The Palgrave Handbook of Gender, Media and Communication in the Middle East and North Africa

Acknowledgments
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Images
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction to Gender, Media, and Communication in MENA
References
Part I: Introduction: Gendered Identities and Sexualities
Chapter 2: Loving Daughters, Devoted Sons and Kissing Protestors Online: Navigating Intimacy and Multiple Aspects of the Self Among Young Facebook Users in Egypt
Introduction
Ethnographic Approach
Urban Youth and the Digital Age
Two Facebook Accounts: Ways to Navigate Multiple Aspects of the Self
Test Site for Intimate Desires
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Making Visible the Unseen Queer: Gay Dating Apps and Ideologies of Truthmaking in an Outing Campaign in Morocco
“I Feel Bad for Some Faggots, But I Don’t Really Care”: Sofia Talouni and the Call to Expose
“Please, Instagram, Do Something!”: Strategies of Responding to Sofia Talouni on Social Media
“We Are in This Together”: Conclusions and Implications of the Sofia Talouni Affair
References
Chapter 4: Queer Resistance and Activism in Upon the Shadow
Introduction
Queer Subjectivities and Family: Negotiating Home
Negotiating Public Space and Creating Queer Alternative Sites
Resistance and Activism
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Saudi Women in the Mohammed bin Salman Era: Examining the Paradigm Shift
Introduction
Women’s Status in KSA: A Historical Overview
MBS and Women
Representation of Saudi Women in the Media
Methodology
Data Analysis
Arab News
Al Riyadh
Okaz
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Part II: Introduction: Gender and Activism
Chapter 6: Mothering the Protest: Gender Performativity as a Communication Mechanism in the Iraqi Protest Movement
The Data Collection
The Theoretical Framework
The “Performance Turn” and “Gender Performativity” in Communication Studies
Mothering Activism: Mothering Versus Motherhood
Mother Activists: Strategizing Essentialism and Emotionalism
What Happened in Al-Sadrain Square?
Um Muhanned: From the Personal Grief to the Public Call for Justice
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Iraq’s October Revolution: Between Structures of Patriarchy and Emotion
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Defining the Patriarchy
7.2.1 Structuralism
7.2.2 Intervention
7.2.3 Paternalism
7.3 Emotion in Social Movements
7.4 Mobilized Expression in Public and Virtual Spaces
7.4.1 Expression in Public Space
7.4.2 Expression in Virtual Spaces
7.4.3 Artistic Expression
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Blogging in Pre-war Syria: Female Voices from Within an Authoritarian Regime and Patriarchal Society
The Syrian Blogosphere 2008–2011: A Male Cluster
Blogging in English: A Female Way to Escape the Limits of a Non-inclusive Society
Different Forms of Activism: Female Voices from Within the Authoritarian Regime and Patriarchy
Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Syrian Women in the Digital Sphere
Introduction
Syrian Women’s Activism: An Overview
Opportunities
Syrian Women as Media Activists
Challenges
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Following in Gezi’s Steps: Women’s Activism After the Gezi Protests
Introduction
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
Theorizing Transformations in the Women’s Movements
Women’s Activism at Gezi
Solidarity Among Women’s Groups
A Year After Gezi: The Turkish Penal Code (TCK) Reforms
Campaigning Online and Offline
‘We Object’ (‘İtiraz Ediyoruz’)
“Don’t Touch My Child Body” (“Çocuk Bedenime Dokunma”)
Following Gezi’s Footsteps
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Egypt’s #MeToo in the Shadow of Revolution: Digital Activism and the Demobilization of the Sexual Harassment Movement
ICTs and Social Movements: Theoretical Considerations
Anti-sexual Harassment Activism in Egypt, 2005–2013
Digital Activism to Combat Sexual Harassment
The Demobilization of the Anti-sexual Harassment Movement, 2014 and Beyond
