The Palgrave Handbook of African Women's Studies

Preface
Acknowledgments
HeadingsSec100005218383
Contents
About the Editors
Section Editors
About the Authors
Contributors
Section I: Introduction
1 Introduction: Decolonizing African Women´s Studies
Objectives of the Handbook
Contentions and Contestations
The Subject: ``African Women´´ and ``Africa´´
Debunking Myths
Representing Stories and Storywriters
Transforming the Academy, Rewriting History
Studies on African Women/African Women´s Studies Through Time
African Women´s Studies: Authors, Anthologies, and Asymmetries
Curating Themes: Outline of the Handbook
Research and Knowledge Production on Women in Africa
African Women and Politics
African Women in Conflict and Peace
Women and Gender-Based Violence (GBV) in Africa
African Women and Development Processes
(Re)Writing African Women´s Histories
Women´s Movements in Africa
African Women, Culture, and Society
African Women´s Creativity, Arts, and Performance
Conclusion
References
Research and Knowledge Production on Women in Africa
2 African Feminisms
Introduction
Historical Foundations
The Politics of Self-Naming
The ``African´´ in African Feminisms
Agendas, Issues, and Strategies
Gaps and New Directions
Conclusion
References
3 Teaching Women´s Studies in Africa
Introduction
Defining Women´s Studies
Struggle and the Context of Women Studies in Africa
Decolonizing Theories and Frameworks in African Women Studies and Research
Themes of Women´s Studies in Africa
Benefits of Women´s Studies to Africa´s Development
Conclusion
References
4 Decolonizing the Curriculum on African Women and Gender Studies
Introduction
Decolonization, Knowledge Production, and the Curriculum
Gender Studies as a Decolonizing Project: Realizing Epistemic and Cognitive Justice
Teaching a Decolonized Curriculum on African Women and Gender Studies
Conclusion
References
5 Women and Indigenous Knowledge in Africa
Introduction
Conceptual Clarification
Indigenous Knowledge
Women and Indigenous Knowledge
Rural Women Economic Empowerment and Indigenous Knowledge
Indigenous Technology
Indigenous Knowledge of Medicine
Women, Indigenous Knowledge, and Agriculture
Women, Indigenous Knowledge, and Early Childhood Education
Women, Indigenous Knowledge, and Biodiversity
Conclusion
References
6 African Indigenous Knowledge Systems and the Empowerment of African Women
Introduction
Conceptualizing Empowerment
Theoretical and Empirical Underpinnings of IKS
The Genesis and Purpose of AIKS
Beyond Male-Centric Science
Conclusion
References
7 Women, Gender, and Knowledge Production in Anglophone Africa and Its Diaspora
Introduction
Anglophone West Africa and its Diaspora Gendered Knowledge
Historical and Theoretical Framework: Pan-African Theory and the Ethno-Nations
Critical Theory and Imposed Education
Historical Encounters and Continuities in British-Anglophone Africa and Diaspora Relations
Not-So-Indirect Rule: African-Anglo Gendered Encounters
Modeling Gender-Balanced Syncretic Education
Conclusion and Further Research
References
8 Women, Gender, and Development in Africa
Introduction
Why Gender Matters in/for Development
The Evolution of Discourse and Practice on Gender and Development
Women´s Organizing Around Gender and Development
Conclusion
References
9 Feminist Legal Theory, Human Rights, and Culture in Africa
Introduction
Historical Overview
Select Contemporary Currents
Problematic: Learning Curve
Shifting Human Rights
Africa at a Crossroads
Emergent Trend: Let Africa Lead
Future Direction: What Is Right with Africa
Conclusion
References
10 Women, Gender, and Race in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Introduction
The Persisting Legacy of Race and Gender Divide in South Africa
Women´s Economic and Social Participation
Women in Leadership and Key Decision-Making Positions
Some of the Challenges Facing South African Women Today
Conclusion
References
11 Researching Women and Gender in Africa: Present Realities, Future Directions
Introduction
Contesting Neoliberal Globalization in the Postcolonial Era
Historicization and Contextualization: A Necessary Precondition
Decolonization as a Process of Ethical Reconstruction
Conclusion: Future Directions
References
12 Postscript: Teaching Women´s Studies in Africa - Sample Syllabi
Introduction
Methodology
Contents
Sample Syllabus I Religion, Gender and Sexuality in Africa
Course Description
Course Aims and Objectives
Knowledge Outcomes
Course Texts
Topics
Assignments
Additional Resources and Suggested Reading List
Gender and Sexuality in Africa: General
African Feminist Theologies
Gender and Power in African Christianity
Pentecostalism and Masculinities in Africa
Religion, Sexuality, and HIV/AIDS
Religion and the Politics of LGBTQ in Africa
Sample Syllabus II: Black Women and Popular Culture
Course Description
Course Goals
Schedule
Sample Syllabus III: Women in African History
Course Outline and Format
Learning Goals
Syllabus
Sample Syllabus IV: Gender and Development
Course Description
Course Objectives and Student Learning Outcomes
Lecture Material and Course Organization
Assignments and Assessment
Reference Material
Detailed Class Schedule
Weeks 1 and 2: Introduction to ADLT 329
Overview
Goals and Objectives
Activities and Assignments
Week 3: Review of the UG Library System
Overview
Goals and Objectives
Activities and Assignments
Week 4: Review of the Concept of Adult Education
Overview
Goals and Objectives
Activities and Assignments
Weeks 5 and 6: Review Concepts in Gender and Development
Overview
Goals and Objectives
Activities and Assignments
Weeks 7 and 8: Approaches to Gender and Development
Overview
Goals and Objectives
Activities and Assignments
Weeks 9-11: Issues in Gender and Development
Overview
Goals and Objectives
Activities and Assignments
Weeks 12: Video Message Analysis in Gender and Development
Overview
Goals and Objectives
Activities and Assignments
Week 13: Revision for Final Examination
Overview
Goals and Objectives
Examination Guide
Additional Resources
Sample Syllabus V: Women and Gender in the Middle East and North Africa
Sample Syllabus VI: Main Currents in Gender Discourse
Sample Syllabus VII: Culture and African Women´s Health
Course Rationale
Course Description
Course Learning Objectives
Teaching and Learning Methods
Required Reading
Course Outline: Class Schedule and Readings
Other Resources
Sample Syllabus VIII: Sexuality: Concepts and Perspectives
Course Overview
Course Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Course Contents
Sample Syllabus IX: Women and Gender Studies in African Literature
Course Description
Course Objectives
Course Materials
Sample Syllabus X: Gender Dynamics in African History
Sample Syllabus XI: Women Writers in Africa
Required Texts
Creative Texts
Schedule
Sample Syllabus XII: Nigerian Feminist Writers
Required Texts
Creative Texts
Schedule
Sample Syllabus XIII: Women in Africa
Course Objectives
Required Texts
Course Schedule
Chapter Conclusion
Cross-References
African Women and Politics
13 Women, Gender, and Politics in Africa
Introduction
Trends in Women´s Political Presence in Africa
Women´s Movement Activism on the Continent
National Machineries for Women and Femocracy
Affirmative Action and Quotas for Women
Patriarchy and Patronage
Conclusion
References
14 Women in Political Parties in Africa
Introduction
Is Women Participation in Party Politics in Africa: A Recent Development?
