The Palgrave Handbook Of Left-Wing Extremism, Volume 2

Acknowledgments
Introduction
Extremism: History, Issues, and Challenges
Extremism from the Left
The Volume’s Setup and layout
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Anarchist Violence in the United States: 1900 to the Present
Introduction
Causes of Anarchist Violence and the Assassination of President McKinley
Reemergence of Anarchist Violence After 1907
Italian and Eastern European Immigrants in the Vanguard of Anarchist Violence
World War I and a New Wave of Anarchist Violence
Postwar Government Repression and the Climax of Anarchism Terrorism
The Decline of Anarchism and Anarchist Violence, 1920s–1960s
Epilogue: Anarchism and Violence Since the 1960s
Areas for Future Research
Notes
References
2 Antifa: Anatomy of a Movement
Introduction
The Origins of Anti-fascism
Antifa Emerges
The Structure of Antifa
Antifa Strategy and Tactics
Is a Terrorist Designation Justified?
Antifa’s Funding and Support Network
Conclusion: Antifa’s Endgame
Notes
References
3 Are Right-Wing Americans Really More Tolerant of Political Violence?
Introduction
The Question
Methods and Findings
Discussion and Conclusion
Note
References
4 Examining Equity, Extremism, and Left–Right Reciprocal Radicalization
Introduction
The Left-Wing and Equity
Defining a “Woke” Term
Equity and Its (Lack of?) Limits
From Equity to Extremism
The Problematic “Extremism” Definition
Double-Standards in Extremism Designations
Conclusion
Looking Ahead—What to Do
Notes
Bibliography
5 The Revolutionary Left in Central America
Origins: Central American Communism
Post-World War II Societal Changes and the Emergence of New Political Cultures of Opposition
The Long Wave of the New Revolutionary Left
Guatemala
Nicaragua
El Salvador
Costa Rica and Honduras
Recent Developments and Future Research
Notes
References
6 The Little Red Book and the Case of Left-Wing Political Extremism in Colombia
Introduction
How Has It Been Studied?
What Is Extremism? What Is Left-Wing Extremism?
How Can Left-Wing Extremism in Colombia Be Studied?
Characterization of Extremism in Colombia: The Case of Maoism
The Patriotic Boards
Descalzos
Prospects
Final Thoughts
Notes
References
7 Left-Wing Extremism in Peru: Structural Conditions, Leadership, and Political Will
Summary
Introduction
The APRA, the Communist Party, and the Oligarchic Challenge
The 1960 Guerrillas, the Velasco Military Experiment and Its Aftermath
The 1980s: Extreme Diversity and the Centrality of Political Decisions
Future Research
Notes
References
8 Left-Wing Extremism in Venezuela: From Armed Struggle to the United Socialist Party of Venezuela
Introduction
The PCV and the MIR of the Sixties
The Cold War, the Policy of “Peaceful Coexistence” and Revolutionary Cuba
The Two Phases of Guerrilla Warfare
Between 1966 and 1999: PRV, BR and OR-Socialist League
El PRV
Red Flag (BR)
Organization of Revolutionaries-Socialist League (OR-Liga Socialista)
Left-Wing Extremism in the Chavista Era: The MBR-200, the PSUV and Parties of the Great Patriotic Pole 2007–2013
From the MBR-200 to the Seizure of Power (1982–1998)
Against Bourgeois Democracy (1999–2005)
Chavista Hegemony (2006–2013)
The Legacy: The Government of Nicolás Maduro (2013–Present)
Notes
References
9 After the Sun: Slow Hope? Rethinking Continuous Crisis Through China’s Revolutions
Introduction
From Night to Light—The Making of a Trope or: How the Sun Rises
The Sun That Never Sets—Resisting the Trope or: How the Sun Scorches and Blinds
The Light of the Night—Unthinking the Trope or: How the Moon (Re-)enters
Conclusion: “What Lies Ahead?!”—Continuous Crisis in the Heat of the Sun and Resilient Dreams of Slow Hope
Notes
References
10 Left-Wing Extremism in Southeast Asia
Introduction
The Rise of Communism in Indochina
Communism, Ethnicity, and Disunity
Japanese Adventurism and Communism in Southeast Asia
Concluding Remarks
References