#MeToo Resurgence of Anti-sexual Harassment Activism, from 2018
Conclusion
References
Part III: Introduction: The Gender of Politics
Chapter 12: Women and Politics in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Role of Women’s Magazines
Methods and Reasoning for Case Selection
Women and Politics in Iran
Diplomatic Challenges to the Status Quo: The Role of Iranian Women’s Magazines
Zanan and Zanan-e Emrooz
Demands for Women in Politics
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Omani Women in the Media: Navigating Political and Social Powers
History of Women, the Media, and Politics in Oman
Studying Female Candidates’ Election Campaigns
Running a Campaign as a Woman in Oman
Case Study: Despite Cultural Backlash, Basma Leverages Social Media
Omani Media: Between Expectations and Reality
Case Study: Salema Is Challenged By Traditional Media
Case Study: Sana Navigates Privately Owned Media
Reflecting on Gender in Traditional Versus New Media
Investigating Female Candidates’ Challenges
The Role of Media in Creating an Enabling Environment
Media Content Analysis
Article Case Studies
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: The Intersection of Politics, Gender, and Media: Female Politicians in Popular Israeli Women’s Magazines
Mediated Representations of Gender and Politics
Popular Women’s Magazines at a Feminist Zeitgeist
The Israeli Gendered Socio-Political Context
Methodology for this Study
Findings
Breaking Gendered Stereotypes: Determined Political Fighters
A Feminist Image as a Political Asset
Softening Politics Through Stereotypical Feminine Appearance
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Seizing the Opportunity: Political Participation of Libyan Women and Their Partaking in Communication Platforms
Introduction
Putting Gender Activism in Libya in Perspective
Women’s Public Engagement Opportunities During the Monarchy
Women’s Public Engagement Opportunities During Gaddafi’s Regime
Women’s Public Engagement Opportunities During the Revolution
Women in Communication Platforms During the Revolution
Women’s Public Engagement Opportunities After the Revolution
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Facebook’s Role in Empowering Egyptian Women During COVID-19: Case of the 2020 Parliamentary Elections
Introduction
Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
Social Media and Political Participation
Facebook in Egypt
Women Empowerment and Political Representation
Quantitative Analysis
Data Analysis Methods
Discussion and Conclusion
Appendix
References
Part IV: Introduction to Gender-Based Violence
Chapter 17: Digital Intimacy and Violence in Contemporary Libya
Militarization and Digital Intimacy
Finding a Partner
Obtaining Familial Agreement
Navigating Gendered Traumas
Desiring Stability/Producing New Moralities
References
Chapter 18: Palestinian Women’s Digital Activism Against Gender-Based Violence: Navigating Transnational and Social Media Spaces
Gender-Based Violence in Palestine
Navigating Space, Effecting Change: Palestinian Women’s Online Activism Against GBV
Alternative Space for Action
A Transnational Geolinguistic Space
Mirroring Structural Inequalities and Patriarchy
The Palestinian Women’s Movement and Digital Activism in Context
References
Chapter 19: Uncovering Narratives: The Effects of Algerian Media and Legal System on Survivors of Domestic Violence
Introduction
Perceptions of Domestic Violence in Algerian Media
Domestic Violence in MENA
Background on Interviewees
Reality of Domestic Violence in Algeria
References
Interviews
Chapter 20: Egyptian Women’s Cyberactivism: The Ongoing Battle Against Sexual Harassment and Violence
Gender-Based Violence and Cyberactivism in MENA
Theoretical Framework: Collective Action and Empowerment
Egypt, Sexual Harassment, and Gender-Based Violence
Egypt and Cyberactivism
Methodology and Theoretical Framework
Data Collection
Analysis of Case Studies
References
Chapter 21: “Don’t Touch Me”: Sexual Harassments, Digital Threats, and Social Resistance Toward Kuwaiti Female Journalists