International Instruments Supportive of Women´s Participation in Politics
Women´s Participation in Party Politics in Africa
Women as Party and Parliamentary Executives in Africa
Percentage of Women in Parliament Across Regions
Are There Lessons to Be Learnt from Africa on Women´s Participation in Political Parties and Politics?
What Factors Limit Women´s Participation in Partisan Politics?
Strategies for Promoting Women Participation in Political Parties/Politics
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
15 Women in African Parliaments: Progress and Prospects
Introduction
How Have More Women Accessed Parliaments and Who Are They?
What Are Electoral Gender Quotas?
Descriptive Representation: Who Are the Women MPs?
What Has Been the Impact of More Women in Parliament?
Substantive Representation of Women´s Interests
Symbolic Representation of Women´s Interests
Future Prospects: Achieving Gender Parity in Parliaments?
Conclusion: What About Democracy and Women´s Representation?
References
16 Women in Judiciaries Across Africa
Introduction
Theorizing Women and Judiciaries in Across Africa
Mapping Patterns and Women´s Symbolic Representation in African Judiciaries
History of Legal Education
Legal Traditions and Perceptions of Prestige
Court Structures and Gender Stratification
Selection Methods
Emerging Trends and Patterns: Women on the Bench
The Numbers
Leadership
Professional Associations and Networking
Substantive Representation
International Benches
Continuing Challenges and Prospects for the Future
Selection Methods
Promotions
Double Jeopardy
Leadership Challenges
Conclusion and Future Research
References
17 Women in Executive Political Leadership in Africa
Introduction
Women´s Executive Political Leadership in West Africa
Nigeria
Women´s Executive Political Leadership in East Africa
Uganda
Recurrent Issues from Comparative Analysis of Women´s Experiences in Executive Political Leadership in Nigeria and Uganda
Conclusion
References
18 Women in Local Government in Africa: Gender, Resistance, and Empowerment
Introduction
Sociopolitical Structures, Cultural Practices, and Gender Construction and Deconstruction
Resistance and Advocacy for Gender Equality
Factors Enabling Women to Engage in Local Government
Conclusion
References
19 Women in/and the Security Sector in Africa
Introduction
Theoretical and Conceptual Exposition: Feminist Security Theory
Legal and Policy Framework for Women in Security Sector
Women and the Security Sector in Africa: Problems and Prospects
Security Sector Reform and Female Participation in the Security Sector
Conclusion
References
20 Gender Equality Policies and African Women: A Comparative Critique
Introduction
The Scope of African Gender Equality Policies
Understanding How Gender Equality Happens
Development and Democracy?
The Key(s) to Gender Equality: Institutions, Women, and Disruption
The Limits of Gender Equality Policy: Informal Barriers Matter
Why Gender Equality Policy Will Not Create Gender Equality
Conclusion
References
21 Women, Quotas, and Affirmative Action Policies in Africa
Introduction
The Affirmative Action Debate
The Successes and Failures of Gender Quotas as Affirmative Action for Women in Africa
Conclusion
References
22 The State of LGBT Rights in Africa
Introduction
A Human Rights Frame
LGBT Rights and Institutions
Law
Religion
Family
Media and Popular Culture
Health
Conclusion
References
23 Women, Activism, and the State in North Africa
Introduction
Activism Under Colonialism
The Early Years of Independence and Women´s Activism in North Africa
The 1980s and the Resurgence of Women´s Activism
Morocco
Conclusion
References
24 Women of African Islands: Rights, Representation, and Participation
Introduction
Contextualizing the Islands of Africa: General Trends
Legal Frameworks for Equality: National and International Dimensions
Representation and Participation: Gendered Power Relations
Gendering Governance: Why Should Gender Equality Count?
