This handbook explores the various ways in which disability sport is governed and organised across Europe, as well as examining the extent to which persons with a disability participate in sport at the grassroots level. Based upon a solid theoretical framework and up-to-date data, the 19 country-specific chapters in this handbook give a comparative overview of the structuring, steering and supporting elements of disability sport policy and sport participation levels amongst persons with a disability, as well as the extent to which countries adopt policies to promote inclusion in sport in this population. A multitude of authors also identify the various methods and challenges in collecting sport participation data with regard to persons with a disability. This handbook will be a valuable resource for academic study across a range of sport and disability related programs, as well as a point of reference for researchers and policymakers working in this area.
Author(s): Caroline van Lindert, Jeroen Scheerder, Ian Brittain
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 653
City: London
Foreword by the President of IFAPA
Foreword by the President of EUFAPA
Foreword by the President of EASS
Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction: Sport Participation a Human Right for Persons with a Disability
1.1 Aim and Key Benefits
1.2 Outline and Short Introduction of Terms
Use of Terms
1.3 Comparative Approach of the Handbook
Country Profile
Structure of Disability Sport
Steering of Disability Sport
Support of Disability Sport
Integration or Inclusion in Sport of Persons with a Disability
Sport Participation by Persons with a Disability
Barriers and Facilitators Towards Sport Participation by Persons with a Disability
Chapter Conclusions
1.4 Selection of Countries
References
Chapter 2: Understanding Disability, Disability Sport and Inclusion
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Why Are Persons with a Disability Excluded from Society?
2.3 Theories and Models to Assist in the Understanding Why ‘Disability’ Exists
Medical Model
Social Model
Relational Model
Human Rights Model
Affirmative Model
Biopsychosocial Model
Ableism
Disableism
Internalised Ableism
2.4 Language and Disability
‘Disabled Person’ or ‘Person with a Disability’?
Able-Bodied or Non-Disabled?
2.5 Disability in This Handbook
Relevance to the Handbook
2.6 How Many People Have a Disability?
Measuring Disability Is Difficult
Disability in Europe
2.7 What Is Meant by Disability Sport?
Sport
‘Disability Sport’ or ‘Sport for Persons with a Disability’?
2.8 How Inclusive Is Sport for Persons with a Disability?
What Do We Mean by Inclusion?
Differing Interpretations of Inclusion
2.9 How Do We Define the System of Disability Sport?
References
Chapter 3: Participation in Sport and Physical Activity Amongst People with a Disability: A Pan-European Comparative Approach
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Material and Methods
3.3 Results
Participation in Physical Activity, (Club-organised) Sport and Fitness
Participation in (Club-organised) Sport and Fitness at National and Regional Level
Participation in Different Modes of Physical Activity and Sport According to Some Social Background Characteristics
3.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Denmark: Disability Sports Policy at Arm’s Length
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of Denmark
Sport in Denmark
Disability in Denmark
Emergence or Rise of Disability Sport in Denmark
4.3 The Disability Sport System
Structure of Disability Sport
Governmental Agents
Intermediate Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Relationships
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Financial, Governance and Managerial Support
Financial Support
Governance and Management Support
Level of Integration or Inclusion
4.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities
Monitoring and Evaluation
Sport Participation
A Closer Look at the Sports Clubs
Barriers and Facilitators
Barriers
Facilitators
4.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Finland: Facts Behind the Long and Complicated Process of Disability Inclusion in Sports
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of Finland
Sport in Finland
Disability in Finland
Emergence of Disability Sport in Finland
5.3 The Disability Sport System
Structure of Disability Sports (Fig. 5.2)
Governmental Agents
Intermediate Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Financial, Governance and Managerial Support
Financial Framework
Governance and Management Support
Level of Inclusion
Barriers and Facilitators of the Disability Sport System and Policy
5.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities
Monitoring and Evaluation
Sport Participation
Barriers and Facilitators of Sport Participation from the Individual Point of View
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Disability and Sport in Iceland
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of Iceland
Sport in Iceland
