Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
About the Editor
Contributors
Part I: Water
1 Review of Resilient Urban Water Planning Policy and Practice in California
Introduction
Defining Resilient Water Planning Within Scope of This Chapter
Federal Frameworks Impacting Resiliency Planning at the State Level
Regulatory Frameworks and Policy at the California State Level
State-Level Regulations, Resolutions, and Policies
State-Level Guidance Documents and Assessments
Planning Instruments
State Plans
Regional and Municipal Plans
In-Practice Examples from Cities of San Francisco and San Diego
Examples from City of San Francisco (Selected)
Examples from City of San Diego (Selected)
Additional Data and Informational Resources
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
2 Nature-Based Solutions for Agricultural Water Management
Increased Demand for Agricultural Water
NBS: A New Paradigm for Water Management
NBS Implementation: Two Pillars
Pillar I: Valuation of the Environment
Pillar 2: Multi-Stakeholder Engagement as a Requirement for NBS Implementation
NBS Case Studies: What Can Be Learned?
Synthesis
Success/Failure
Ecosystem
NBS Typology
Stakeholder Involvement
Financial Mechanisms
Transdisciplinarity
Institutional Collaboration
Conclusions
A Road Map for NBS Interventions; Inter- and Transdisciplinary Approaches
Cross-References
References
3 The Multiple Values of Urban Waterways
Introduction
Valuing Urban Waterways
Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital in Valuing Waterways
Understanding Values in Collaborative Policymaking
The Changing Nature of Values: Britain´s Urban Waterways
Values of Urban Waterways
Industrial and Commercial Water Transportation
New Modes of Transport in Waterway Corridors
Local Leisure and Tourism
Health and Well-Being
Heritage and Community
Flood Management and Environmental Enhancement
Regeneration and Reuse of Urban Waterway Corridors
Conclusions: Embedding Multiple Values in Policy Decisions
Cross-References
References
4 Building Resilience Through Transboundary Water Resources Management
Introduction
Benefits of Cooperation
Elements of Transboundary Cooperation
Twelve Principles of Water Governance
Improving the Enabling Environment in Transboundary Water Management
Policy Setting
Legal Setting
Institutional Setting
Information Management and Exchange
Financial Arrangements
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
5 Investing in Ecosystems for Water Security: The Case of the Kenya Water Towers
Introduction: Linking Cities to Their Basins
The Upper Tana-Nairobi Water Fund
Financial Mechanisms
Carbon Balance Projections
Program Activities
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
6 Climate Risks to Urban Water Security in the Asia-Pacific Region: Emerging Responses and Lessons
Introduction: Urban Water Crisis in Asia and the Pacific
South Asia
Mountain Small Towns
Karachi, Pakistan
Chennai, India
East Asia
Jakarta
Singapore
Port Vila, Vanuatu (Pacific Islands)
Australia´s Response to Water Stress
Lessons and Conclusion
References
7 Decentralized Water and Wastewater Systems for Resilient Societies: A Shift Towards a Green Infrastructure-Based Alternate E...
Introduction
Key Relevant Concepts
Centralized (Gray) Infrastructure
Decentralized Infrastructure
Green Infrastructure
Circular (Water) Economy
Green Economy
Green Infrastructure Economy
State of Play for Water Sector
The Challenge of Water
Ownership of and Rights to Water
Distribution of Water
Value of Water and Pricing
Renewability
Global Influences/Trends
The IoT
Customer Expectations
Green Finance
Evolving New Models for Blue-Green Infrastructure
Drivers for Green Infrastructure in the Water Sector
The Business Case for Water Utilities
Augmenting Supplies
Asset Upgrades and Replacement Deferrals
Improving Efficiencies
New Revenue Streams
New Models (Green Infrastructure Economy)
Green Grafting
Green Asset Management
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
8 Integrating Climate Change Considerations into Asset Management
Introduction
Glossary
How Can Climate Change Affect Water Supply Assets?
A Risk-Based Approach to Climate Change
Flood-Drought Cycle
Drought
2019-2020 Drought and Megafires in Australia
1999-2010 Millennium Drought
Flood
2011 Queensland Flood
2019 Flood in Townsville (North Queensland)
Impact on the Level of Service
Water Quantity
Water Quality
Increased Turbidity
Wild Fires and Bushfires
Contaminant Concentration, Algal Blooms, and Water-Borne Disease Outbreaks
Brackish and Saline Groundwater
Design and Operational Considerations for Water Supply Assets
Considerations for Individual Assets
Water Treatment, Transmission, and Distribution Assets
Resilience and Adaptation for Water Supply Assets
Water Treatment, Transmission, and Distribution
Water Storages
Natural Assets
A System for Managing Assets Throughout Their Life Cycle
Scope
Implementation
Benefits
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
9 Pathways for Mainstreaming Resilience-Thinking into Climate Change Adaptation and Planning in the City of Cape Town
Introduction
Water Supply and Planning Context in the City of Cape Town
Pathways for Mainstreaming Water Resilience in Cape Town
Pathway 1: Promote Polycentric Governance of Shared Ecological Assets
Pathway 2: Build Water Supply Redundancy Across Scales
Pathway 3: Integrate Resilience-Thinking into Infrastructure Planning and Environmental Assessments
Pathway 4: Manage Connectivity Through Targeted Public Communication
Pathway 5: Drive New Innovation and Research
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
10 South-American Transboundary Waters: The Management of the Guarani Aquifer System and the La Plata Basin Towards the Future
Introduction
From Conflict to Cooperation Around Water Resources
The La Plata River Basin
The Development of a Regional and Institutional Framework of Water in the La Plata River Basin
Strategic Action Plan (SAP) Origins, Definition, Critical Transboundary Issues and Actions
Guarani Aquifer System
The Project for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development of GAS
The Impacts of Intense Groundwater´s Use
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
11 Water-Sensitive Design for Climate Resilience
Introduction
Cape Town: At the Confluence of the Global North and the Global
A Water History
Wastewater Removal
A Wicked Problem for Water-Sensitive Design
Day Zero
A Rich but Polluted System of Catchments
Expanding City
Social Justice
Contested City; Contested Waters
Two Rivers Urban Park (TRUP)
Philippi Horticultural Area (PHA)
Institutional Framework
National Water Strategy
Integrated Development Plan
Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act (SPLUMA)
Cape Town Water Strategy
Red Book (a Guide for Neighborhood Development)
Cape Water: Present and Future
Water Demand
Water Supply
Water-Sensitive Design (WSD)
CRC Framework
A Water-Sensitive Urban Design Framework for South Africa
Contesting Paradigms
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
12 Jal Swavlamban: Water Independence
Introduction
Topography and Water Supply Status in Rajasthan
Decentralized and Participatory Rural Water Management: Lessons from the Past
Mukhyamantri Jal Swavlamban Abhiyan (Chief Minister´s Self-reliance for Water Program)
Program Objective
Institutional Arrangement
Identification of Sites
Water Harvesting Structures
Impact Assessment
Future of Rainwater Harvesting
Summary
References
13 Potable Water Reuse in Australia
Introduction
Brief History of Water Reforms in Australia (Federal Level)
National Guidelines
Australian Drinking Water Guidelines
Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling
The Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Managing Health and Environmental Risks (Phase 2), Augmentation of Drinking Wat...
