The Palgrave Handbook Of Digital Russia Studies

Preface
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Digital Russia Studies: An Introduction
1.1 Area Studies Go Digital
1.2 Studying Digital Russia
1.3 Digital Sources and Methods
1.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Part I: Studying Digital Russia
Chapter 2: The Digitalization of Russian Politics and Political Participation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Open Government
2.3 Political Communication
2.4 Political Campaigning
2.5 Voting
2.6 Civic Tech and Civic Engagement
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: E-Government in Russia: Plans, Reality, and Future Outlook
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Digitalization and Government—Why and How?
3.2.1 Motivations for e-Government Uptake
3.2.2 Stages of e-Government Development
3.3 Russian Government’s Digitalization Story
3.3.1 Towards an e-Government (2002–2009)
3.3.2 Building e-Government (2011–2015)
3.3.3 Beyond the e-Government—Government as a Platform (2016–Now)
3.4 Regional and Local Dimension of e-Government
3.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 4: Russia’s Digital Economy Program: An Effective Strategy for Digital Transformation?
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Putting “Digital” in Perspective: Theories of Technological Change
4.3 Russia on the Global Digital Market
4.4 Analysis of the Digital Economy Program: Definitions, Goals, and Indicators
4.4.1 Definition of the Digital Economy
4.4.2 Goals of the Programs
4.4.3 Levels of the Digital Economy
4.4.4 Cross-Cutting Technologies
4.5 Russia’s Digital Economy Program: Management System
4.5.1 Multiple Decision Centers
4.5.2 A Single System of Rules
4.5.3 A Spontaneous Order?
4.6 Criticism of the Program and Weaknesses of the Government’s Digitalization Strategy
4.6.1 Imitation and Copying of Western Models
4.6.2 Emphasis on Services to the Detriment of Production
4.6.3 Preservation of Technological Dependence
4.6.4 Lack of Scientific Support
4.6.5 Lack of Reliable ICT Infrastructure
4.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Law and Digitization in Russia
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Open Government Project and Digitalization of Law
5.3 E-justice: Digitalization and Legal Procedure
5.4 Law and Digital Economy: Blockchain and Crowdfunding
5.5 Cyberlaw and Regulation of Runet
5.6 Conclusions
References
Legal Sources
Chapter 6: Personal Data Protection in Russia
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Ground Rules
6.2.1 Legal Framework
6.2.2 Enforcing Authorities
6.2.3 Main Categories of Data Protection Legislation
6.2.4 Transfer Outside of Russia
6.2.5 Territorial Scope of Application
6.3 Localization Requirement
6.3.1 Subjects of the Obligation
6.3.2 Registry of Infringers
6.3.3 Amplification of Fines for Infringement
6.4 Yarovaya Law
6.4.1 Storing Requirement
6.4.2 Encryption Keys
6.5 Sovereign Runet
6.5.1 Russian Informational Security
6.5.2 Runet Law
6.6 A New Interpretation of Personal Data
6.7 Conclusion
References
Legal Sources
Chapter 7: Cybercrime and Punishment: Security, Information War, and the Future of Runet
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Freedom of Speech vs. the Governmental Control of the Runet
7.3 Surveillance
7.4 Cyber Warfare vs. Information Warfare
7.5 Internet Sovereignty
7.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Digital Activism in Russia: The Evolution and Forms of Online Participation in an Authoritarian State
8.1 Introduction: Evolution of Online Activism in Russia
8.2 Theorizing Online Activism
8.2.1 Defining Online Activism
8.2.2 Types of Online Activism
8.2.3 Online Activism as Connective Action
8.3 Online Activism in Today’s Russia
8.3.1 Empirical Data on Russian Activism
8.3.2 Communicative Online Activism: Alexei Navalny and the Anti-Corruption Foundation
8.3.3 Technoactivism: The Example of Telegram
8.3.3.1 Telegram’s Legal Battle Against the Russian Security Service
8.3.3.2 Technological Resistance by Telegram
8.3.4 Non-contentious Forms of Online Activism
8.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Digital Journalism: Toward a Theory of Journalistic Practice in the Twenty-First Century
9.1 Introduction
9.2 “Alternative” Journalism
9.3 All Journalism Is Digital Journalism
9.4 Historical Overview of Russian and Russophone Digital Journalism
9.5 Typological Overview of Russian and Russophone Digital Journalism
References
Chapter 10: Digitalization of Russian Education: Changing Actors and Spaces of Governance
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Policy Context
10.3 The Rise of New Actors and Actor Assemblages
10.4 Datafication Extending Spaces of Governance
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Digitalization of Religion in Russia: Adjusting Preaching to New Formats, Channels and Platforms
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Russian Religious Landscape
11.3 Digitalization and Religion: Normative Aspects
11.4 Religious Responses to the Challenge of Digitalization
11.5 Sacred and Profane: Digital Remapping
11.6 Challenges of Digitalization in Religious Perspective
11.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Doing Gender Online: Digital Spaces for Identity Politics
