The Palgrave Handbook of Environmental Restorative Justice

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Images
1: Environmental Restorative Justice: An Introduction and an Invitation
1 Beyond ‘Justice as Usual’
2 Introducing Environmental Restorative Justice
3 Promises and Possibilities for ERJ
3.1 Responding to a Broad Spectrum of Crimes, Harms, Injustices, and Conflicts
3.2 Safe and Structured Spaces and Processes for Participation and Dialogue
3.3 Enabling Epistemic Cohabitation and Epistemic Repair
3.4 Reducing Distance Through Sharing Power
3.5 Prioritising Repair
3.6 Centring Accountability and Restoring Response-Ability
3.7 Restoring Limits to Hubris
4 Challenges and Dilemmas
4.1 Responding to Complexity and Power Imbalance
4.2 The Perspectives of More-Than-Humans, Future Generations, and Nature
4.3 Participation of Corporate Actors—Is Essential
4.4 Risk of ‘Downgrading the Importance of the Harm’
4.5 Decisions Around Repairing Harm
5 Our Hope for This Book
References
Part I: Theoretical and Legal Perspectives on Environmental Restorative Justice
2: Restorative Justice, Repairing the Harm and Environmental Outcomes
1 Introduction
2 Conceptualising Harm, Justice and Victims
3 Institutionalising Restorative Justice
4 Environmental Harm and Multiple Voices
5 Conclusion
References
3: Restorative Justice and Environmental Criminal Law: A Virtuous Interplay
1 Introduction
2 The Meaning of Environmental Protection Through Criminal Law
3 The Environment as a Value in the European Legal Space
3.1 The ‘Vision’ Promoted by the European Landscape Convention
3.2 The Environment in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
3.3 The Link Between Solidarity and Environment in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
4 Synergies Between Restorative Justice and Environmental Criminal Law
5 ‘There Is No Planet B’: Restorative Justice and Harm Healing in Environmental Crime
References
4: Restorative Justice and Earth Jurisprudence
1 Introduction
2 Understanding Earth Jurisprudence and the Rights of Nature
2.1 Earth Jurisprudence and the Great Jurisprudence
2.2 The Principles of Earth Jurisprudence
2.3 Earth Jurisprudence and the Rights of Nature
2.4 Examples: Recognising the Rights of Nature
3 Restorative Justice Processes and the Rights of Nature
3.1 Representation of Trees and Rivers in Restorative Conferences
3.2 Restorative Remedy for Violation of Sacred Natural Sites in Western Uganda
3.3 Restorative Justice at the Ecocide Mock Trial
4 Integrating Restorative Justice and Earth Jurisprudence
4.1 Common Ground Between Restorative Justice and Earth Jurisprudence
4.2 Rights of Nature Restorative Circles
5 Potential Success of Restorative Justice in an Earth Community: An Unavoidable Trade-Off?
6 Conclusion
References
5: Nature’s Rights & Developing Remedies: Enabling Substantive and Restorative Relief in Civil Litigation
1 Introduction
2 Important Caveats
3 Identifying the Bedrock: Earth Jurisprudence, Restorative Justice and Ecological Restoration
4 Nature’s Rights in South Africa, Restorative Justice and Ubuntu
5 Feasibility of a Remedy in the Law of Delict to Act as a Conduit for ERE
5.1 Remedies in the Law of Delict
5.2 Damages and ERE
5.3 Could an Interdict be ERE?
6 The Final Verdict
References
6: Earth Trusteeship and the Sovereign State
1 Introduction
2 The Global Commons and International Law
3 Sovereignty and Trusteeship
4 Trusteeship Functions of the State
5 Framing Earth Trusteeship
6 Conclusion
References
7: Turning Up the Restorative Dial in Environmental Regulation with an Adaptive Learning Loop
1 Introduction
2 Context for the Chapter
3 The Adaptive Learning Loop framework
4 Environmental Regulation
4.1 Approvals and Licensing
4.2 Inspecting and Holding to Account
4.3 Responding to Environmental Harm
5 Conclusion
References
8: Participatory Governance and Restorative Justice: What Potential Blending in Environmental Policymaking?