Conclusion
Annex
References
25 New Trends in Women and Politics in Africa
Introduction
Executives
Heads of State
Prime Ministers
Ministers
Vice Presidents
Legislative Representation
Speakers of the House
Parliamentarians
Judiciary
Regional Leadership
Explaining New Trends in Women´s Political Leadership
Alternative Arguments
Proportional Representation Systems
Socioeconomic Development
Foreign Aid
Left-Leaning Parties
Religion
Colonial Legacies
Explaining Women´s Political Ascent in Africa
Quotas
End of Major Conflict
Democratization
Women´s Mobilization
International Pressures
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
African Women in Conflict and Peace
26 Women´s Roles and Positions in African Wars
Introduction
Gender and Militarism
Historical Role of Women in African Wars: An Overview
Women and Forms of Recruitment into Armed Groups in the Contemporary Era
Women´s Wartime Activities
Women in Military Roles
Women´s Nonmilitary Role
Impact of Women´s War Role on Their Postwar Lives
Deconstructing Femininity in Wars
Conclusion
References
27 Theorizing African Women and Girls in Combat: From National Liberation to the War on Terrorism
Introduction
Gender and War
Where War Happens: Blurring Private/Public and Civil/Military
(Un)defining Women and Girls
Women and Girls in Wars of National Liberation
Rebel Girls/Bush Wives
African Women and Girls in the ``War on Terror´´
Conclusion
References
28 Gendered Experiences of Refugee and Displaced Women in Africa
Introduction
Feminist Intersectionality and the Continuum-of-Violence Approaches
Label Matters and Why Labels Matter: The Politics of Naming the ``Refugee´´ in International Discourse
Evolution of International Protection of Refugee Women
A Gendered Continuum of Displacement Experiences in Africa
Pre-war
Outbreak of War
Fleeing War
In Displacement: Camps and Other Arrangements
Durable Solutions
Conclusion and Areas for Future Studies
References
29 Women, Terrorist Groups, and Terrorism in Africa
Introduction: Conceptualizing Terrorists and Terrorism
Female Terrorists in Africa
The Mau Mau Rebellion of Kenya
Algerian National Liberation Front
Liberation Front of Mozambique (FRELIMO)
Zimbabwe Army of National Liberation
Boko Haram of Nigeria
Conclusion
References
30 Women, Terrorism, and Media: Framing of Chibok and Dapchi Schoolgirls´ Abduction Stories in Television
Introduction
Context: Terrorism Against Women
The Media and Terrorism in Africa
Media Agenda Setting Theory and Public Opinion on Terrorism
Research Method
Test of Hypotheses
Decision Rule
Media Framing of the Chibok and Dapchi Schoolgirls´ Abduction Stories
Conclusion
References
31 Women and Peace Processes in Africa
Introduction
Peace Processes
Conflicts in Africa
The Need for Inclusion of Women in Peace Processes
Women´s Roles in Peace Processes in Africa
Involvement of Women in Peace Processes: Impacts and Challenges
Conclusion
References
32 Women and Peacebuilding in Postconflict African States
Introduction
Women in War, Peace, and Postconflict Reconstruction Processes
Woman Peacemaker
Peacebuilding Within Patriarchal Systems
Women Organizations
Conclusion
References
33 Women and Peace Education in Africa
Introduction
Development of Peace Education
African Women´s Involvement in Peace Education
Strategies of African Women in Peace Education
Broader Impact of African Women in Peace Education
Conclusion
References
34 African Women and Peace Education: Field Experiences
Introduction
Peace and Peace Education as Gendered Concepts
Peace Education as Transformative Education
Making a Case for African Women as Peace Educators
Understanding the Multiple Roles of Women
African Women as Critical Agents in Promoting Peace Education
Challenges and Risks for African Women Mobilizing for Peace Education
Conclusion
References
35 DDR and the Education of Ex-Combatant Girls in Africa: A Gendered Analysis
Introduction
DDR, Education, and Child Soldiers: Overview
Child Soldiers in African Conflicts
DDR and Child Soldiers in Africa
A Gendered Analysis of DDR and the Education of Ex-Combatant Girls
Way Forward for Future DDR Programs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
36 Women and Transitional Justice Processes in Africa
Introduction
The Goals and Objectives of Transitional Justice: Adding an African Woman´s Voice
Case Study Analysis
The Legacy of the Conflict in Uganda
Gender-Specific Mandate of the Transitional Justice System in Uganda
Women´s Participation in the Ugandan Transitional Justice Processes
The Conflict in Liberia
Gender-Specific Mandate of the Transitional Justice Mechanism in Liberia
Women and Transitional Justice Processes
The Legacy of the Conflict in Sierra Leone
Gender-Specific Mandate of Transitional Justice System in Sierra Leone
Women´s Participation in Transitional Justice Processes
Women in Transitional Justice in Rwanda
Gender-Specific Mandate of Transitional Justice System in Rwanda
The Legacy of the Conflict in South Africa
Gender-Specific Mandates of Transitional Justice System in South Africa
Women´s Participation in Transitional Justice Processes
Comparative Analysis of Transitional Justice Processes in Multi-Case Studies
Conclusion
References
37 Women and Transitional Justice in Africa and Latin America
Introduction
Understanding Structural Gender Disparities
Recognition and Acknowledgment of Gender-Specific Harms Against Women
Institutionalizing Gender-Specific Reparative Policies
Women´s Participation in Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding
Conclusion
References
38 Conflict-Related Sexual Violence and Women´s Rights: Africa in Global Context
Introduction
Women´s Rights Are Human Rights
The Incidence of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence
The Patterns and Forms of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence
Rape in War
Sexual Slavery as a Form of Sexual Violence in War
Forced Marriage, Forced Impregnation, and Forced Maternity
Coerced Undressing
Rights Violated Through the Perpetration of Sexual Violence in War Zones
Violation of the Right to Life
The Right to Freedom of Expression
The Abuse of the Right to Education
Sexual and Reproductive Rights
Right to Personal Dignity
The Right to Reparations for Victims of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence
Necessity of the Reparation of Wartime Sexual Violence Victims Rights Violated