Community Awareness
The Future of Potable Recycling
Potable Reuse in Queensland
General Regulations
Environmental Regulations
Health Regulations
The Case of Toowoomba
Western Corridor Recycled Water Scheme (WCRWS)
Western Australia
General Regulations
Environmental Regulations
Health Regulations
Groundwater Replenishment Scheme (GWRS)
Communication as a Policy Instrument
Lessons Learnt
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Additional Readings
14 Water´s Cross-Cutting Nature in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
Introduction
Integrated SDGs
Water Food Energy Nexus
Conclusion
References
15 Climate Change and Water Resources in Southern Africa: A Resilience Perspective
Introduction
Key Concepts and Definitions
Weather Versus Climate
Climate Variability
Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect
Mitigation and Adaptation
Resilience and Transformation
The Climate Future of Africa: Setting the Scene on Resilience
Water Governance in Southern Africa: Contextual Background
Brief History of Water Governance in Southern Africa
Regional Water Governance Reforms in Southern Africa
SADC´s Responses to Climate Change Challenges
South Africa´s Transition to a Climate Resilient Society
Zambia´s Transition to a Climate Resilient Society
Implications of Effective Water Management for Climate Resilience Societies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
16 Water 4.0: Enhancing Climate Resilience
Introduction
Glossary
Defining Water 4.0
Relationship Between 4.0s
Scope and Timescales of Four Water Revolutions
Technologies, Methods, and Solutions
Key Technologies
Application to Processes
Application to Assets
Importance of Strategic Support
Blockchain and Drones
Opportunities and Risks
Application of Water 4.0 Technologies, Methods, and Solutions (Case Studies)
How Water 4.0 Fits into an ISO 55001 Asset Management System?
Water 4.0 Implementation Through ISO 55001 Standard
Digital Twins Transforming Asset Management
Alignment of Financial and Nonfinancial Functions
Adaptability or Continuous Improvement?
Information Security Standardization
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Part II: Energy
17 Sustainable Microgrids for Remote Communities: A Practical Framework for Analyzing and Designing
Introduction
Conceptual Framework for the Design of Sustainable Microgrids
Module 1: Project Preparatory Analysis
Module 2: Project Baseline Analysis
Module 2a: Retrospective Cohort Analysis (RCA)
Module 3: Prospective Analysis
Module 4: Implementation and Monitoring Analysis
Process to Design Sustainable Microgrids
Application of the Practical Framework
Load Classification for Remote Community Electrification
Considering Microgrid Configurations
System Modelling
Discussion
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
18 Role of Energy at Climate-Resilient Societies
Introduction
Sustainability and Climate-Resilient Societies
Transformation Towards Sustainable and Resilient Societies
Obstacles Related to the Transformation Towards Sustainable and Resilient Societies
Why Does Energy So Important for Climate-Resilient Societies?
Facts, Which Prove the Role of Energy in Climate-Resilient Societies
Challenges and Opportunities for Building Climate-Resilient Societies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
19 How the Law Contributes to Protecting Energy Infrastructure from Extreme Weather Events: An Australian Case Study
Introduction
Energy Resources and Infrastructure in Australia
Extreme Weather Events: Fire, Drought, Wind, and Rain
Bushfire: Black Saturday (2009)
Bushfire: Black Summer (2019-2020)
Drought: Millennium Drought (1996-2010)
Coastal Flood and Inundation: Queensland Floods (2010-2011)
Intense Rain and Wind: System Black (2016)
Regulating for Disaster
Emergency Management
Electricity Sector Regulation
Land Use and Planning
Adaptation to the Adverse Consequences of Climate Change
Can Energy Infrastructure be Regulated for Extreme Weather?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Part III: Agriculture and Food
20 Climate-Resilient Agricultural Development in the Global South
Introduction
Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Production in the Global South
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
South and Central America
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture
Sustainable Development and Agri-Food Systems
Approaches to Making Agriculture More Resilient to Climate Change and Sustainably Increasing Food Production in the Global Sou...
Conservation Agriculture
Sustainable Intensification
Climate-Smart Agriculture
Agroecology
Stress-Tolerant Crop Varieties
Precision Agriculture
Diversification
Climate-Resilient Agricultural Innovations and Agri-Food System Transition
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
21 Heterogenous Impacts of Climate on Agricultural Industries Farm Exit Patterns in the Murray-Darling Basin of Australia
Introduction
Impact of Climate on Agricultural Productivity
Farm Exit Literature
Method
Data
Results
Livestock
Dairy
Broadacre
Horticulture
Robustness Check
Discussion
Conclusion
References
22 Future Food Systems
Introduction
Challenges and Drivers
Challenges: Environmental Impacts of Food Systems
Drivers
Consequences
A Vision for the Future
Transformation and Transition Pathways
Transforming Terrestrial and Aquatic Food Systems to Become Part of the Solution
Innovation and Sustainable Technologies
Governance and Territorial Food Systems
Conclusions
References
23 Building Up Resilience and Sustainability
Introduction
South Australian Murray-Darling Basin
Water Scarcity, Drought, and Adaptive Management
A Retrospect of the Millennium Drought
Irrigation Allocation Reductions
Socioeconomic Impacts
On-Farm and off-Farm Responses to Drought in SA
Government Support
Adaptive Management Options to Mitigate Drought Impacts
Modeling Estimates Potential Impacts from Extreme Dry Conditions
Adaption Options and their Effectiveness
Irrigation Water Use, Infrastructure, and Water Market
Overview of Water Resources and Use in SA
Irrigation Water Use in SA MDB Crops
Irrigation Water Distribution and Cost
Water Market, Water Trading, and Price
Future Challenges, Opportunities, and Prospects
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
24 Protecting Food Security, and Increasing Nutrition as Well as Food System Resilience Through Climate Change Adaptation in G...