1 Introduction
2 Introducing Participatory Governance
2.1 Definitions and Development
2.2 Participatory Governance in the Environmental Field
3 Introducing Restorative Justice
3.1 Definitions and Development
3.2 Restorative Justice in the Environmental Field
4 Goals of Participatory Governance and Restorative Justice
4.1 Goals of Participatory Governance
4.2 Goals of Restorative Justice
4.3 Summary
5 Values of Participatory Governance and Restorative Justice
5.1 Values of Participatory Governance
5.2 Values of Restorative Justice
5.3 Summary
6 Outcomes of Participatory Governance and of Restorative Justice
6.1 Outcomes of Participatory Governance
6.2 Outcomes of Restorative Justice
6.3 Summary
7 Conclusions: Towards a Just Ecological Transition on the Ground
References
9: Climate Reparations, Compensation, and Intergenerational Restorative Justice
1 Introduction
2 Justice in a Cross-generational Community
3 Reparations and Compensation for Climate Change
4 Clarifications, Complications and Conclusions
References
10: Meeting on Thin Ice: The Potential for Restorative Climate Justice in Deglaciating Environments
1 Introduction
2 The Crisis of Climate Justice
3 The Potential for Restorative Climate Justice
4 A Restorative Framework and its Application to the Deglaciating Peruvian Andes
4.1 Climate Wrongs and Climate Harms
4.2 The Climate Harmed and Their Needs
4.3 Climate Harmers and Their Responsibilities
4.4 The Restorative Climate Process
4.5 Accountability and Repair
4.6 Transformative Climate Justice
5 Conclusions
References
11: Environmental Restorative Justice in Transitional Settings
1 Introduction
2 The Environment as a Victim of Conflict
2.1 Transitional Justice and Anthropocentrism
2.2 Recognising Other-than-Human Victims
2.3 Representing Other-than-Human Victims
3 Indigenous Victims of Armed Conflict
3.1 Transitional Justice’s Neo-colonial Tendencies
3.2 Indigenous Harm and Indigenous Justice
3.3 ‘Decolonising’ Transitional Justice?
4 Concluding Thoughts
References
12: The Importance of Environmental Restorative Justice for The United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030)
1 Introduction
2 Orienting Environmental Restorative Justice in the UN Decade
3 Ecosystem Restoration as a Social-ecological, Relational Ethos
3.1 Relational Connectedness: In Partnership with Nature and Each Other
3.2 Relationality Realised: Accountability as Social-ecological Care
4 Using ERJ Values to Promote Knowledge, Sharing and Trust
4.1 Dialogue for Learning, Mending and Agreement
4.2 Participation and Empowerment in the UN Decade
5 Conflict and Harm Prevention through ERJ
5.1 Healing People and Environment
5.2 Harm Prevention: The Flipside to Restoration
6 Conclusion
References
Part II: Applications of Environmental Restorative Justice
13: Restorative Justice for Illegal Harms Against Animals: A Potential Answer Full of Interrogations
1 Introduction
2 Representing Animal Interests in Victim Activism, Victimological Studies and Law
3 The Spanish Animal Welfare and Rights Movement as a Victim Movement
4 Animals in Animal Law, Animal Studies and Green Victimology
5 Crimes Against Animals in the Criminal Justice System: Can Restorative Justice Offer Better Responses?
5.1 Punishing Crimes in Relation to Animal Harm in the Spanish Criminal Code
5.2 Restorative Justice
6 Envisioning Restorative Justice Programmes Within the Spanish Criminal Framework
6.1 Circle Phases
Pre-circle: Identifying the Participants and Their Needs
The Circle: Including Animals in an Itinerant Dialogue Beyond Words
Post-circle: Because Restorative Justice Is Not Just Therapy Or Symbolism
6.2 Referrals and Penal Impact of Restorative Programmes
7 Conclusion
References
14: Towards Environmental Restorative Justice in South Africa: How to Understand and Address Wildlife Offences
1 Introduction
2 The History and Current Context of Conservation in South Africa
3 Wildlife Offences
4 Pathways to Poaching and the Notion of Contested Illegality
5 The Harm Landscape Associated with Wildlife Offences in South Africa
6 The Usefulness of Restorative Justice Approaches to Wildlife Offences
7 Conclusion
References
15: Exploring Environmental Restorative Philosophy for Victims: The Pollution and Life-World in Minamata, Japan
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Framework
3 Life-World in Minamata
3.1 Literary Works by Ishimure Michiko [1968–2018]
3.2 Shiranuikai-sogo-gakuzyutu-chosadan
3.3 Ogata, the restorative philosopher
3.4 Hongan-no-kai
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
16: The Art of Repair: Bridging Artistic and Restorative Responses to Environmental Harm and Ecocide
1 Introduction
2 Research Pillars
3 Voice of Nature: The Trial
4 Voice of Nature Kinstitute: Natural Contract Lab
4.1 A Sustained Protocol of Repair for Zenne
4.2 Walking-with Zenne
5 Conclusion
References
17: Harm to Knowledge: Criminalising Environmental Movements Speaking Up Against Megaprojects
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Harm in Green Criminology
3 Study Background: The Cases of No Tav and No Tap
3.1 No Tav
3.2 No Tap
4 Methodology
4.1 No Tav
4.2 No Tap
5 Speaking Up About Environmental Harms
5.1 No Tav
Harms to Human Health and the Healthy Environment
Harms of Criminalisation
5.2 No Tap
Harms to the Land and Olive Trees
Harms of Repression
6 Discussion: Understanding Environmental Harms Through the Concept of ‘Harm to Knowledge’
7 Conclusion: For a Proactive Environmental Restorative Justice
References
18: Looking for the Restoration in Restorative Justice’s Response to Civil Disobedience
1 Introduction
2 An Arresting Development
3 Our Method: An Iterative Exploration
4 Participant Demographics
5 Vermont as a Host for Environmental Restorative Justice Initiatives
6 Findings and Discussion: Harm, Victimhood, and State Control in Cases of NVCD
7 Final Thoughts
References
19: Environmental Restorative Justice in the Philippines: The Innovations and Unfinished Business in Waterways Rehabilitation
1 Introduction
2 Frameworks for ERJ in the Philippines
3 Case Studies
3.1 Case Study 1: The Las Piñas Parañaque Wetland Park (LPPWP)
3.2 Case Study 2: Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System
3.3 Case Study 3: The Marcopper Mining Disaster
4 Conclusion
References
20: Restoring Justice and Environmental Knowledge in Sámi Reindeer Husbandry?