Categories of Reparations Needed by Victims of Wartime Sexual Violence
Transformative Reparation
Conclusion
References
39 The United Nations and African Women in Peace, Security, and Governance
Introduction
The African Woman, Peace, Security, Governance: Conceptual and Theoretical Interrogation
United Nations and the Women, Peace and Security Agenda
African Women in Peace, Security, and Governance
African Women´s Involvement in Peace and Security
Moves to Sustain Higher Levels of Women Involvement
Peacebuilding
United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 1325 and Its Effects on African Women
Challenges of WPS Agenda
Conclusion
References
40 UNSCR 1325 and African Women in Conflict and Peace
Introduction
African Conflicts and Its Gendered Impact on Women
Emergence of UNSCR 1325: Conceptual Issues
The African Union, Regional Economic Communities, and National Implementation of UNSCR 1325
Implementing UNSCR 1325 in Africa: Progress and Problems
Conclusion
References
Women and Gender-Based Violence (GBV) in Africa
41 Violence Against Women in North Africa
Introduction
Scale, Scope, and Severity of VAW in North Africa
Women´s Movements Against VAW: Strategies and Interventions
Protective Legal Frames: Trends and Tendencies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
42 Sexual Offences in Africa
Introduction
Defining and Contextualizing Sexual Offences in Africa
The Magnitude of Sexual Offences in Africa
Prevalence Data
International Frameworks and Norms on Sexual Offences
International and Regional Instruments
Domestication of International and Regional Instruments: Country-Level Sexual Offences Laws
Responding to Sexual Offences in Africa: A Whole Sector Approach
Conclusion
References
43 Violence Against LGBT(QI) Persons in Africa
Introduction
Forms of Violence Experienced by LGBT(QI) Individuals in Africa
Sexual Violence
Criminalization of Identification as LGBT(QI) Individuals
Derogation
Exclusion
Rejection
Labeling
Banning from Social Gatherings
Sources of Violence Against the LGBT(QI) Communities in Africa
Protecting Heteronormativity
Adherence to National Laws
Perpetuating Inequality
Religion
The Impact of Violence on the LGBT(QI) Community in Africa
Challenges in Accessing Healthcare
Fleeing the Country
Subjection to Systemic Abuse/Police Brutality
Strategies for Averting Violence Against LGBT(QI) Individuals
Inclusion of Clauses to Protect LGBT(QI) Individuals in the Laws of the Country
Enshrining Mechanisms for Implementation of Non-discrimination Clauses
Social Mobilization to Fight for the Rights of LGBT(QI) Individuals
LGBT(QI) Activism in Africa and the Way Forward
Conclusion
References
44 Girls, Sexuality, and Gender-Based Violence in Africa
Introduction
Theoretical Underpinnings
Male Versus Female Values
Girls and Women as Spoils of War
Girlhood in Africa
Anatomy of Gender-Based Violence in Africa
Conflict and Terrorism
Globalizing Influences: The Internet and Social Media
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C)
Early and Forced Marriage
Perception of Sexual Minorities
Understanding Gender-Based Violence in Africa
Any Safe Spaces for Girls in Africa?
Responses to GBV: Girls´ Empowerment
Conclusion
References
45 Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Africa: Patriarchy and Policy
Introduction
Types of FGM/C and Women´s Health Implications
Debates on the Cultural Practice of FGM/C
The Role of Patriarchy in the Practice of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting
Global Efforts Toward FGM/C Eradication
Policy Interventions
Conclusion
References
46 Women in African Prisons
Introduction
Prison and the Law
The Making of ``Prisons´´ in Africa
Conceptualizing Female Prisoner´s Mental Health in the Context of African Prisons
African Prisons, Female Inmates, and Oppressive Gender Norms
African Female Prisoners´ Well-Being and Mental Health
Addressing the Mental Health of African Female Prisoners
Conclusion
References
47 Women, Trafficking, and Forced Prostitution in Africa
Introduction
Trafficking and Forced Prostitution in Africa
Globalization, the International Political Order, and Trafficking and Forced Prostitution in Africa
Push and Pull Factors in Trafficking and Forced Prostitution in Africa
Case Studies and Trends
Policy Issues and Evaluation
Conclusion
References
48 Non-state Actors and Violence Against Women in Africa
Introduction
Non-state Actors and Gender-Based Violence
Non-state Actors in the Family
Non-state Actors in the Community
Non-state Actors in the Context of Conflict
The Roles of Non-state Actors and the Challenges of Eliminating Violence Against Women
Conclusion
References
49 Violence and Women´s Health in Africa
Introduction
Forms of Violence Affecting Women´s Health
Causes of Violence Against Women
Violence and Women´s Health
Physical Injuries
Psychological and Mental Health Injuries
Reproductive and Genital Injuries
Combating Violence Against Women
Conclusion
References
50 Alternative Rites of Passage and Other Responses to Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Africa
Introduction
Research Methods and Theoretical Underpinnings
The Criminalization of FGM/C and Unintended Consequences of Legal and Policy Approaches
The Unintended Consequences of Anti-FGM Legislation and Community Tensions
Cross Border FGM/C
Can Laws Criminalize Culture? Tensions with Criminalization of FGM
Community Wide Approaches to FGM/C in Africa: Tostan Village Empowerment Models in West Africa
FGM/C Villages in Egypt
Safe Houses and Rescue Centers in Kenya
Education and School Based Models in Kenya
Promising Approaches: Leveraging the Role of Multiple and Wide Range Community Actors
Working with Spiritual/Religious Leaders
Working with Young Men: The Case of Anticut in Kenya
Intergenerational Dialogue Approaches
Emerging Approaches: Understanding and Transforming Social and Gender Norms
Alternative Rites of Passage (ARPs) in East Africa: Perspective from Kenya
The History of ARPs in East Africa
AMREF Alternative Rites of Passage Model Among the Maasai and Samburu of Kenya
Conclusion
References
51 The Response to Gender-Based Violence in Africa
Introduction
Gender-Based Violence During the Colonial Period
Gender-Based Violence in Postindependence Africa
Conclusion
References
(Re)Writing African Womens Histories