Introduction
Food Security and System Challenges in Greater Miami
Climate Change Adaptation Action
Protecting Food Security and Nutrition Resilience
Vision
Mission
Increasing Food System Resilience
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
25 Evaluation of Sustainable Rice Farming Systems in the Mekong River Delta
Introduction
Traditional and Recent Agricultural Policy in Vietnam
Climate Change Impacts on MRD Agriculture and Policy Objectives
Salinity Intrusion and Its Impacts
Salinity Intrusion Mitigation and Transformation Options
Infrastructure Development to Mitigate Salinity Intrusion
Water Quality and Environmental Pollution Impacts
Sustainable Transformation Options to Address MRD Water Problems
Cropping System Change A: Rice-Shrimp Cropping
Cropping System Change B: Organic Rice Production
The Farm Survey
Survey Design, Testing, and Data Collection
Survey Analysis and Results
Logit Model Analysis
Conclusion and Policy Implications
References
26 The Importance of Adopting and Mainstreaming Climate-Smart Diets for Sustained Resilience
Introduction
The Global Water Trade
Food Production and the Water Footprint
Climate Change and the Water Trade
What Makes a Climate-Smart Diet?
The Global View
The Country-Specific View
The Limitations of Water Footprints
Encouraging a Climate-Smart Diet to Enhance Water Resilience
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
27 Food Security Amidst Crime: Harm of Illegal Fishing and Fish Fraud on Sustainable Oceans
Introduction
Fish Crimes and Food Security: The Harm of Illegal Fishing and Fish Fraud
Sustainable Fisheries Is in the Label
Australian Food Labeling Regulations: A Case Study
The Future of Sustainable, Crime Repellant Fisheries
Harmonizing Regulations
Technology to Prevent Crime
The Role of the Consumer in Demanding Local, Sustainable Seafood
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Part IV: Built Environment and Infrastructure
28 Building Circular Economy Cities
Introduction
The Linear Economy
Challenges to the Linear Economy
Climate Change
Rapid Population Growth and Urbanization
Intensification of Agriculture
Increased Demand for Water
Rising Energy Use
Economic Growth
Solid Waste
Air Pollution
Infrastructure Expansion
The Circular Economy
Decoupling Economic Growth from Resource Use
The Role of Cities in Developing the Circular Economy
Encouraging Better Product Design
Facilitating Better Consumption Choices
Improving Waste Management
Creating a Market for Waste to Resources
Guidance on Developing the Circular Economy in Cities
Fiscal and Non-fiscal Tools to Develop the Circular Economy in Cities
Fiscal Tools
Environmental Taxes
Subsidies and Grants
Tradable Permits
Payment for Ecosystem Services
Non-fiscal Tools
Regulations
Green Public Procurement
Raising Industry Awareness and Capacity
Eco-labels and Certification
Environmental Recognition Awards
Public Education
School Education
Conclusions
References
29 Indoor Overheating, Climate Resilience, and Adaptation of Care Settings
Introduction
Challenges and Governance of Overheating Mitigation in Care Settings
Heat-Related Health Risks in Care Settings
Magnitude of Indoor Overheating Risk in Care Homes in the Current and Future Climate
Current Climate
Future Climate
Building Fabric Characteristics as Determinants of Indoor Overheating Risks in Care Settings
Current Care Provision Governance Barriers to Climate Resilience
Climate Change Adaptation Pathways for Care Settings
Climate Resilient Building Design and Retrofit
Policy, Governance and Human Factors Towards the Climate Change Adaptation of Care Settings
Summary
Cross-References
References
30 Green Infrastructure and Climate Resilience
Introduction
Urban Development and Climate Change Impact
Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
Green Infrastructure
Introduction to Green Infrastructure
Area for Green Infrastructure Implementation
Green Infrastructure Equipment
Solutions that Reduce the Drainage Coefficient
Solutions for Local Rainwater Storage
Adaptive Methodology to Reduce Rainwater Runoff and to Increase the Quality of Climate in Urban Areas
Short Description of the Methodology
Building the Mathematical Model
The Types of Green Infrastructure Equipment Studied
The Optimal Choice of Equipment
Sustaining the Efficiency of the Methodology
Case Study: Description
Type of Solutions Proposed for the Study Area
Scenario 1: Green Infrastructure Solutions
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Results
Applying the Methodology in any Urban Area
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
References
31 Climate-Resilient Urban Life Through Sustainable Development
Introduction
A Synoptic for Sustainable Development Goals and Sustainable Cities
The Concept of Sustainable Development
The Goal of Sustainable Cities and Communities Among 17 Sustainable Development Goals
The Impacts of Climate Change in the Frame Urban Resilience
Key Facts About the Climate Change Through Sustainable Development Goal 13: Climate Action
Threats of Climate Change on Urban Life
Sustainable Cities and Climate-Resilient Urban Life
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
32 Wellington City
Introduction
Earthquakes
The Impacts
The Kaikoura Earthquake
Issues Arising from the Kaikoura Earthquake
Insurance and Building Features
Confusing Legislation
Where to Next?
The Three Waters
The National Picture
The Wellington Context
The Situation in 2021
Other Issues
Earthquake Risks
Freshwater
Supply-Demand Issues
Freshwater Leaks
Planning for the Future
Waste/Sewage
Wastewater Leaks
Moa Point
Mt Albert Sewer Tunnel
Urban Streams
What Needs to Happen Next?
Housing
Availability of Housing
Quality of Housing
Leaky Buildings/Construction
Resilient Construction
New Zealand Housing Set to Exceed Carbon Budget
Waste
Energy
Transport
Covid-19
Debt Repayments
Climate Change Resilience
Sea-Level Rise
The National Policy Statement (NPS) on Coastal Policy, 2010
Insurance
Slips, Stormwater, and Flooding
Wellington City Council´s Resilience Strategy
Improving Wellington´s Resilience
Te Atakura: First to Zero/Climate Change Strategy
Transport
Building Energy and Urban Form: Zero Carbon Places to Live, Work, and Play
Keystone Project: Planning for Growth
Advocacy: Supporting Others to Act
Wellington City Council´s Own Plan
Leading by Example
Other Programs
Reform of the Resource Management Act (2004)
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
References
33 Ecological Resilience and the Built Environment
Introduction: Why the Study of Resilience Matters?
What Is Resilience?