Disability in Iceland
The Emergence of Disability Sport in Iceland
6.3 The Disability Sport System in Iceland
Structure of Disability Sport
The Organisation of Disability Sport in Iceland
Governmental Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Financial, Governance, and Managerial Support
Financial Framework
Governance and Management Support
Level of Integration or Inclusion
6.4 Sport Participation by People with Disability
Monitoring and Evaluation
Sport Participation
Barriers and Facilitators
Barriers
Facilitators
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Norway
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of Norway
Sport in Norway
Sport Profile and Levels of Participation
Disability in Norway
Emergence and Rise of Disability Sport in Norway
7.3 The Disability Sport Within the System
Structure of Disability Sport
Governmental Agents
Intermediate Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Secondary Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Relationships
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Financial, Governance and Managerial Support
7.4 Sport Participation
Paralympic Top-Level Sport
General Disability Sport Participation
7.5 The Integration Process
Level of Inclusion
New Terminology
Experiences with the Integration Process
Gains of the Inclusive Model
Barriers
7.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Beyond Inclusion: Opportunity Structures in Sports for All in Sweden
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of Sweden
Sport in Sweden
Disability in Sweden
Emergence of Disability Sports in Sweden
8.3 The Disability Sport System
Structure of Disability Sports
Governmental Agents
Intermediate Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Secondary Agents
Steering of Disability Sports
Relationships
Legislative Framework
National Policy Framework
Regional Sports Policy and Support for Sports for PWD
Financial, Governance and Managerial Support
Financial Framework
Governance and Management Support
Level of Integration or Inclusion
8.4 Sports Participation by PWD
Monitoring and Evaluation
Sport Participation
Barriers and Facilitators
Barriers
Facilitators
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Ireland
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of the Republic of Ireland (ROI)
Sport in Ireland
Disability in Ireland
Emergence or Rise of Disability Sport in Ireland
9.3 The Disability Sport System
Structure of Disability Sport
Governmental Agents
Intermediate Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Relationships
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Financial, Governance and Managerial Support
Financial Framework
Governance and Management Support
Level of Integration or Inclusion
9.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities
Monitoring and Evaluation
Sport Participation
Barriers and Facilitators
Barriers
Facilitators
9.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Northern Ireland: Disability Sport in a Shared Space
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of Northern Ireland
Sport in Northern Ireland
Disability in Northern Ireland
Emergence of Disability Sport in Northern Ireland
10.3 The Disability Sport System
Structure of Disability Sport
Governmental Agents
Intermediary Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Secondary Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Relationships
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Financial, Governance and Managerial Support
Financial Framework
Governance and Management Support
Level of Integration and Inclusion
10.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities
Monitoring and Evaluation
Sport Participation
Participation
Frequency
Type of Sport
Club Membership
Other Sport Contexts
Comparison with Participation of General Population
Barriers and Facilitators
Barriers
Facilitators
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: United Kingdom: An Inclusionary Approach to Sport
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of the UK
Sport in the UK
Disability in the UK
Emergence and Rise of Disability Sport in the UK
11.3 The Disability Sport System
Structure of Disability Sport
Governmental Agents
Intermediate Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Financial, Governance and Managerial Support
Financial Framework
Governance and Management Support
Level of Integration or Inclusion
11.4 Sport Participation by Disabled People
Monitoring and Evaluation
Active Lives Adult
Active Lives Children and Young People
Sport Participation
Sport Participation (Adults Aged 16+)
Sport Participation (Children and Young People Aged 5–16)
Sport Participation by Sport Type (Adults Aged 16+)
Sport Participation by Region (Adults Aged 16+)
Sport Participation by Impairment (Adults Aged 16+)
Sport Participation by Club Membership (Adults Aged 16+)
Barriers and Facilitators
Barriers
Facilitators
11.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Austria: Half Way to Inclusion?