52 A History of African Women from Origins to 800 CE: Bold Grandmas, Powerful Queens, Audacious Entrepreneurs
Introduction
African Concepts of Gender and Gendered Institutions
The Bantu Matrilineal Belt-Sidebar
Eve and Her Grandmother
The Gatherer Becomes the Farmer
Female Power in the Afroasiatic Ancient World
Circumcision and Labia Stretching-Sidebar
West Africa and the Bantu Migration 4500 BCE to 1000 CE
Bantu Grammar-Sidebar
Conclusion
References
53 A History of African Women from 800 CE to 1900: Bold Grandmas, Powerful Queens, Audacious Entrepreneurs
Introduction
African Women, Islam, and Gold, 800 CE to 1800 CE
Somali Women and 1992 Famine in Baidoa: Sidebar
Women and the Slave Trade 1500 CE to 1880 CE
East, Central, and Southern Africa: Elite Women and Centralized Societies 1500-1800
Jihad and West African Women 1700-1900
African Women and the Domination of Europe to 1900
Empress Taytu: Sidebar
Conclusion
References
Interviews in Baidoa, Somalia, 1992
54 African Women and the Atlantic Slave Trade
Introduction
Origins
The Transatlantic Slave Trade
Women in the Transatlantic Slave Trade
Middle Passage on Land
Middle Passage at Sea
Historiography
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
55 Women in Pre-colonial Africa: East Africa
Introduction
Motherhood and Marriage
Women, Power, and Politics
Women, Work, Trade, and Mobility
Women, Slavery, and the Slave Trade
Women and Religious Rituals
Conclusion
References
56 Women in Pre-colonial Africa: West Africa
Introduction
Women and Society
Women and Public Life
Women and the Economy
Women and Traditional Religion
Conclusion
References
57 Women in Pre-colonial Africa: Southern Africa
Introduction
Matrimonial Matters in Pre-colonial Southern Africa: Lobola (Bride Price) and Marriage
Women as Active Agents of Production
Women´s Influence in Politics and Religion
Women as Political Leaders
Women as Religious and Spiritual Leaders
Conclusion
References
58 Women in Colonial East Africa
Introduction
Context
Land, Labor, and Agriculture
Trade
Education
Politics, Nationalism, and the Liberation Struggle
Conclusion
References
59 North African Women and Colonialism
Introduction
North African Women and the Colonial Encounter(s)
Women´s Activism in Algeria
Women´s Activism in Tunisia
Women´s Activism in Morocco
Women´s Activism in Egypt
Conclusion
References
60 Women and Colonialism in West Africa
Introduction
Leadership Roles of Women in Precolonial West Africa
Women and Economic Development in Colonial West Africa
Women´s Resistance to Colonialism in West Africa
Impact of Colonialism on West African Women
Conclusion
References
61 Women and Colonialism: Southern Africa
Introduction
Women as Agents of Reproduction and Production
Colonial Laborers
Women in Traditional Leadership and Liberation Struggles
Women in Traditional Leadership
Women in the Liberation Struggle
Conclusion
References
62 Women and Colonialism Across Africa
Introduction
Colonial Rule: The African Woman and the Challenges of Change
Women, Colonialism, and the Ideas of Empire in Africa
Women and the Politics of Public Life
African Women and the Mechanics of Colonial Social and Economic Growth
African Women and Anti-Colonial Struggles: The Nationalist Phase
Radical Womanhood: Women and Armed Resistance to Colonial Rule in Africa
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
63 Writing Nigerian Women´s Political History
Introduction
The Political History of Nigerian Women
The Gaps and Recommendations for Further Studies on Nigerian Women
Conclusion
References
64 Writing Nigerian Women in the Economy, Education, and Literature
Introduction
Nigerian Women and the Nation´s Economy
Nigerian Women in Education and Academia
Nigerian Women in Literature
The Gaps and Recommendations for Further Studies on Nigerian Women
Conclusion
References
65 Gender, Authority, and Identity in African History: Heterarchy, Cosmic Families and Lifestages
Introduction
Heterarchy
Cosmic Family
Processual Lifestages
Conclusion: Future Research
References
66 Colonialism and Gender in Africa: A Critical History
Introduction
From the Distant Past to the More Recent Past
Colonialism and the Gender Paradigm in Africa
Emerging Trends in African Gender Narratives
Conclusion
References
67 Women, Colonial Resistance, and Decolonization: Challenging African Histories
Introduction
A Man´s World? Politics, Anticolonialism, and Statehood
Out of One, Many: African Women as Agents Despite the European Gaze
A Feminist Curiosity: Where Were the Women?
Rewriting the Birth of the African State
Conclusion
References
68 African Women´s Letters as Intellectual History and Decolonial Knowledge Production
Introduction
Liminality and the Politics of Writing
Negotiating and Remaking the World Through Letters
Conclusion
References
69 Challenges of Writing African Women´s Histories
Introduction
Works on African Women´s History
Challenges of Writing African Women´s History: The Reports of Scholars
Mitigating the Challenges of Writing African Women´s Histories
Conclusion
References
Women´s Movements in Africa
70 Women, Social Movements and Political Activism in North Africa
Introduction
The Status of North African Women: Historical Background
The Status of North African Women Today
Policy and Legal Matters
Family Code
Employment/Unemployment
Political Participation
The Impact of Women´s Organizations
Gains in Family Law
Gains in Political Participation
Conclusion
References
71 The Arab Spring and Women´s Movements in North Africa
Introduction
Background: State Policy, Women´s Rights, and the Arab Spring
Frames and Strategies of Women´s Activism
Islamic Feminism and Islamist Women´s Activism: How They Differ
Activism During and After the Arab Spring
Women on the Move: Vulnerability and Agency of Migrant Women
Women´s Journeys Across the Sahara
Women in Migrant Communities in North Africa
The Women ``Left Behind´´
Conclusions
References
72 Rural Women Farmers´ Grassroots Networks in Africa
Introduction
Women Farmers Transmit Specialist Knowledge
Marketing Strategies of Women Vegetable Growers
Helpful Interventions
The Power of Empowerment
Conclusion
References
73 African Women's Movements and Struggles over Land
Introduction
Women´s Movements and Policy Change
Barriers to Pro-woman Land and Property Rights Policy Change
Policy Progress and Continued Struggle
Advancing Women´s Land Rights Through the Courts?