Ecological Resilience and the Built Environment
The Application of Ecological Resilience to the Study of Built Environments: Three Hypotheses
Hypothesis 1: The Adaptive Cycle and Cyclical Changes in the Built Environment
Hypothesis 2: Changes at Multiple Scales - From Panarchy to Urban Panarchy
Hypothesis 3: Heterogeneity and Discontinuities in the Built Environment
Analysis of Built Environments Using the Hypothesis of Ecological Resilience
Case Study 1: Auckland, New Zealand
Case Study 2: San Miguel de Tucumn, Argentina
Case Study 3: Christchurch, New Zealand
Findings Within and Across Case Studies
Conclusion
References
34 Looking Ahead: The Utility and Application of Climate Projections for Resiliency Planning
Introduction: The Stationarity Myth
Qualitative Guidance for Future Planning
Quantitative Guidance for Future Planning
Methods, Models and Tools for Future Climate Projections
Uncertainty Due to Natural Variability
Understanding Scientific Uncertainty
Capturing Socio-Economic and Human Uncertainty
Understanding Regional and Local Uncertainty
Looking Forward
Cross-References
References
35 Integrating Climate Change into Land Use and Urban Planning
Introduction: Land Use Planning and Resilience
The Challenge: Barriers for the Integration of Climate Change Risk into Local Planning
Case Study: Mainstreaming Climate Risks into Land Use Planning for Resilience in Costa Rica
What Is Costa Rica Adapting To?
Natural Climate Variability
Climate Extremes
Climate Change in Costa Rica
Adaptation Governance in Costa Rica
Legal Framework
Policy Framework
Mainstreaming Opportunities to Improve the Resilience of Territories
Local (cantonal) Level
Regional Level
Conclusions
References
36 Transitioning to Adaptive and Resilient Infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean
Introduction
Negative Aspects of Infrastructure
Infrastructure as Enabler of Development
Towards Resilient Infrastructure Systems
Threats and Disruption to Infrastructure in LAC
Sudden Shocks
Slow Onset Events
Climate Change Threats
The Case for Resilience
Describing Resilience
Benefits of Resilience
Estimating and Managing Risk
Uncertainties in Risk Management
Toward a Robust Resilient-Based Approach for Infrastructure Planning
Implementation Levels for a Resilient-Based and Systematic Perspective
Conclusions
References
37 Nature-Based Solutions in Latin American Cities
Introduction
A Framework for Understanding Current Challenges and Opportunities of NbS in Latin America
Methods
Context
Bogot
Lima
Data Collection
Interviews
Participant Selection and Recruitment
Data Analysis
Selection of NbS Approaches
Results
Characteristics of NbS
Limitations for NbS
Requirements for Successful NbS
Potential Negative Effects
Discussion
Characteristics of NbS in LAC
Limitations for Implementing NbS
Weak Governance
Limited Public Interest
Lack of Funding
Requirements for NbS
Education and Communication Programs
Decision-Making Committees
Implementation of Public Policies
Public Participation
Potential Negative Effects
Lack of Technical Capacity and Limited Understanding of NbS
Gentrification and Forced Displacement
Conclusion
References
38 All London Green Grid as Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Resilience
Introduction
Nature-Based Solutions and Urban Resilience
Definition of Urban Resilience
Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Resilience
Development of ALGG Under the London Plan
Nature-Based Solutions Within the Spatial Development Strategies
Governance Shift from ELGG to ALGG
Structure and Functions of ALGG
Case Studies of the ALGG Projects for Urban Resilience
Bankside Urban Forest in Southwark Bankside, the London Borough of Southwark
The Rubens Living Wall Project in Victoria, City of Westminster
The Beam Parklands Project, the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
Challenges and Opportunities for Nature-Based Solutions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Part V: Transport
39 Keeping Airports Open in Times of Climatic Extremes: Planning for Climate-Resilient Airports
Introduction
Airport Characteristics
Airport Planning
Dealing with Climatic Extremes
Resilience to Climate Change
Flood Protection
Dealing with Weather Extremes
Achieving Good Water Quality
Climate Proof Airport Planning
Greening Airport Operations
Towards Climate Resilient Airports in Practice
Water Sensitive Airports in Australia
Flood Risk Management at Airports in the USA
Climate Change Study for Changi Airport
Water Saving Airport for Mexico City
Small Island States
Emergency Airport Concept
Discussion and Conclusions
References
40 A System Inter-dependent Approach in Addressing Climate Change in Ports
Introduction
Methodology by Elimination Using Resilience Matrix
Case Study: Port of Durban
Background
Methodology Application
Step 1: Climate Narrative for the Port of Durban
Sea Level
Water Table
Temperature
Rainfall
Wave
Wind
Salinity
Humidity
Summary: Port of Durban Climate Narrative
Step 2: Develop a Scenario Matrix for Assessment
Step 3: Selection of Experts and Conduct Interviews Using the Delphi Technique and Analyze the Results
Delphi Technique
Selection of Experts
Results and Data Interpretation
First Round
Second Round
Third Round
Fourth and Final Round
Summary of Standard Deviation
Step 4: Identify High-Risk Climate Scenarios, Eliminate Low Risk Climate Scenarios, and Conduct Behavioral Analysis
Experts Behaviors Analysis:
Climate Risk Comparison Between Global Trends and DDOP
Global Trends
Port of Durban Final Risk Matrix
Step 5: Develop Resilience Matrix to Highlight Opportunities for Increasing Resilience of High-Risk Scenarios (Prepare - Adjus...