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of Austria
Sports in Austria
Disability in Austria
Rise of Disability Sports in Austria
12.3 The Disability Sports System
Structure of Disability Sports (Fig. 12.2)
Governmental Agents
Intermediate Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Secondary Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Relationships
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Financial, Governance and Managerial Support
Financial Framework
Governance and Management Support
Level of Integration or Inclusion
12.4 Sports Participation by People with Disabilities
Monitoring and Evaluation
Sports Participation
Membership in Disability Sports
Empirical Data on Sports Participation of People with Disabilities
12.5 Conclusion
Appendix: ATHIS Items (English Version)
References
List of Laws
Chapter 13: Disability Sport in Belgium/Flanders: From a Fragmented Mosaic Towards a More Inclusive Landscape
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of Belgium
Sport in Belgium
Disability in Belgium
Emergence and Rise of Disability Sport in Belgium
13.3 The Disability Sports System in Belgium/Flanders
Structure of Disability Sport
Governmental Agents
Intermediate Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Secondary Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Relationships
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Support of Disability Sport
Financial Framework
Governance and Management Support
Level of Integration or Inclusion
13.4 Sports Participation by People with Disabilities
Monitoring and Evaluation
Procedure
Sports Participation
Frequency
Type of Sport
Inclusion in Mainstream Sport
Club Membership
Sports Participation and Sports Preference According to Demographic Background
Sports Participation by People with Disabilities in the French Community and the German-Speaking Community of Belgium
Barriers and Facilitators
Barriers
Facilitators
13.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Complexity and Coexistence: Disability Sport in Germany
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of Germany
Sport in Germany
Disability in Germany
Emergence of Disability Sport in Germany
14.3 The Disability Sport System
Structure of Disability Sport
Governmental Agents
Intermediate Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Secondary Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Relationships
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Financial, Governance and Managerial Support
Financial Framework
Governance and Management Support
Level of Integration or Inclusion
14.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities
Sport Participation
Barriers and Facilitators
14.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: The Netherlands: Towards Inclusive Sport for People with a Disability
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of the Netherlands
Sport Profile of the Netherlands
Disability in the Netherlands
Emergence of Disability Sport in the Netherlands
15.3 The Current Organisation of Disability Sport
Structure of Disability Sport
Governmental Agents
Intermediary Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Secondary Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Support of Disability Sport
Financial Framework
Governance and Management Support
Level of Integration
15.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities
Monitoring and Evaluation
Sport Participation
Weekly Participation in Sport
Recreational Cycling and Walking
Participation by Socio-demographic and Health Variables
Sport Participation Details
Type of Sport
Persons with Intellectual Disability
Children with Disabilities
Barriers and Facilitators
Barriers
Facilitators
15.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Switzerland
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of Switzerland
Sport in Switzerland
Disability in Switzerland
Emergence and Rise of Disability Sport in Switzerland
16.3 The Disability Sport System
Structure of Disability Sport
Governmental Agents
Intermediate Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Secondary Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Financial, Governance, and Managerial Support
Financial Framework
Governance and Management Support
Level of Integration or Inclusion
16.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities
Monitoring and Evaluation
Sport Participation
Participation in Sport Clubs
Sport Participation Frequency
Sport and Club Participation Form
Sport Type
Type of Sport Club
Participation by Type of Impairment or Disability
Volunteering
Barriers and Facilitators
Barriers
Facilitators
16.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Hungary: Rise of Attention Given to Disability Sports
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of Hungary
Sport in Hungary
Disability in Hungary
Emergence or Rise of Disability Sport in Hungary
17.3 The Disability Sport System
Structure of Disability Sport
Governmental Agents
Intermediate Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Secondary Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Financial, Governance and Managerial Support
Financial Framework
Level of Integration of Inclusion
17.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities
Monitoring and Evaluation
Sport Participation
Barriers and Facilitators
17.5 Conclusion
References