Advancing Land and Livelihood Rights Through Everyday Struggle
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Court Cases
Other References
74 LGBTI+ Organizations in Southern and East Africa: Fighting for Equal Rights
Introduction
Southern Africa
Eastern and Central Africa
Conclusion
References
Selected Websites
75 LGBTI+ Organizations in West Africa and North Africa: Fighting for Equal Rights
Introduction
West Africa
North Africa
Conclusions
References
Selected Websites
76 The ``Subalternity´´ of Women in Social Movements and African Politics
Introduction
African Feminism, Postcolonial Feminism, and Decolonial Feminism
Patriarchy and the Politics of Representation
Case Studies
Queen Lozikeyi and Mbuya Nehanda: A Missed Articulation
The African National Congress and Women Politics
Feminists at Tahrir Square, Egypt in 2011 and at Solomon Mahlangu House, South Africa in 2015
Conclusion: The Desirability of a Strong Feminism
References
77 The African Diaspora and Women´s Struggles in Africa
Introduction
The African Diaspora
African Women and Anti-colonial and Independence Struggles
The African Diaspora and African Women Struggles for Independence
African Women and the Struggles Toward Democratization and Regime Change
The African Diaspora and Women Struggles for Peaceful and Democratic Societies
African Women and the Struggles for Sustainable Livelihoods in Africa
The African Diaspora and African Women Collective Actions for Sustainable Livelihood
Conclusion
References
78 The United Nations and African Women´s Movements
Introduction
Engagements of the United Nations with African Women´s Movements
Assessment of the United Nations´ Efforts in the Promotion of Women´s Rights in Africa
Limitations to the Activism of African Women´s Movements
Conclusion
References
79 African Women´s Movements and the African Union
Introduction
The Transition from the OAU to the AU
Overview of the African Union Gender Framework
Advocating for Women´s Rights: The Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa
Monitoring Compliance with AU Gender Equity Policies
Conclusions
References
African Women and Development Processes
80 African Women´s Formal and Informal Labor: A Comparative History
Introduction
History of Women´s Labor in Africa (from the Precolonial to the Present)
Contemporary Debates: Female Labor Under Capitalist Production
Capitalist Production, Women´s Labor, and the Crisis of Social Reproduction
Conclusion
References
81 Women and Community Development in Rural Africa: Deconstructing Dominant Narratives
Introduction
Perspectives on Women, Rural Communities and African Development
Women Within Africa´s Rural Community Development Context
Reimagining African Women in Rural Community Development
Conclusion
References
82 Women, Land, and Law in Africa
Introduction
Conceptual/Theoretical Frameworks on Women and Land Rights
The Rights-Based Theory
The Concept of Empowerment and Women´s Land Rights
African Customary Land Law
Statutory Laws Regulating Land Ownership in Africa
Institutional Frameworks for Securing Women´s Land Rights in Africa
Constitutional Courts
Civil Society Organizations
Land Law Reforms
Best Practices for Enhancing Women´s Land Rights in Africa
Conclusion
References
83 Women, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Development in Africa
Introduction
The Development Agenda in Africa
Entrepreneurship as a Driver of Development
Women and Entrepreneurship
Filling the Gap: Creating Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Conclusion: Envisioning Africa´s Economy in the Twenty-First Century
References
84 Women in Agriculture in Contemporary Africa
Introduction
Women and Land Ownership in Africa
Women and Agricultural Labor
Women and Livestock Production
Marketing and Decision-Making Within African Agricultural Households
Gendered Aspects of Horticultural Production
Women, Rural Entrepreneurship, and Financing
Women and Agricultural Policy in Africa
Women, Agricultural Livelihoods, and Climate Change in African Contexts
Young Women and Agriculture
Conclusions
References
85 African Women in University Management and Leadership
Introduction
Women and Leadership in African HE
Forces and Factors Affecting Women in HE
Structural/Institutional: Inequality and Representation
Historical and Socio-Cultural: Tension Between Inclusive Policies and Cultural Norms
Individual/Personal: African Women´s Identities and Agency
Inclusion Strategies: A Transformation Agenda
Conclusion
References
86 African Women, Technology, and ICTs
Introduction
The Technological Revolution and the ICT Potential for Women in Africa
Emerging African Women IT Developers
Inhibiting Factors and Future Policy Directives
Conclusion
References
87 Women, Poverty, and Empowerment in Africa
Introduction
Women, Poverty, and Feminization of Poverty in Africa
Women´s Empowerment as a Panacea to Poverty Reduction in Africa
Conclusion
References
88 Women´s Empowerment and Women´s Health in Africa
Introduction
Women´s Empowerment and Women´s Health: Conceptual Clarification
Women´s Health Challenges in Africa
HIV/AIDS Prevalence Among Women Across Africa
Women´s Reproductive Health Challenges in Africa
Domestic Violence Against Women
Gender Inequality and Women´s Health Challenges Across Africa
Women´s Empowerment and Women´s Health
Women´s Economic Empowerment and Women´s Health
Women´s Education and Women´s Access to Health Care
Conclusion
References
89 Women and Development Policies in African States
Introduction
Key Development Policies and African Development
The Structural Adjustment Policy in Africa
Women and Development Policies in Africa
Why Development Policies Failed to Benefit Women Much in Africa
Conclusion
References
90 Women, Climate Change, and Sustainable Development in Africa
Introduction
Women and Nature/Environment Theoretical Debate
Women and Climate Change in SSA
Nature and Trends of Women and Climate Change Impact (CCI) in SSA
Multisector Analysis of CCI from FPE Standpoint
Implications of CCI for Sustainable Development (SD) in SSA
Conclusion/Recommendations
References
91 Gender Budgeting in Africa
Introduction
Gender Economic Programs and Policies in Africa: An Overview
Nature of Gender Budgets
Dimensions to Gender Budgeting
Role of Gender Budgeting in Gender Development
Gender Budgeting for Gender Equality in Africa
Evolving a People-Public-Private Partnership
Committed and Working Governance Structure
Mainstream National Gender Goals into Budgets
Holistic and Inclusive Government Structure
Monitoring and Evaluation for Feedbacks
Conclusion
References
92 Gender and Migration in North Africa
Introduction
Setting the Ground: Migration to/Out of North African Countries
History/Trends
Causes
Gender Dimensions of the Migration Movements
Changing Gender Roles in Migration
Conclusion
References
93 Women, Migration, and Development in Africa
Introduction
Nature and Patterns of Women´s Migration in Africa
Factors and Forces Influencing Women´s Migration in Africa
Women´s Migration and African Development
Women, Migration Policies, and African Development
Conclusion
References