Tables
Step 6: Identify Scenarios Presenting Moderate to High Vulnerability
Step 7: Develop Adaptations Framework
Policy
Management
Management Response to Black Swan Events
Technology
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
41 Transit-Oriented Developments and Stratified Public Space Networks
Introduction
Literature Review
Tod
Streets and Public Spaces
Green Spaces
Methodology
Case Studies
Bedok Neighborhood TOD
Paya Lebar Quarter TOD
Yishun Neighborhood TOD
Analysis
Accessibility and Connectivity
Diversity of Amenities and Uses
Spatial Quality, Identity, and Place-Making
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
42 No Climate-Resilient Society Without a Resilient Transport System
Introduction
Toward a Theoretical Framework: The Transport-Climate-Public Health Nexus
Impacts of Transport Systems on the Climate
Impacts of the Climate on Transport Systems
Impacts of the Climate on Public Health
Impacts of Transport Systems on Public Health
Impact of Public Health on Transport Systems
Resilient Transport Systems
Visions of Transport Systems in Climate-Resilient Societies
Obstacles for Developing Low-Carbon, Healthy, and Resilient Transport Systems
Transformative Resilience for Transportation
Considerations for a Paradigm Shift
People-Centered Mobility: The Human Needs Perspective
Pricing of Externalities
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Part VI: Human Health
43 Water Pollution and Climate Change
Introduction
Atmospheric Transport of Pollutants
Behavior of Water Pollutants Under Climate Change Conditions
Effects of Climate Change in Water Quality
Effects of Climate Change on Human Health
Social Impact
Impact of Water Pollution on Human Health
Discussion
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
44 Climate Change and Mental Health
Introduction
Mental Health
Models of Mental Health
Mental Health Diversity
Stress as a Universally Accepted Concept
Stress Causing Events
Anxiety, Depression, Stress, and Treatment
Climate Change and Mental Health
Current Treatment or Help
Conclusion
References
Part VII: Society
45 Placemaking: An Urban Resilience Perspective
Introduction
Resilience Concepts and Placemaking
Stronger Together
Adding Resilience as Public Policy: 100 Resilient Strategies
Funding, Theory of Change, and Place Branding
Placemaking, Sense of Place, and Storytelling
The Summary: Including Resilience in Place Making
References
46 Migration as Adaptation
Introduction
Research Methods
Findings
Key Finding 1: Historicity and Regional Peculiarities Inform Migration Pathways
Key Finding 2: Existing Patterns and Channels Direct Migration Internally and Lead to the Emergence of Certain Hotspots
Key Finding 3: The Type of Environmental Change Is Relevant for Occurrence and Form of Migration
Key Finding 4: Demographic and Socioeconomic Attributes Diversely Influence Migration Incentives
Key Finding 5: Various, Contextual Assets Determine the Feasibility of Migration as Adaptation
Key Finding 6: Migration Can Both Enhance and Lower the Vulnerability to Climatic Events
Key Finding 7: Place Attachment Encourages Livelihoods to Stay Rather than to Migrate
Key Finding 8: Climate Is Just One Migration Determinant Among Many That Renders Migration Both More and Less Likely
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
47 The Emergence of Relationality in Governance of Climate Change Adaptation
Introduction: Governance of Climate Adaptation - Current Thinking
Relationality
The Relational Shift?
Relational Responsibility
Processes of Transformative Dialogue and Relational Responsibility
Critics of Relational Responsibility
Social Learning and Relationality
Expression of Relationality in Governance of Climate Adaptation
Polycentric Governance
Middle-Out Governance
Collaborative Governance
Transformational Change Governance
Experimental Governance
Synthesis: A Relational Governance Model
Emergence of Relational Approaches to Adaptation Governance in NSW, Australia
Enabling Regional Adaptation (ERA): Relationality Through Middle-Out Governance
Western Sydney Diabetes Prevention Alliance (WSD): Relationality Through Collaborative Governance
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
48 The Role of Migrant Communities in Building Climate Resilience in Urban Environments
Introduction
The Role of Built and Social Environments as Enabling and Disabling Conditions for Migrant Communities´ Climate Resilience
Factors Contributing to Urban Migrant Communities´ Vulnerability to Risks and Disasters
Disaster Risk Communication: Language, Cultural, and Generational Barriers
Social Capital as Factor Contributing to both Resilience and Vulnerability
Conclusions
References
49 Big Data Governance, Technology, and Implementation in Climate-Resilient Societies
Introduction
Digital World Meets Urban Planet
The Rise of Big Data
Integral Role of Data Governance in Big Data Environments
Big Data Technology
Integrated Strategies for Implementing Big Data Solutions
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
50 Alli Kawsay: Epistemology and Political Practice in the Territories, a Possibility from the Andean Pluriverse for Ecologica...
Introduction
Global Scenario, Anthropocene Deterioration: True Lies?
Everyday Practices: Options to Be Again Taken Up
Derechos de la Naturaleza: Rights of Nature Since the Political Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador to the Original Law
The Need for Indigenous Law at the Level of All Peoples
Conclusion
References
51 Graduate Education on Climate Change and Sustainable Development in Mexico
Introduction
The Regional State of the Art on Natural and Human Resources
The South of Mexico
About Economic Development
About Knowledge and Education
New Public Policy Challenges
Methodology
Methodological Steps
Results and Discussion
Offer and Content of Graduate Programs
Word Frequency
Cluster Analysis
Offer and Content of Programs Following the Groups of States of the National Ranking of Science and Technology
Climate Change Related Programs
Conclusions
Cross-References
51.0 Appendix I
Appendix II
References
52 Comparative Interrogation of Climate-Resilient Communities in South Asia
Introduction
South Asia: Discursive Shifts in Climate Policy and Practice
Mapping Climate Resilience in South Asian Policy Frameworks
Climate Resilience in Indian Policy Frames
Climate Resilience in Bangladesh Policy Frames
Operationalizing Climate Resilience: Policy-Practice Divergence
Conclusion: Finding the Shared Common Good Outside Statist Contours
Cross-References
References
53 Avoiding climate Apartheid: Climate Justice as a Necessary Condition for Equitable Transformational Adaptation
Introduction
The Evolution of Climate Change Policy and (in)Action
A Climate of Compartmentalization: Tracing Adaptation Within the Politics of Climate Change
Incremental Adjustment and Mainstreaming: Insufficient for the Adaptation Challenge
Mainstreaming as Incrementalism
Incrementalism as Maladaptation?
Transformational Adaptation
Mainstreaming as a Pathway to Transformational Adaptation?
Climate Change and Human Rights
Conclusion
References
54 Resilience Is Not a One-Step Process
Introduction
Resilience Is Not a One-Step Process. Trends in Resilience and Post-recovery Management
Suggested Cycle of Post-disaster Recovery to Encourage Multihazard Perspectives
Encourage Multihazard Studies to Understand the Possible Hazards That Could Impact the Urban Areas
Prioritize the Interdisciplinary Research in Natural Hazards
Promoting the Community Resilience Reinforcing the Local-Level Volunteering and the Three Stages of Resilience
Study Cases from the Global South. The Landscapes of Disaster Are the New Normal
A New Old Story: Chile´s Recovery Post-disaster After the 8.8 Earthquake of 2010
Wetland´s Landscapes and Disasters in the Global South: Chile and South Africa
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
References
55 Can a Society Be Resilient
Introduction
Global Threats
Regional Threats
Local Threats
Nature of Society
What Is Society?
What Is Community?