Introduction
Background
Violence Against and Sexual Harassment of Women
Methodology
Results
Journalism as a Part-Time Job
Intimidation, Threats, Violence, and Harassments
Consequences of Sexual Abuse and Harassment
Prevention and Protection
Social Resistance
Discussion and Conclusions
References
Chapter 22: Gender in Yemeni Media: Hostility and Marginalization in a Fractured Media
Method
A Fractured Media Landscape
Never Free, Never Independent
War Changed the Media
Underrepresentation and Suppression
Yemeni Women Journalists in the Workplace
Women Journalists in a Broken Media
Gender-Based Violence in the Profession
Standing Against the Storm
Media Insensitivity to Gender Issues
Media Consumption and Trust
Media, Activism, and Gender Issues
What to Cover, How to Cover, When to Cover
Conclusion
References
Part V: Introduction: Gender and Expressive Cultures
Chapter 23: Redefining the Archive: Birdsong, Tied Circles, and Woman-Space in Dunya Mikhail’s In Her Feminine Sign
Structuring the Feminine Sign
Baghdad: Bone City
References
Chapter 24: Feminism Ruptured, or Feminism Repaired? Music, Feminisms, and Gender Politics in Palestinian Subcultures
Introduction
Setting the Scene
Historicising the Production of Gender in Palestine
Performing Gender Transgressions in Underground Publics
Neoliberal Entrepreneurialism, Individual Gendered Success, and Transnational Feminist Capitals
Conclusions
References
Chapter 25: Moroccan Hip Hop Queens: A (Her)Story of Rap Music in Morocco
In the Beginning
Femcees on the Media
Hip Hop Networks and Solidarity
Love and Fame in the Age of Social Media
Moroccan Femceeing
References
Discography
Chapter 26: Women Artists and Contemporary Art in the Maghreb: Insights from the Works of Aicha Filali, Sana Tamzini, and Khadija Tnana
Setting the Scene
Art as a Response to Censorship and Repression
“Mqartssa” (“Wrapped Up”)
“ElMahress” (The Pestle)
Existing Sources for Writing the History of Women Artists in the Maghreb: The Case of Tunisia
Encountering Women Artists and Contemporary Art in the Maghreb
Aicha Filali
Sana Tamzini
Khadija Tnana
The Contributions of Women Artists to the History of Contemporary Art in the Maghreb
References
Chapter 27: Laughable Resistance? The Role of Humour in Middle Eastern Women’s Social Media Empowerment
Literature Review
Empowerment
Comedy
Conceptual Framework
Feminist Postdigitalism
Planes of Enquiry
Findings
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 28: Egyptian Women’s Graffiti and the Construction of Future Imaginaries
Background
Constructions of Egyptian Womanhood: A History
Graffiti and the Revolution
Women’s Visual Culture and Revolution: Noon El-Neswa
The Fight Against Violence to Imagine a Future Free of Violence
Conclusion
References
Part VI: Gender and Entrepreneurship
Chapter 29: ICT Impact on Female Entrepreneurs in Lebanon and UAE
ICTs and Entrepreneurship in the MENA Region
ICTs and Women Entrepreneurs in the MENA Region
Women Entrepreneurs in Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates
Case of Lebanon: Lebanese Economy and ICTs
Women in Business in Lebanon
ICTs and Women Entrepreneurship in Lebanon
Case of United Arab Emirates Economy and ICTs
ICTs and Women in Business in UAE
ICTs and Women Entrepreneurship in UAE
Discussion and Recommendations
Laws and Regulations
Access to Funding
Training and Education
Networking and Mentorship
Sociocultural
References
Chapter 30: Gender and ICT Entrepreneurship in Jordan and Kuwait
Introduction
ICT Entrepreneurship and Gender
Methodology
Entrepreneurial Mindset
Structural Factors
Confidence
Open Mind
Risk-Taking
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Chapter 31: Disruptive Social Entrepreneurship from Bahrain: The Case of Esra’a Al Shafei
Gender and Social Entrepreneurship
Contextualizing Esra’a Al Shafei’s Entrepreneurship
Majal.com and the Disruptive Spaces of Social Entrepreneurship
Mideast Youth
Innovation and Adaption: From Mideast Youth to Majal.com
CrowdVoice
Mideast Tunes
Conclusion
References
Index