94 African Diaspora Women and African Development
Introduction
Diaspora
Development
Diaspora and Development
African Diaspora Women and Transnationalism
African Diaspora Women in a Globalized World of Development
African Diaspora Women and International Feminist Politics
Conclusion
References
95 African Women and Globalization
Introduction
Towards a Conceptual Framework
Intra-continental Crossborder Traders
Inter-continental Crossborder Traders
Conclusion
References
African Womens Creativity, Arts, and Performance
96 Women and Art in Africa: A Historical View
Introduction
African Women as Artists: A Case Study from Hellenistic Egypt
Female Images and Efficacy in African Art: A Case Study from the Kingdom of Benin, Nigeria
African Women as Patrons: A Case Study from Liberia
African Women as Curators and Critics: A Case Study from the City of Lagos, Nigeria
Women´s Contributions to the Arts: Painting and Engraving
Women´s Contributions to the Arts: Weaving and Fiber Arts
Women´s Contributions to the Arts: Ceramic Vessels and Sculpture
Women´s Contributions to the Arts: Installations and Performance
References
97 African Women in African Arts: Making Art for Change
Introduction
Women Artists in African Homelands
Conclusion
References
98 African Women in African Arts: Activists, Cultural Brokers, and Boundary Breakers
Introduction
Conclusion
References
99 African Women Writers
Introduction
Background
The First Wave
The Second Wave
Autobiographical Voices of the Second Wave
Third Wave
Conclusion
References
100 Women and North African Literatures
Introduction
Contextualizing Gender and Gender Relations in the Maghreb
Writing as a Form of Speaking Back to Patriarchy
Rethinking Femininity and Female Sexuality
The Sociopolitical Potentiality of Literature in the Empowerment of Women
Conclusion
References
101 African Women and African Oral Literatures
Introduction
Nature and Features of African Oral Literature
Perceptions About Women in African Oral Literature
Roles of Women in African Oral Literature
Gender Dynamics in African Oral Literature
Continuities and Change in the Depiction and Roles of Women in African Oral Literature
Conclusion
References
102 African Women and Theatre for Development
Introduction
Evolution of Theatre for Development in Africa
Theoretical Inclination
Women as Producers and Presenters of Knowledge in Africa
Women as Characters or ``Spect-Actors´´ in the Performances
Women as Part of the Audience
Donors, Funding, and Theatre for Development
Conclusion
References
103 Nollywood and Women
Introduction
Nollywood: Issues and Challenges
Female Representation in Nollywood Movies
Women in Nollywood Film Industry: A Sociohistorical Study
Women in Nollywood: Contributing to National Values and Development
Female Film Producers and Directors in Nollywood
Female Actors in Nollywood
Conclusion
References
104 African Women Hip-Hop Artists Representing Transnational Identities: Y3 Fr3 Me Rebel
Introduction
Transcultural Identities
The Metaphysical
Race and Racism
Gender
Relationships
Conclusion
References
105 African Women in Sports: A Critical Analysis of Selected Media Discourses
Introduction
Methodology
Frames and Metaphors for Constructing African Sportswomen´s Experiences
Animation
Grace and Disgrace
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
Conclusion
References
106 African Women´s Internet Discourses
Introduction
Islamic Feminists
Secular Feminists
Speaking Rights to Power on Facebook
Subverting Masculinist Political Discourse
Conclusion
References
Facebook
Blogs
Twitter
107 Women, Social Media, and Culture in Africa
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Women, Media, and Patriarchy in Africa
African Women Harnessing Social Media for Cultural Change
Social Media as a Tool for Shaping Public Opinion
Social Media for Women Empowerment
Social Media as a Tool for Women´s Advocacy
Social Media for Gender Justice
Social Media for Changing Gender Norms and Replacing Traditional Gender Stereotypes
Social Media for Social Movements
Conclusion
References
108 African Women and the Mass Media
Introduction
African Women in the Mass Media Historically
Women´s Representation in the Media: Visibility, Portrayal, and Influence
Women in Media Development, for Media Development, and as Media Developers
Women for Media Development
Women as Media Developers
Conclusion
References
African Women, Culture, and Society
109 African Women Traditional Chiefs and Rulers
Introduction
Women Leaders Before Colonial Annexation
West Africa
Mende Women Traditional Leaders
Asante Queen Mothers
Central Africa
Matamba
Lunda
Southern Africa
Lovedu Rain Queens
Swazi
East Africa
Buganda
Bunyoro
Women Leaders and the Impact of Colonization
Asante
Mende
Igboland: Ahebi Ugbabe, the Female King
Buganda Queen Mothers
Traditional Women Leaders in the Contemporary Era
Mende Women Chiefs
Swazi Queens
Asante Queen Mothers
Conclusion
References
110 Women, Islam, and the State in North Africa
Introduction
Setting the Ground: The Premodern Era
Modern Era: Colonization, Nationalism, and State-Building
Postmodern Era: New Developments
Conclusion
References
111 Women, Islam, and the Law: Womanism, Shari´a, and Human Rights in Africa
Introduction
Shari´a
Women´s Right to Equality Before the Law and Equal Protection of the Law (S. Mahmassani 1966)
Women´s Right to Legal Disposition
The Right to Equal Opportunity for Marriage
Equal Rights to Legal Capacity in Civil Matters
Women´s Rights to Participation in Public Affairs, Including Elections
Women´s Rights on Issues of Family Roles
Role of Qadis´ and Legal Practitioners in the Protection of the Rights of Women
Conclusion
References
112 Representations of North African Women and African Islamic Religion in El Saadawi´s Zeina
Introduction
Archetypal Images of African Women Under African Islamic Religion
Protestant Images of African Women Against Egyptian Islamic Religion
Ambiguities in the Responses of Arab Women to a Toxic Islamic Religion in Zeina
Conclusion
References
113 Women and Christianity in Africa
Introduction
Early Christianity´s First Encounter with Africa
The Place of Women in Early African Christianity
The Portuguese and the Second Encounter of Christianity with Africa
The Missionary Era as Third Wave of Christianity in Africa
Missionary Education of Girls
Women in the African Mission Churches
Perceptions About Women in Church Ministry in Africa
Present Experiences and Realities
The Rise of the African Independent Church (AIC) Movement
The AIC Movement as a Platform for Women´s Leading Roles in the Church
Women´s Leadership in the Pentecostal Churches
African Women´s Contribution to Theological and Biblical Studies
Notable Women Theologians and Biblical Scholars
Conclusion
References
114 Women and African Traditional Religion
Introduction
Throwing Out the Baby with the Bath Water: Evaluating the Influence of Terminologies
African Worldview, African Traditional Religion, and Its Features: The Context
Women in ATR
The Construction of Gender Politics in ATR
The Masculinization of ATR
Politicizing the Ritual Practices and Space: Beyond Performance?