Further Perspectives
Civil Society
Ecological Perspective
Political Perspective
Technological Perspective
Post-Industrial Perspective
Society and the State
Climate Resilience and Global Threats
Climate Resilience and Regional/Sectoral Threats
Responses of Governments
Climate Resilience and Local Threats
Key Steps to Building a Climate-Resilient Society
Capacity to Cope
Response and Reorganization
Adaptation, Learning, and Transformation
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
References
56 Building Social Capital in Low-Income Communities for Resilience
Introduction
Social Capital: Some Basics
Social Capital: Contributing Factors
Community Climate Resilience
Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity: Facets of Resilience
Social-Ecological System Perspectives in Resilience
Social Capital and Community Resilience
The Perspective from Disaster Studies
Environmental Governance
Climate Change Adaptation
Lessons Learned to Support Social Capital for Community Resilience
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
57 After the Nation-State
Introduction
The Modern Nation-State and Beyond
The Consequences of Postmodernity, the Risk Society, and Uncertainty
The New Governance System
The Conceptual Foundations of the Societal Governance
Power and Authority
Public and Private Spheres and Spaces
Cities and Relational Spaces and Places
Institutions and Institutionality
Social and Political Rationality
Management and Administration
Political System
The Decision-Making
Events Synchronization and Complex Systems Networks and Resilience
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
58 Fight Against Organized Crime and Resilience to Climate Change
Introduction
Mafias and Earthquakes: The Post-earthquake Reconstruction Affair
Gray Area, Corruption, and Vulnerability to Disasters
The Fight Against Corruption and Mitigation of Damage from Natural Disasters
The Models of Interaction Between COGS and the Political-Institutional Context
Corruption: Determinants and Evolution of the Phenomenon
Dangerous Link Between Corruption and Organized Crime
The Operating Methods of Mafias: From the Violent Method to the Corruptive-Collusive Method
The Clan as the Prevailing Regulator of the Socioeconomic Interests of the Territory: The Case of the Casalesi Clan
The Prince and the Dancing Ballot
Jambo
Eco4
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
59 Approaches to Climate Resilience
Introduction
A Cross-Disciplinary Framework for Analyzing Climate Resilience Discourses
Climate Security
Sustainable Development
Climate Change-Induced Migration/Mobility
Urban Climate Resilience
Conclusion: Basic Discourses of Climate Resilience
Cross-References
References
60 Equitably Sharing Benefits Arising from Utilization of Genetic Resources
Introduction
Benefits from Genetic Resources
But, What About the Burden to People to Support Climate Resilience?
Resilience and Genetic Resources: Food Production and Food Consumption
Risks from Adverse Effects of Climate Change
Equity in Sharing Benefits from Genetic Resources
Equitable Benefits for Communities from Climate Resilience
Equity in Climate Resilience, How to Contribute
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
61 Lessons from Climate Change Adaptation Actions in Bangladesh
Introduction
Climate Change, Uncertainty, and Transformation in Bangladesh
Drivers for Climate Change in Bangladesh
Climate Change Impacts on Bangladesh
Adapting to Climate Change
Understanding of Adaptation Context
Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation to Global Change
Roles and Responsibilities of Government and Other Agencies
Framework for Adaptation
Adaptation Governance in Bangladesh
Role of Governments and Stakeholders
Adaptation Investment in Past and Future
Individual-, Community-, and Institutional-Level Capacity Building for Adaptation
Case Studies of Adaptation Practices in Bangladesh
Climate Change Adaption Projects in Bangladesh
Climate Change Adaptation Practices by the Local Community
Developing Adaptation Plans, Policies, and Actions
Sector-Based Adaptive Responses in Bangladesh
Land Use
Agriculture and Food Security
Housing and Building
Public Health
Water Supply and Sanitation
Integration to National Adaptation Planning Processes
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
62 Consent in a Changing Climate
Introduction
The Idea of Consent
Applying Consent in Climate Governance
Free, Prior and Informed Consent
Government Consents and Permits
Social License to Operate
Democratic Practices
Bypassing Consent
Conclusion
References
63 Greening the Economy for the Sustainability Transition: An International Legal Perspective
Introduction
From Green Growth to Green Economy
The Role of Law and Governance
Green Economy in International Law
Current Legal Attempts at the International Level
Conclusion
References
64 Community Resilience: A Perspective from Latin America and the Caribbean
Looking into Community Resilience and Climate Change in Latin America and the Caribbean
Definitions of Community Resilience the LAC Region
Enabling and Limiting Factors of Community Resilience
Governance
Collective Action
Culture and Knowledge Management
Diversification
Limiting Factors
Community Resilience Metrics
Community Resilience: Linking Research and Practice
References
65 Building a Better Ark: The Potential of Engaging Cultural Thought Leaders and Addressing Power Differential in Authentic, C...
Introduction
Theory and Practice
Cultural Groups and Thought Leaders
Institutionalized Worldviews:
Sharing Voice and Power in Stakeholder Engagement
Stakeholder Engagement #1: MAPOne Sonoma
Stakeholder Engagement #2: Rising Waters:
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
66 Promoting Societal Resilience to Cascading Risk and Concurrencies
Introduction: Do Pandemics and Climate Change Have Something in Common?
Climate Change, Networks, and Complex Systems
Cascading Risk and Concurrencies
Learning from Power Outages and Blackouts
The Role of Multi-sector Partnership for Supporting Societal Resilience to Cascading Risk and Concurrencies
Remote and Urban: Are Remote Areas More Resilient?
The Time Gap? A Call for Promoting Societal Resilience to Cascading Risk and Concurrencies
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
67 Building Climate-Resilient Societies: Reconciling Complexity in Environmental Policy
Introduction
Reconciling with Complexity
Policy
Rittel and Webber: Wicked Problems
Wicked Problems in Relation to Climate Change
Rationality
The Environment
Problem Identification, Definition, and Formulation
Just Start
Stakeholder Values
Pluralism
Why Examine Values?
Who Are the Stakeholders?
Objectives of Interviews
Stakeholder Interview Process
Interview Design
Complexity: A Case Study
Analytical Tools
Case Studies
Risks and Vulnerabilities
Power Asymmetries
Equity and Legitimacy
Conclusion
References
68 Long-Term Resilience to Climate Change Risks in French Polynesian Community
Introduction
Resilience Concept and Issues
The Resilience Concept in Risk Management
The Concept Issues
Long-Term Approach: A Risk and Resilience Observatory
What Is the Purpose of a Risk and Resilience Observatory?