1 Introduction
2 Background to the Conflicts
3 Methodologies
4 Bases for Our Knowledge and Approaches
5 Results from Our Fieldwork
5.1 First Case: Cartography
5.2 Second Case: Cross-border Reindeer Herding
5.3 Third Case: When a Fence Turns Friends into Enemies
5.4 Fourth Case: The Jovsset Ánte Sara Case
6 Conclusion
References
21: Restor(y)ing the Past to Envision an ‘Other’ Future: A Decolonial Environmental Restorative Justice Perspective
1 Introduction
2 Main Propositions of Latin American Decolonial Environmental Justice Theory
2.1 Justice Beyond Recognition: The Need for the Construction of ‘Otherness’
2.2 There Is No Global Justice Without Cognitive Justice
2.3 The Academic–Activist Nexus
2.4 The Intercultural Challenge: The Core of a Decolonial Praxis
3 The Role of Cultural Revitalisation in Environmental Restorative Justice
4 Doing Environmental Restorative Justice with a ‘Decolonial Turn’: Two Examples
4.1 Who Are We, Where Do We Come From and Where Are We Going? Developing a Pemon Life Plan
4.2 ‘For the First Time We Are the Protagonists of Our Own History’: Using Cameras to Re-reconstruct the Monkoxi History
5 Final Reflections and Lessons
References
22: Socio-environmental Harms in Chile Under the Restorative Justice Lens: The Role of the State
1 Introduction
2 Setting the Context
2.1 Extractivist Policy in the Global South
2.2 Chilean Legal Context
2.3 Extractivism and Environmental Issues in Chile
2.4 Sacrificial Zone Meets Chilean Law: A Concrete Example
3 Communities Speak: Perceptions of Two Affected Local Groups
3.1 Environmental Harm and Implications for Communities’ Lives
3.2 Implications for Affected Communities
4 The Chilean Scenario Under the Restorative Justice Lens
4.1 Restorative Justice Focuses on Harm That Has Been Caused
4.2 Restorative Justice Requires an Offender Willing to Take Responsibility
4.3 Restorative Justice Works Under the Principle of Non-domination, Giving Voice to All Stakeholders
4.4 Restorative Justice Processes Are Guided by an Impartial Facilitator
5 The Role of the State
5.1 Creating a Third Party
5.2 Hearing Victims
5.3 Recognising the Harm
5.4 Settling Responsibilities and Accountability
5.5 Ensuring Non-repetition
6 Final Reflections
References
23: Restorative Justice Conferencing in a New Zealand Environmental Offending Context: Two Models
1 Introduction
2 Origins: Legislation Versus Practice and Procedure
3 Operation: Diversion Versus Embedding
3.1 Front-End Model
3.2 Back-End Model
4 Key Features of the Front-End and Back-End Models
4.1 Selection Criteria Used to Establish the Suitability of Conferencing
4.2 The Role of the Court vis-à-vis the Conference
4.3 Outcomes of Conferencing
5 Benefits and Limitations of Restorative Justice Conferencing
6 Conclusion
References
24: Comparing Institutional Responses to the Mining Tailings Dams Collapses in Mariana and Brumadinho (Brazil) from an Environmental Restorative Justice Perspective
1 Introduction
2 The Transnational Relevance of the Topic in Question
3 Ethical and Normative Standards That Support an ERJ Approach
4 Analysis of Post-Disaster Agreements in Brazil
4.1 The Agreement Regarding Fundão Dam Failure
4.2 The Agreement Regarding the Córrego do Feijão Dam Failure
4.3 Comparing the Two Agreement Models
5 Conclusions
References
25: Restorative Environmental Justice with Transnational Corporations
1 Introduction
2 Bhopal’s Disaster and Its Aftermath
2.1 Historical Background
2.2 UCC’s and Dow’s Corporate Response
2.3 Survivors’ Response
3 A Restorative Approach for Bhopal?
3.1 Possible Advantages of a Restorative Approach
3.2 Potential Difficulties with a Restorative Approach
4 How to Mitigate the Difficulties—Enforcement or Compliance
5 The Trend Towards Corporate Responsibility: Doing the Right Thing
6 The Role of Government
7 Conclusion
References
26: Environmental Restorative Justice: Activating Synergies
1 Introduction
2 What Brings Us Here?
3 Understanding Harm
4 Doing Justice
5 The Role of Law
6 Realising Restorative Justice
7 Conclusion
References
Index