This handbook provides a comprehensive analysis of the contemporary theory, practice and themes in the study of national security. Part 1: Theories examines how national security has been conceptualised and formulated within the disciplines international relations, security studies and public policy. Part 2: Actors shifts the focus of the volume from these disciplinary concerns to consideration of how core actors in international affairs have conceptualised and practiced national security over time. Part 3: Issues then provides in-depth analysis of how individual security issues have been incorporated into prevailing scholarly and policy paradigms on national security. While security now seems an all-encompassing phenomenon, one general proposition still holds: national interests and the nation-state remain central to unlocking security puzzles. As normative values intersect with raw power; as new threats meet old ones; and as new actors challenge established elites, making sense out of the complex milieu of security theories, actors, and issues is a crucial task - and is the main accomplishment of this book.
Author(s): Michael Clarke, Adam Henschke, Matthew Sussex, Tim Legrand
Edition: 1
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2022
Language: English
Commentary: TruePDF
Pages: 421
Tags: International Security Studies
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
1 National Security: Theories, Actors, Issues
Part I Theories
2 Understanding National Security: The Promises and Pitfalls of International Relations Theory
The National Security Landscape: Changing Definitions, Themes and Processes
Statehood, Securitisation and National Security
National Interests
Sovereignty and International Law
Power, Influence and International Order
Making National Security Policy in an Age of Globalisation and Shifting Power: Balancing Risk and Resilience
Theories of International Relations and National Security Choices
Realist Approaches
Liberal Approaches
Constructivist Approaches
From Theory to Practice: Case Studies on Major National Security Issues
The Global War on Terror
Climate Change
Shifts in Global Order: The Rise of China and the Relative Decline of the United States
Conclusions
3 National Security and Public Policy: Exceptionalism Versus Accountability
What Is Public Policy?
A Brief History of Public Policy
Public Policy in Liberal Democracies
National Security and Public Policy in Liberal Democracy
Methodological Challenges of National Security Evaluation
Exceptionalized Policy-Making in Liberal Democracies
Scrutiny, Accountability and Exceptionalism
Exempting National Security from Public Policy Imperatives
The Expanding Remit of National Security Policy
National Security and the Shadow of Illiberalism
Conclusions
4 Ethics and National Security: A Case for Reasons in Decision-Making
Introduction
The Problem: Ethics and National Security
On Ethics, National Security and Liberal Democracies
Ethics
Nations and States16
Security
An Open Question: Pluralism Versus Anything Goes33
A Dynamic Space
Where To? A Guide for Ethical Decision Making in National Security
Part II Actors
5 Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself: The National Security Policy of the United States
Free Security
What Are We Afraid Of? Issues and Debates in Twenty-First-Century U.S. National Security
Traditional Threats: Peer Competitors
Nontraditional Threats: Terrorism, Rogue, and Failed States
Technological Threats: Nuclear, Cyber!, Killer Robots
Nuclear Weapons States, 1988 and 2018
Imagined Threats: Unknown Unknowns
Structure and Insecurity
Conclusions
6 Chinese National Security: New Agendas and Emerging Challenges
The End of the Cold War and Emerging Security Challenges
National Security: Emerging Challenges
Reconceptualizing Security: New Structures
Conclusion
7 Russia’s National Security Posture
The Roots of Russian Conduct
Understanding Russian National Security Policy
Constructivist Approaches
Neoliberal Approaches
Realist Approaches
Power and Weakness: Enablers and Constraints
Military Power
Information Operations and Hybrid Warfare Capabilities
Energy: Encouraging Vulnerable Over-Dependencies
Institutional Underdevelopment, Sub-regional Weakness, and Political Vulnerability
Conclusions
8 Between Aspiration and Reality: Evolution of Japanese National Security Policy
Background: Basic Elements of Japan’s National Security Policy
A Framework Challenged: Japan’s Security Policy in Post-Cold War and Post-9/11 Years
Japan Transformed? Changes Made Under the Second Abe Cabinet (December 2012–Present)
Conclusion: A Glass Ceiling for Japan’s National Security Policy
9 India’s National Security Challenges and the State Response
A Gradual Evolution in Indian National Security Policy
India’s Relationship with Pakistan
Sino-Indian Tensions
Left Wing Extremism
State Responses to LWE
Insurgency in the Northeast
Indian Responses to Insurgencies in the Northeast
Terrorism in Punjab
Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir
Conclusion
10 Turkey: The Security Policy of a ‘Lonely’ State
Introduction: With a Neighbourhood like Turkey’s, Who Needs Enemies?
Turkey, Existentially: Who Are Turks and What Is Turkey?1
The Inter-War Years: Security Policy Foundations16
The Security Policy of the Pre-AKP Republic: The Cold War Years
Turkish Security Policy, the End of the Cold War and the Rise of the AKP
The Kurdish Issue, Again
The KRG
Conclusion: Turkey’s Loneliness
11 Securing Iran in the Internet age
Security in the Founding Moments of the Islamic Republic
Key Events and Issues
Iranian Regime Security and the Internet: A Double-Edged Sword
Conclusions
12 Brazil: In Search of a Security Space
Introduction
From Independence to Globalization: The Pathway Toward Autonomy
Re-democratization: From Great Power to Middle Power
An Exhausted Democracy: Back to Pre-autonomy Days?
Conclusion
Part III Issues
13 Nuclear Weapons and National Security: From the Cold War to the “Second Nuclear Age” and Beyond
The Evolution of Nuclear Politics: Between MAD and “Nuclear Abstinence”
Nuclear Weapons and the Cold War: Toward MAD
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: An Imperfect Nuclear Abstinence?
The Post-Cold War Nuclear Interregnum and the “Second Nuclear Age”
Nuclear Postures of Major Powers
United States
Russia
China
Nuclear Flashpoints
Nuclear Instability on the Korean Peninsula
The South Asian Nuclear Triangle
Testing Transatlantic Cohesion: Russian Adventurism in Ukraine and the Baltics
Conclusions
14 Maritime Security: Problems and Prospects for National Security Policymakers
Introduction
Situating ‘Maritime Security’
Protecting National (Maritime) Security—The Navies
Contemporary National Security Threats: The Maritime Sphere
National Security and Non-Traditional Maritime Security Threats
Safeguarding National Security: Addressing Non-Traditional Maritime Security Threats
Defending National Security? the Rise of Non-State Actors
Conclusion
15 Intelligence and National Security: The National Security Problematique
Approaches to the Intelligence Cycle
Direction
Planning
Collection and Collation
Analysis and Processing
Evaluation
Dissemination
Intelligence Gaps and Failures
Politicisation of Intelligence
Conclusion
16 Machine Learning, Mass Surveillance, and National Security: Data, Efficacy, and Meaningful Human Control
Introduction
Machine Learning for Mass Surveillance
Facial Recognition / Smart Surveillance Cameras
Voice Recognition
Attack Prediction
Financial Fraud
Propaganda on Social Media
Societal Implications of the Training Data
The Source
Dual Use
Legitimacy
Security
Labeling
Biases of the Past
Disparate Impact
The Effectiveness of ML for Mass Surveillance
Not Enough Data
Precision vs Recall
Past vs. Future
Meaningful Human Control over ML for Mass Surveillance
Veto Power
Explainability
Moral Machines
Conclusion
17 Information as an Evolving National Security Concern
Introduction
Terrorist Exploitation of Social Media
Foreign Influence Operations
Oligopologisation of Epistemic Power
National Security and State Responsibility: What is at Stake?
Index
