deontology and Ethics
6 Conclusion
References
7: Stress Assessment in Daily Life Using the Experience Sampling Method
1 Introduction
1.1 Subjective Appraisal of Stress
1.2 The Concept of Momentary Stress Assessment
1.3 Aim of This Chapter
2 Stress Assessment Using the Experience Sampling Method
2.1 Momentary Stress Measures
Perceived Stress
Negative Affect
Activity-Related Stress
Social Stress
Demand and Control
Self-Initiated Reports
2.2 Retrospective Stress Measures
Perceived Stress
Event-Related Stress
2.3 Stress Dynamics
Reactivity to Stress
Recovery from Stress
Networks
3 Summary and Conclusions
References
8: Psychosocial Risks at Work: Fundamentals and Stakes
1 Introduction
2 Definitions
2.1 Definitions by Convention
2.2 The Concepts of Risk, Factor, Hazard and Disorder
2.3 Fundamentals
3 PSRs and Stress
4 PSRs and Stakes
4.1 Health Stake
4.2 Performance Stake
4.3 Legal Stake
5 Conclusions
References
9: Psychosocial Risks at Work: Outlines of the Evaluation Approach
1 Introduction
2 The Analyst’s Posture
2.1 The Psychologist’s Posture
2.2 The Ergonomist Posture
2.3 The Posture of the Internal Consultant Analyst
2.4 The Posture of External Consultant Analyst
3 General Principles
3.1 A Cautious Approach
3.2 An Approach for Anticipation
3.3 An Approach for Treatment
3.4 A Participatory Approach
3.5 The Optimal Level of Analysis
3.6 Ethics
3.7 Collaborations
4 Methodological Conclusions
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
References
10: Assessment of Psychosocial Risks: Methods
1 Introduction
2 Proposal of Applied Methods
2.1 The Categories of PSR Factors
The Categorisation of the Gollac Group (Gollac & Bodier, 2010)
The Categorisation of Leka et al. (2003).
2.2 The Proposed Methods
Evaluation of PSRs Based on the Use of Questionnaires
Steps of the Process
Evaluation of PSRs Based on Group Interviews
Steps of the Process
PRS Evaluation Combining Questionnaires and Interview Groups
Steps in the Process
3 Impact of the PSR Evaluation on the Management
4 Feedback from Interventions
4.1 Management’s Reluctance
4.2 Intervention with Shift Teams
4.3 Problems Identified by Participants as Pathological
4.4 Rapidity of Action and Dynamic of Intervention
4.5 Telescoping of Interventions
5 Conclusions
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
References
11: Assessment of Psychosocial Risks: Questionnaire Review
1 Introduction
2 Questionnaires
3 Conclusions
References
12: Visualising Results of a Psychosocial Risks Assessment through Questionnaires