Steps in the Development of a Prototype Risk and Resilience Observatory
Local Applications: A French Polynesian Case Study
Issues in French Polynesia
Increase Risk and Resilience Knowledge: Inventory and Typology of Risks in Tahiti
Data Collection and Geovisualization Modeling
Territorial Resilience to the Risk of Flooding in Tahiti
Potential of Aerial Geo-Referenced Data to Supply a Resilience Observatory in Tahiti and Mo´orea
Engaging Stakeholders: Developing a Culture of Resilience in the Face of Hurricane Risk
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
69 Hope and Courage in a Harsh Climate: From Denial and Despair to Resilience and Transformation
Introduction
Beyond Denial and Despair: Facing a Harsh Climate Future with Eyes Wide Open
Defiant Hope and Radical Courage
Strengthening and Sustaining Psychological and Emotional Resilience
Remembering Magnificence: The Urgency and Power of Collective Action
Caring for Country: Indigenous and First Nations Learning About Survival, Resilience, and Resistance
Cooling the Fevered City: Technological Innovation as Our Last Best Hope?
Sisyphus in Flames: Resilience, Resistance, and Rebellion
Mercy to All Beings: Faith-Based Reflections on Thankfulness, Love, and Care
This World Is But a Dewdrop Worldand yetBuddhist Learning About Suffering, Impermanence, and Compassion
Living Ecologically: Understanding and Respecting Complexity and Interdependence
How the Light Gets in: Imagining and Creating Just and Resilient Zero-Carbon Worlds
Conclusion: Contemplating and Honoring the Beauty of the Earth
Cross-References
References
70 Urban Climate Resilience and Its Link to Global Sustainability Agendas
Introduction
Urban Areas in Global Agendas
Case Studies of Urban Resilience
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Cape Town, South Africa
Gothenburg, Sweden
Kisumu, Kenya
Malmö, Sweden
Sheffield, UK
Shimla, India
Discussion and Conclusions
References
Part VIII: Disaster
71 Creating Wildfire-Resilient Communities
Introduction
Change-Related Wildfire Risk Factors
Climate Change
Technological Changes Influencing Large-Scale Wildfire Risk
Societal Changes
Case Study of the Changing Large-Scale Wildfire Risk Landscape and the Implications for Community Resilience: California 2017-...
Crafting and Implementing a Large-Scale Wildfire Resilience Strategy to Address the Changing Risk Landscape
Development Process
Strategy Implementation Plan and Sustainability Approach
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
72 Protecting Health and Livelihoods in an Era of Climatic Extremes: Coastal Habitats in the Final Decade of SDG Action
Introduction
Importance of Quality Health and Sustainable Livelihoods to Socioeconomic Development
The Influence of Climate Change on the Incidence of Extreme Environmental Events
Contemporary Society and Wicked Problems
Importance of Coastal Areas
The Final Decade of Action to Deliver the SDGs
Methodology
Research Design
Case Study
Methodological Approach
Data Interpretation
Results and Discussions
Improving Coastal/Marine Education and Research for Enhanced Resilience
Island Communities and Climate-Induced Extreme Events
Addressing Background Factors in the Successful Conserving of Coastal Habitats
Coastal Communities in Pandemic Times: Addressing the Effects of COVID-19 Crisis
Prioritizing Actions for Coastal Management
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
73 Nature-Based Solutions to Promote Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Along the Coastal Belt of Bangladesh
Introduction
Coastal Belt of Bangladesh
Coastal Land Forms of Bangladesh
Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Belt of Bangladesh
Study Approach and Methodology
Result and Discussion
Physioclimate of Kalapara Upazila
Land Use and Land Use Change in the Study Area
Nature-Based Ecosystem in the Study Area
Disaster Risk Reduction and Nature-Based Ecosystem
Nature-Based Ecosystem and Food Security
Conclusion
References
74 The Climate-(Ir)resilient Society of the Indian Sundarbans
Introduction: Overview of the Sundarbans Area in India
History of Human Settlement in the Sundarbans Area
Decreasing Resilience in the Sundarbans: Rising Hazards
Past Climate Outcomes and Climate Change in the Area
Future Hazards: Projections of Spatially Disaggregated Climate Change Models
External Developments on the Sundarbans
Decreasing Resilience in the Indian Sundarbans: Rising Exposure
Increasing Population Exposed to Disasters
Increasing Value of Physical Assets
Increasing Agricultural Activity and Output
Increasing Investment and Development of Tourism Facilities
Developments in the Natural Enthronement of the Sundarbans
Decreasing Resilience in the Indian Sundarbans: High Levels of Vulnerability
Poverty, Dependency, and Scheduled Castes or Tribes
Safety Nets and Disaster Warning and Mitigation
Review of Major Disasters in the Sundarbans over the Past Two Decades
Severe Tropical Cyclone Aila (May 2009)
Very Severe Tropical Cyclone Bulbul (November 2019)
Super Cyclone Amphan (May 2020)
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
75 Enhancing Climate Resilience in the Pacific
Introduction
Understanding the Context
Developing Sustainable Partnerships
Collecting and Documenting TK
Storing TK
Monitoring TK
Enhancing Communication and Product Use
Products for Communicating Weather and Climate Concepts
Forecast and Warning Products
Effectiveness of the Approach
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
76 Issues in Developing and Implementing an Active Hazard Framework for Coastal Climate Resiliency Planning
Introduction
The Active Hazard and Passive Resource Frameworks
Current Knowledge on Climate Change and Coastal Impacts
Key US Policies Supporting a Passive Resource Framework in Coastal Regions
Insuring and Compensating Against Coastal Damage
Incentivizing Coastal Home Ownership
Impediments to Creating Active Hazard Coastal Policy Frameworks in the United States
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Part IX: Business and Economy
77 Ocean Climate Policy
Introduction
Climate Change and Its Consequences
Adaptation
Living Resources
Tourism and Recreation
Coasts: The Front Lines of Adaptation
Minerals and Mining
Mitigation
Energy
Marine Transportation
Living Resources
Opening the Polar Seas
Other Ocean Industries
Innovations
Blue Technology
Ecosystem Restoration
Responding to the Challenges of Climate Change for the Blue Economy
A Rapidly Moving Target Confronted by Slow-Moving Institutions
Measuring the Economy of the Digital Ocean
Maximize Mitigation to Minimize Aggregation
Conclusions
References
78 Climate and Reputation Risks in an Asian Century
Introduction
Reputation Riskwhat Is It?