11 Left-Wing Extremism in India
Introduction
Left-Wing Extremism—Brief History
Factors that Shaped the Growth of LWE
Land and Insurgency
Forest Rights and Insurgency
Development and Insurgency Linkages
Governance and Insurgency Conundrum
Ideological Roots of LWE
Present Status of LWE
Notes
Reference
12 Militants, Pirates, or Extremists? Frameworks for Conceptualising Left Wing Extremism in Australia
Introduction
Methodology
The Left Party Family
The Three Siblings
The Odd Cousins
Defining Left Wing Extremism
The Australian Context
Sea Shepherd
Extinction Rebellion
Fireproof Australia
Antifa
Outlook
Conclusion
References
13 Left-Wing Revolutionary Violence in Africa
Introduction: Left-Wing Extremism in the African Context
Kwame Nkrumah and the Gold Coast: From Positive Action to Continental Violence
Amílcar Cabral in Portuguese Guinea: The Theory of Peoples’ AntiColonial War
Frantz Fanon and the Algerian War: Nation-Building Through Violence
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
14 Left-Wing Extremism and the War on Civilization
Introduction
Against Technology
Conquering Domestication
Expediting Collapse: Radical Environmentalists
Taking Down the Techno-Prison: Insurrectionalists
At the Intersection of Nature and Insurrection: Wild Individuals
New Convergences and Strange Bedfellows
Note
References
15 Environmental Apocalypticism, Other Forms of Eco-Extremism, and Their Links to the Left-Wing Extremist Scene
Introduction
Academic Discussion on Eco-Extremism and Interconnected Terms
Conceptualization of Eco-Extremism and Its Overlap with Left-Wing Extremism
Brief History of Eco-Extremism
Contemporary Development Trends in Connections Between Left-Wing Extremism and Environmental Apocalyptic Actors
Extinction Rebellion
Other Contemporary Apocalyptic Movements and Networks
Selected State Reactions to Apocalyptic Eco-Movements
Conclusion
References
Part I Contentious Issues—The Mainstreaming of Left-Wing Extremism
16 Left-Modernist Extremism
Introduction
The Rise and Rise of Left-Modernism
The Emergence of Left-Modernism
Cultural Socialism
The Impact of the Sixties Radical Sensibility
The Civil Rights Movement and the Revolution in Public Morality
The Civil Rights Movement and the Anti-Racism Taboo
The Rise and Rise of Cultural Socialism
Fundamentalism Spreads off Campus
References
17 The Woke Phenomenon: Its Impact and Different Responses
The Post-protestant Ethic Hypothesis of Woke Resistance
What Is “woke”?
British, American, and French Wokeism
Explaining the Discrepancy: Formulating a First Hypothesis
Why Is This Hypothesis Promising?
Modifying the Hypothesis
Conclusions, and Possibilities for Future Research
References
18 Ideological Corruption of Science: Is the Right Always Wrong?
Introduction
Fact, Passion and Action
“Many Conservatives Have a Difficult Relationship with Science—We Wanted to Find Out Why”
Can Political Bias Be Studied Scientifically?
Climate Change
Disparities and Systemic Racism
Sex and Gender
The Coronavirus Pandemic
Anti-Science
Indoctrination
Mission-Creep
Conclusion
Notes
References
19 The Radicalization of the American Academy
Introduction
Defining Terms
The Psychology of Left-Wing Extremism and Authoritarianism
Support for Restricting Speech
Support for Restricting Academic Freedom
The Psychology of Left-Wing Authoritarianism
The Radicalization of the American Academy
Real-World Events Emblematic of the Radicalization of Academia
Rutgers
Yale
The Saga of Dorian Abbot
The Radicalization of the American Academy: Results from Surveys
The Political Distribution of Americans
The Political Distribution of Academics
Targets: Experiences with Authoritarian Behavior
Perpetrators: Endorsement of Authoritarian Behavior
Institutional and Organizational Implementation of Censorship and Political Intolerance
Threats to Science
Peer Reviewed Journals: Bizarre Claims and Practices in the Name of Social Justice
Conclusion
Notes
References
Index