Laws and Documents
Chapter 18: Disability Sport in Lithuania
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of Lithuania
Sport in Lithuania
Disability in Lithuania
Emergence or Rise of Disability Sport in Lithuania
18.3 The Disability Sport System
Structure of Disability Sport
Governmental Agents
Intermediate Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Secondary Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Financial, Governance and Managerial Support
Financial Framework
Governance and Management Support
Level of Integration of Inclusion
18.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities
Monitoring and Evaluation
Sport Participation
Barriers and Facilitators
Barriers
Facilitators
18.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Structure of the Analysis on the Development and Situation of Disability Sports Policy in Slovenia
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of Slovenia
Sport in Slovenia
Disability in Slovenia
Emergence or Rise of Disability Sport in Slovenia
19.3 The Disability Sport System
Structure of Disability Sport
Governmental Agents
Intermediate Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Secondary Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Relationships
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Financial, Governance and Managerial Support
Financial Framework
Governance and Management Support
Level of Inclusion
19.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities
Monitoring and Evaluation
Sport Participation
Barriers and Facilitators
Barriers
Facilitators
19.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Portugal: Pathways of Sport for People with Disabilities
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of Portugal
Sport in Portugal
Disability in Portugal
Emergence or Rise of Disability Sport in Portugal
20.3 The Disability Sport System
Structure of Disability Sport
Governmental Agents
Intermediate Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Secondary Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Financial, Governance and Managerial Support
Financial Framework
Governance and Management Support
Level of Integration or Inclusion
20.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities
Monitoring and Evaluation
Sport Participation
Barriers and Facilitators
Barriers
Facilitators
20.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Disability Sport in Spain
21.1 Country Profile
Spain’s Characteristics
Sport in Spain
Disability in Spain
Emergence of Disability Sport in Spain
21.2 The Organisation of Disability Sport in Spain
Structure
Governmental Agents
Intermediate Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Steering
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Support
Financial Framework
Governance and Management
Level of Integration
21.3 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities in Spain
Monitoring and Evaluation
Sport Participation
Barriers and Facilitators
21.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 22: Turkey (Republic of Turkey): Disability Sports, Policies and Implementations
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Country Profile
Characteristics of Turkey
Sport in Turkey
Disability in Turkey
Rise of Disability Sport in Turkey
22.3 The Disability Sport System
Structure of Disability Sport
Governmental Agents
Non-governmental Agents
Steering of Disability Sport
Legislative Framework
Policy Framework
Financial, Governance and Managerial Support
Level of Integration and Inclusion
22.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities
Monitoring and Evaluation
Sport Participation
Barriers and Facilitators
Barriers
Facilitators
22.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 23: The Landscape of Sport for Persons with a Disability: A System Within a System
23.1 Introduction
Making Comparisons
23.2 Disability Is Part of the Human Condition
23.3 Long History of Organising Sport for Persons with a Disability
23.4 The Structure and Steering of Sport for Persons with a Disability
Organisational Landscape of Sport for Persons with a Disability: Unique, But Complex
Governmental Agents at the National Level
Governmental Agents at the Regional Level
Governmental Agents at the Local Level
Intermediate Agents as Linking Pin
Non-governmental Agents at the National Level
Non-governmental Agents at the Regional Level
Non-governmental Agents at the Local Level
Partnerships and Consultants at the Regional and Local Levels
Secondary Agents
Typologies of Governing Disability Sport
The Steering of Sport for Persons with a Disability: Negotiating Interests
Laws and Regulations
Policies in Regard to Persons with a Disability
Relationships Between the Various Agents
Integration and Inclusion: Important Elements in Policy and Provision of Disability Sport
23.5 Sport Participation by Persons with Disabilities
Monitoring and Evaluation Is Not Structurally Embedded in the Policy-Making Process
Different Types of Population Surveys or Studies
Surveys Targeting Children with a Disability
Surveys Among Sports Clubs
Registration Data from Sport Federations and Clubs
Indicative Remarks on Sport Participation (Details) Amongst Persons with a Disability
Challenges in Data Collection
Barriers and Facilitators Towards Sport Participation for pwds
Motives and Facilitating Factors
23.6 Limitations
23.7 Recommendations
References
Index