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Constructing Gender Online
12.3 Digital Services for (wo)men: Creating Gender-Specific Spaces
12.4 Women’s and Queer Online Activism
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Digitalization of Consumption in Russia: Online Platforms, Regulations and Consumer Behavior
13.1 Introduction
13.2 E-commerce, M-commerce and Online Shopping
13.2.1 E-commerce, M-commerce
13.2.1.1 Russian E-commerce Retailers
13.2.1.2 New Retail Platforms
13.2.2 The Profile of Online Consumers
13.2.3 Online Cross-Border Shopping
13.2.3.1 Regulation of the Online Cross-Border Shopping
13.3 Online Exchanges: Sharing Economy and Collaborative Consumption
13.3.1 Types of Sharing Economy
13.3.2 Participants of Sharing Economy
13.3.3 Drivers and Barriers of Sharing Economy
13.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Digital Art: A Sourcebook of Ideas for Conceptualizing New Practices, Networks and Modes of Self-Expression
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Re-structuring the Image:4 Olga Tobreluts and the Digital Collage (the 1980s and the 1990s)
14.3 Re-wiring the East: Olia Lialina and net.art (the 1990s)
14.4 Mini and Maxi: Global Visions from Oleg Kuvaev and AES+F (the 2000s and 2010s)
14.5 The Digital Archive: Cyland and Cyfest (the 2000s and the 2010s)
References
Chapter 15: From Samizdat to New Sincerity. Digital Literature on the Russian-Language Internet
15.1 Introduction. The Hybrid Nature of Digital Literature
15.2 Literary Practices/Literary Facts on the Runet: Definitions and Approaches
15.3 The Russian-Language Internet (Runet): Horizontal Versus Vertical Communication Patterns
15.4 Literary Practices on the Runet: Libraries and Life-Writing
15.4.1 Digitized Literature: Forming the Canon from Below
15.4.2 Hypertext Digressions and Media Criticism
15.4.3 Bottom-Up Creativity: Amateur Literature, Fan Fiction, kreatiff
15.4.4 Blogging: Non-literariness and New Sincerity
15.4.5 Social Networks: Life-Writing, Public Expression and “Prosumer Capitalism”
15.5 Fields of Research: Toward Mixed Methods
15.6 Conclusions: Content Outplays Code
References
Chapter 16: Run Runet Runaway: The Transformation of the Russian Internet as a Cultural-Historical Object
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Runet as an Object: Theoretical and Historical Approaches
16.3 Runet as a Runaway Object
16.4 The Vectors of Runet Development: Defining Runet as an Object in a Cultural-Historical Context
16.5 The History of Runet Through Five Vectors
16.5.1 The Technological Vector: From Enthusiasts to Corporations
16.5.2 The Cultural Vector: From Alternative to Mainstream
16.5.3 The Media Vector: From Alternative Media to State Control
16.5.4 The User Vector: From Elites to Everyday Usage
16.5.5 The Political Vector: From Democratic Promise to Digital Sovereignty
16.6 Conclusion
References
Part II: Digital Sources and Methods
Chapter 17: Corpora in Text-Based Russian Studies
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Web as a Corpus
17.3 Electronic Libraries
17.4 Linguistic Corpora2
17.4.1 The Russian National Corpus (www.ruscorpora.ru)
17.4.1.1 Case Study: Tracking Collective Memory Through “Decade Constructions”3
17.4.2 Integrum (www.integrumworld.com)
17.4.2.1 Case Study: Political Buzzwords in Russian4
17.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: RuThes Thesaurus for Natural Language Processing
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Thesauri in NLP an IR
18.2.1 WordNet Thesaurus and Wordnets
18.2.2 Information Retrieval Thesauri
18.3 RuThes Structure, Units, and Relations
18.3.1 RuThes General Structure
18.3.2 RuThes Units
18.3.3 RuThes Relations
18.4 Description of Social and Political Concepts in RuThes
18.5 RuThes as a Source for Russian WordNet
18.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Social Media-based Research of Interpersonal and Group Communication in Russia
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Social Media in Russia
19.3 Political Science
19.4 Sociology
19.4.1 Virtual Demography and Structure
19.4.2 Social Issues and Problems: Education, Ethnicity, Urbanity
19.5 Psychology and Health Studies
19.5.1 Health Studies
19.5.2 Psychology
19.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Digitizing Archives in Russia: Epistemic Sovereignty and Its Challenges in the Digital Age
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Archival Revolution: International Actors and Early Digitization Efforts
20.3 Russian Archives and Commercial Content Providers
20.4 Russian Foundation for Humanities: Patching the Archival Fabric
20.5 The Return of the State
20.6 Vernacular Archives
20.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Affordances of Digital Archives: The Case of the Prozhito Archive of Personal Diaries
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Theoretical Tools for Unpacking Archives
21.3 Methodological Framework and Steps to Unpack Prozhito Archive
21.4 Unpacking Prozhito
21.5 Through a Glass Darkly: From Simple Affordance to Technological Constraints
21.6 Hidden Affordances as a Result of Legal and Ethical Constraints
21.7 Participation as a Complex Affordance
21.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Open Government Data in Russia
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Russian Freedom of Information Act