The Reputation Dividend
What Makes a Reputation?
What Is Reputation Risk?
Reflective - Learning from Experiences
National Identity
A Smart Nation
Economic Trifecta
Adaptation
Rises in Temperature
Rising Sea Levels
Intense Rainfall Leads to Food and Water Insecurity
Food Security
Climatic Events - Flooding, Land Spouts, and Monsoons
Air Quality
Disease
Economic Recession
Singapore´s Futures
Infectious Diseases Protocols
Regulation and Its Enforcement
Care for Its Citizens
Organized Leadership
Impact of Technology
Growth of Cities and Improving Quality of Life
Global Infrastructure Needs Are Growing
Smart-City Technologies Are Helping to Solve City Problems
Public-Private Partnerships Essential for Infrastructure Requirements
The Competitive Advantage of 5G in Delivering Mobility as a Service
Mapping Out the New Mobility Ecosystem
Role of the Public Sector in Shaping New Mobility
Gatekeeper: Local Partner for Pilots
Beacon: Signaling with Strategic Funding
Convenor
A Public-Interest First Approach
Unintended Consequences
Start with Values: Equity, Sustainability, and Efficiency
Government Procurement and Contracting Model Attempts to Further Equity Goals
Efficiency
Role of the Public Sector in Implementing Mobility as a Service (MaaS)
Criteria
Guidance 1: Leading with Data
Singapore and Autonomous Vehicle Pilots (https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Home/Components/News/News/574/5104)
Partnering for Equity
Case Study 2: Micromobility Pilot (https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Home/Components/News/News/574/5104)
Governance Delivers Simplicity in Complexity
The DNA of Governance
Wicked Problems and Polycentricism
Robust - New Risk Basics
Sticky Problems
Investor Pressures
Reinventing Leadership for Changing Workplace Values and Culture
Know Your LEADS
L.E.A.D.S
2 Globally Responsible Leadership Questions
When to Use L.E.A.D.S
Multidisciplinary
How to Build Alignment?
Cyber-Governance
Reinventing Our Enterprise Architecture for Enhanced Governance
Pivot to an Asian Century
Conclusion
References
79 Key Aspects Supporting Resilient Economic Systems
Introduction
Resilience at Multiple Levels of an Economic System
Resilient Organizations
Introduction
Key Aspects of Organizational Resilience
Resilient Supply Chains
Introduction
Key Aspects of Supply Chain Resilience
Resilience Supported by Interconnected Economic Systems in Societies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
80 Meaning and Purpose in Sustainability Transitions
Introduction
Toward a Practical Philosophy of Change
Beyond Fairness
More-than-Human Development
The Citizen-Worker in the Anthropocene
The Value of Meaningfulness
Developing an Ecological Sensibility
Organizing for Sustainable Transitions
Sustainability/Resiliency
Taking Responsibility for Complexity
Harnessing the Problem
Meaning Labs for Complexity Work
Using Meanings and Values in Sustainability Transitions
Generating Narratives and Purposes
Learning Using Dualities Thinking
Imagining with Fractal Design
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
81 Transformational Adaptation of Communities Through Systems Development
Introduction
Understanding Transformational Adaptation
Conceptual Framework to Assess Transformational Adaptation
Characteristics of Transformational Community-Based Adaptation
On the Frontlines: Transformational Adaptation at Community Levels
Overview
Background of Nepal and Timor-Leste
Assessing Characteristics of Transformational Adaptation
Systemic Change
Catalyze Broader Change
Operate at Scale
Inclusion
Sustainability
Discussion
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
82 The Impact of Carbon Disclosure on the Market Value of Financial Industry Companies: A Review of the Current Status
Introduction and Motivation
Motivation
Relevance of Topic
Research Questions
Carbon Disclosure and Decision-Making in the Financial Industry
Introduction to the Financial Industry
Literature Review
Carbon Scoping Methodology
Research Methodology
Structured Data Analysis
Panel Regression Analysis
Results from Unstructured Data Analysis
Conclusion
References
Part X: Financing Climate Resilience
83 Using Market-Based Instruments to Enhance Climate Resilience
Introduction
What Is Climate Resilience?
Market-Based Instruments: Why Use Them?
Types and Applications of Market-Based Instruments
Who Pays?
MBI Complexity
Incorporating Resilience Principles into Market-Based Instruments
Designing Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments to Enhance Resilience
Principle 1: Value Reserves, Buffers, and Redundant Capacity
Principle 2: Enhance Diversity Rather than Oversimplifying Complex Systems
Principle 3: Implement MBIs at the Appropriate Scale
Principle 4: Ensure Key System Variables Are Monitored and Essential Information Is Shared
Principle 5: Support the Building of Trust, Leadership, and Collaboration
Principle 6: Consider Feedbacks, Indirect Impacts, and Perverse Incentives
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
84 Adaptation Finance: A Review of Financial Instruments to Facilitate Climate Resilience
Introduction
What Is Adaptation Finance?
Costs and Benefits of Resilience
What Can Finance Potentially Add to Adaptation?
Types of Instruments
Risk Transfer
Index Insurance Products
Insurance-Linked Securities
Pay-for-Success Contracts
Partial Liquidation
Green and Climate Resilience Bonds
Asset-Backed Securities
Conservation Finance and Payments for Ecosystem Services
Biodiversity Offset Markets
Debt for Nature or Debt for Climate Swaps
Intensified Stewardship
Summary
Cross-References
References
85 Adoption of the Task Force for Climate Financial Disclosures (TCFD) in Malaysia
Introduction
Background
Data and Methods
TCFD Elements
Carbon Metrics
Discussion
Conclusion
85.0 Specific TCFD Requirements
References
86 Financing to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals
Introduction
Institutional Investment
Banking
International Agreements
Influencing Financial Systems
Economies and Transitions
Financial Markets
Information Disclosure Practices
Assurance Standards
Market Integrity
Market Liquidity
Market Risk
Sustainability and Financial Markets
Development of Sustainability Focused Alternative Markets
Case Study: Water Markets in Australia
Financial Systems and Partnership
Conclusion
References
87 Taxation of Global Commons as a Tool to Reduce Economic Inequalities and Strengthen the Resilience of Tax Systems
Introduction
The Anti-pandemic Stimulus Packages: A Unique Opportunity to Mitigate Climate Change
Human Well-Being and the Mitigation of Climate Change
Prophecies About Taxation in the Third Millennium
A Fiscal Revolution to Reduce Inequalities and Strengthen the Resilience of Tax Systems
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Index