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Case Study
2.1 Guidelines and Evaluation Grid to Assess the Intensity of Each JSS Item
2.2 Guidelines and Evaluation Grid to Evaluate the Frequency of Each JSS Item
3 Categorisation of Questionnaire Items
4 Verification of Categorisation Consistency: Adjustment
5 Visualisation of Results
6 Comparative Analysis of Results Over Time
7 Conclusions
References
Part III: Using Stress at Work
13: Leadership Styles: Work Stress, Related Outcomes and Health
1 Introduction
2 Positive Leadership Definitions
2.1 Servant Leadership
2.2 Authentic Leadership
2.3 Ethical Leadership
2.4 Charismatic Leadership
2.5 Leader-Member Exchange (LMX)
2.6 Transformational Leadership
3 Redundancy in the Concepts, Conceptual Overlap, and Issues with the More Recent Positive Forms of Leadership
4 Review of the Evidence Base
4.1 Effects on Stress/Well-being/Health
4.2 Effects on Workplace Engagement/Job Satisfaction
4.3 Effects on Staff Turnover and Absenteeism
4.4 Effects on Burnout
4.5 Effects on Performance and Productivity
4.6 Effects on Leader Health
4.7 Detrimental Leadership Styles and Behaviours
5 Conclusion
References
14: Leadership Styles, Related Outcomes and Practical Suggestions
1 Introduction
2 Key Advice for Organisations
3 Key Advice for Leaders
4 Key Advice for Followers
5 Conclusion
References
15: Occupational Training, Competencies, and Stress
1 Introduction
2 The Constraints of Simulation
2.1 Being in the Simulation
2.2 The Limited Time of the Simulation
2.3 Simulation Training Principles
3 Generating Acute Stress
4 Difficulty in Generating High-Intensity Acute Stress Conditions
5 Generating the Behaviour of the Actual Operating Situation
5.1 Anaesthesiologist in the Operating Theatre
Description of the Simulated Situation
Identifying Stressors and Actions to Increase Their Effects
Effect Obtained and Opinions of Participants
5.2 Nuclear Reactor Pilot
Description of the Simulated Situation
Identifying Stressors and Actions to Increase Their Effects
Effect Obtained and Opinions of Participants
5.3 Fighter Pilot
Description of the Simulated Situation
Identifying Stressors and Actions to Increase Their Effects
Effect
5.4 Pilot of Robot on Accident Response
Description of the Simulated Situation
Identifying Stressors and Actions to Increase Their Effects
Effect Obtained and Opinions of Participants
6 Ethics: Precautions
7 Conclusion
References
16: Stress Adjustment as a Criterion for Hiring in High-Risk Jobs
1 Stress and High-Risk Jobs
1.1 Adaptive Capacities of Individuals in a Professional Environment
2 Stress Adjustment as a Criterion for Hiring?
2.1 Job Analysis Methodology
2.2 Scenarios, Semi-structured Interviews, and Personality Inventories
3 Stress’s Adjustment Assessment in the French Air Force (FAF)
3.1 Predictive and Evaluative Tools Used by the FAF Psychological Studies & Researches Center’s Psychologists
Group and Individual Scenarios
Use of Personality Inventories in Interviews by Psychologists
Convergence of Different Predictive and Evaluative Tools
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Part IV: Macro Description of Stress
17: Cross-cultural Ideas on Stress
1 Introduction
2 Culture and Stress
3 Culture, Work, and Stress
4 Culture, Work, and Stress Coping
5 Conclusion
References
18: Stress in Different Professional Sectors
1 Introduction
2 Occupational Stress in the World
3 Occupational Stress with Time
4 Conclusion
References
19: The Impact of Stress Among Undergraduate Students: Supporting Resilience and Wellbeing Early in Career Progression
1 Introduction
2 Prevalence of Psychological Distress Among Undergraduates
3 Student Stress and Burnout
4 What Are the Challenges to Mental Health Faced by Students?
4.1 Managing Finances
4.2 Managing Existing or Emergent Health Issues
4.3 Transition into Higher Education
4.4 Substance and Alcohol Misuse
4.5 Safeguarding and Management of Behavioural Issues
4.6 The Experience of Loneliness and Social Isolation Among Students
5 Response to the Changing Needs of Students from Higher Education
6 Student Wellbeing, Resources and Resilience: Impact on Future Careers
7 Interventions to Increase Wellbeing, Resilience and Success
8 Conclusion
References
Part V: Dealing with Stress
20: Stress Prevention Measures in the Workplace
1 Defining Stress
2 Defining Burnout
3 Why Work Is Stressful?
3.1 Digitalisation and Modern Causes of Stress
4 Types of Intervention
4.1 Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)-Based Interventions
4.2 Mindfulness-Based Interventions
4.3 Education-Based Interventions
4.4 Exercise-Based Interventions
4.5 Greenspace/Nature-Based Interventions
4.6 Architecture Based/Environment Based
4.7 Music-Based Interventions
4.8 Dance-Based Intervention
4.9 Relaxation-Based Interventions
4.10 Organisation-Level Interventions
4.11 Digital Interventions
4.12 Employee Assistance Programmes
5 Why Prevention?
5.1 Resilience
5.2 What Works and What Doesn’t—Overview of Large-Scale Comparative Interventions
6 Conclusion: What Are the Solutions?
References
21: Stress Management
1 Forms and Intensity of Stress
2 From Acute Stress to Crisis Management
3 Stress Management Strategies
3.1 Emotion Regulation
3.2 Stimulating Breathing
3.3 Relaxing Breathing or Diaphragmatic Breathing
3.4 Square Breathing
3.5 Progressive Muscle Relaxation
3.6 Internal Dialogue or Self-talk
3.7 Mental Rehearsal
3.8 Reflex Adjustment Signal-Sign
3.9 Power Nap and Caffeine Nap
3.10 Effect of Light
4 Conclusion
References
22: Stress and Resilience in the Workplace
1 Introduction
2 Defining Stress
3 What Is Resilience?
3.1 Risk/Protective Factors
3.2 Review of Resilience Research
4 Employee Well-being/Resilience Interventions
4.1 School-Based Interventions
4.2 University-Based Interventions
4.3 Workplace Interventions
4.4 Resilience in Healthcare Settings
5 Potential Consequences of Resilience Training
6 Practical Suggestions
6.1 For Organisations
6.2 For Leaders
6.3 For Followers
7 Conclusion
References
23: Pharmacology for Stress
1 Introduction
2 Psychotropic Drugs
2.1 Antidepressants
2.2 Anxiolytics
2.3 Antispychotics
3 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Pharmacovigilance
4 Dependency
5 Rates of Use
6 Conclusion
References
24: Conclusion
Index