22.3 Open Government Data Initiative in Russia: Policy, Institutions, Infrastructure
22.4 Open Data Management and Publication Approach
22.5 Regional Open Data Initiatives
22.6 Civil Society, Business, and Government Interactions Based on the Open Data
22.7 Open Data Impact in Russia
22.7.1 Increasing Transparency and Accountability
22.7.2 Economic Impact of Open Data
22.8 Conclusion
References
Legal Documents
Chapter 23: Topic Modeling in Russia: Current Approaches and Issues in Methodology
23.1 Introduction
23.1.1 Topic Modeling as a Scientific Method
23.1.2 Topic Modeling for the Russian Language
23.2 Methodological Studies of Topic Modeling for the Russian Language
23.2.1 Model-oriented Works: LDA and pLSA
23.2.2 Computer-linguistic Approaches to Topic Modeling
23.2.3 Topic Modeling for the Russian Twitter
23.3 Quality Assessment and Interpretability of the Russian-language Topics
23.4 Use of Topic Modeling for Content Interpretation
23.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 24: Topic Modeling Russian History
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Preparing a Text for Topic Modeling
24.2.1 Arranging the Data
24.2.2 Systematic Naming
24.2.3 Preprocessing the Text
24.2.4 Composing the Stop-Word List
24.2.5 Selecting the Number of Topics
24.3 Interpreting the Results of Topic Modeling
24.4 Topic Modeling: Russian and East European Studies
24.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 25: Studying Ideational Change in Russian Politics with Topic Models and Word Embeddings
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Ideas of Modernization
25.2.1 Politics of Innovation, Technology, and Economic Development During Medvedev’s Presidency and After
25.2.2 Research Questions
25.3 Data and Methods
25.3.1 Data
25.3.2 Topic Modeling
25.3.3 Word Embeddings: Semantic Change and Interpretable Dimensions
25.4 Results
25.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26: Deep Learning for the Russian Language
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Deep Learning Architecture Overview
26.3 NLP Tasks
26.3.1 Word Embeddings: How Do Computers Understand Lexical Meaning
26.3.2 Text Classification
26.3.3 Sequence Labeling
26.3.4 Transfer Learning in NLP
26.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 27: Shifting the Norm: The Case of Academic Plagiarism Detection
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Types of Plagiarism and Tools Enabling its Detection2
27.3 Available Electronic Resources
27.4 The Best Practices of Dissernet in the Detection of Large-scale Plagiarism
27.5 Small-scale Plagiarism and Shifting Norms of Textual Authenticity
27.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 28: Automatic Sentiment Analysis of Texts: The Case of Russian
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Problems in Sentiment Analysis
28.2.1 Multiple Opinions in a Single Text
28.2.2 Implicit vs. Explicit Sentiment
28.2.3 Ambiguity of Sentiment Words
28.2.4 Sentiment Modifiers
28.2.5 Factors of Irreal Context
28.2.6 Comparisons
28.2.7 Irony and Sarcasm
28.3 Methods and Resources Used in Sentiment Analysis
28.4 Russian Sentiment-Related Shared Tasks
28.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 29: Social Network Analysis in Russian Literary Studies
29.1 Introduction
29.2 The Origins of Social Network Analysis
29.3 Methodology
29.3.1 Formalizing Literary Network Data: The “Digital Spectator”
29.3.2 Graph-Related Measures
29.3.3 Node-Related Measures
29.4 Use Cases
29.4.1 Drama
29.4.2 Novels
29.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 30: Tweeting Russian Politics: Studying Online Political Dynamics
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Goals and Data
30.3 Assessment of SNA Methods
30.3.1 Macroscopic Methods: Visualizing Russian Online Political Communities
30.3.2 Mesoscopic Methods and Russian Political Communities: Similar or Different?
30.3.3 Microscopic Methods: Opinion Leaders in Russian Online Political Networks
30.3.3.1 Identifying and Evaluating “Influencers”
30.3.3.2 Developing an Index of “Influence”
30.3.3.3 Cross-Validation of the Proposed “Influence” Index
30.4 Beyond the Score: Cross Validation of Detected Patterns
30.4.1 Further Validating “Echo Chambers”
30.4.2 Makeup of Two Main Political Communities and Their Reactions to Political Events
30.4.3 Finding Bots Within Russian Twitter
30.5 Conclusion
Annex A: Polarization of Communities
Annex B: Microscopic
Annex C: Tweet Patterns for the Two Main Communities, Tweets per Hour by Event
References
Chapter 31: The State of the Art: Surveying Digital Russian Art History
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Digitization, Copyright Laws, and Open Access
31.3 New Digital Approaches to Visual Analysis and Art History
31.4 The Current Limits of Machine Learning
31.5 How Humans and Machines Can Work Together
31.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 32: Geospatial Data Analysis in Russia’s Geoweb
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Data Acquisition
32.2.1 Crowdsourced Databases
32.2.2 Open Datasets
32.2.3 Social Media
32.3 Location Extraction
32.4 Location Use
32.5 Geospatial Data and Research Ethics
32.6 Conclusions
References
Correction to: The Palgrave Handbook of Digital Russia Studies
Index