Conclusion
References
115 Womb Wisdom to Cosmic Wisdom: Women and African Spiritualities in Africa and the Diaspora
Introduction
Transformations of Yoruba and Other African Ideations in Dialogue with the Non-African
Contrastive Responses to Female Bodies in Classical Yoruba Thought
Ayele Kumari and Womb Wisdom
Kumari´s Development of Cosmological and Human-Centered African Female Spirituality
Susanne Wenger and the Metaphysics of Female Biology
Rethinking the Paradoxical Characterization of Iyami Aje in Yoruba Thought
Susanne Wenger on Nature Enabled Mystical Flight of Iyami Aje
Ayele Kumari on Iyami Aje
Bello Olarinmoye and Yoruba Women´s Occult Mysteries
The Secular Spirituality of Erotic Artist Tiara Kristine
Tiara Kristine and Goddess Energy
Nyornuwofia Agorsor, Inscriber on Voidness
Conclusion
References
116 The Role of Religion and Faith Actors in Violence Against Women and Girls in Africa: Challenges, Tensions, and Promise
Introduction
Making Sense of VAWG! The Drivers of Violence Against Women and Girls
Engaging Religion and Faith Groups in VAWG: Problems, Challenges, and Promise
Religious and Faith-Based Response to VAWG: Some Recent Developments
Faith-Based Organizations in HIV/AIDs Support
The Role of Faith Actors in FGM/C Eradication and Early Marriage in Kenya
The Tamar Campaign: Christian Clergy Breaking the Silence Around Rape and Other Forms Sexual- and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV)
The Power of Hashtags! FBOs Creating a World Without Rape Through #ThursdaysinBlack#
The Role of Male Allies: Living as First Man Standing (LAFMS) Campaign
Transforming Masculinities in Africa: A Faith-Based Approach to GBV
Women´s Voices and Activism: Feminist Theologians and Their Role in VAWGs
Conclusion
References
117 Gender, Motherhood, and Parenting in Africa
Introduction
African Feminist Theorizations on Motherhood: Intersectionality Theory
Nigeria
Mothering Within the Network of Care
Ethiopia
Zimbabwe
South Africa
Mothering and the Role of the Kinship System
Mothering and the Role of Paid Domestic Labor
Changing Motherhood: A Double Discourse
The Mothering Practice and Domestic Division of Labor
The Role of Education and Employment in Changing Motherhood
The Changing Perceptions of a ``Good Mother´´
Motherhood and Work-Family Conflict
Cultural Lag
Conclusion
References
118 Women in African Marriages: Voice, Visibility, and Value
Introduction
Communal Nature of Marriage and the Cost of Weddings
The Practice of Bride Price or Bridewealth
Response to Marital Infidelity
Conclusion
References
119 Widows, Widowhood, and Society in Africa
Introduction
Widow and Widowhood
Theoretical Framework
African Marriage: Significance and Benefits
Struggles of Widows
Widowhood Rites in African Societies
Case Studies
Property Rights: Economic Trauma
Health
Spirituality/Religion
Selfhood and Personhood
Ethics of Addressing Widowhood
Conclusion
References
120 African Queer Women Tackling Erasure and Ostracization: Love, Lust, and Lived Experience
Introduction
Definition of ``Queer´´: Breaking Down the LGBTIQ
Queer Narratives in Archive and Conversation
Queer Contemporary Conversations and Content: Using the Digital Realm: Websites, Blogs, and Podcasts
HOLAAfrica and The Wildness with Tiff & Manda: A Digital Hub for and by African Queer Women
Kenyan Baby Dyke: Making Safe Inclusive Spaces for the Kenyan Queer Community
Taking it Offline: Plays, #PleaseHer, and Facilitated Dialogues
Speaking Sex: #PleaseHer Safe Sex and Pleasure Workshops
#JustLikeUs: Queer University and Speakeasies in Ghana
Conclusion
References
121 Gender, Disability, and Human Rights in Africa
Introduction
Gender, Disability, and Human Rights: The Nexus
Human Rights of Women with Disabilities in Africa. A Look into Specific Rights
Right to Life and Dignity of Person
Equality and Nondiscrimination
Right to Health
Right to Bodily Integrity and Freedom from Abuse
Rights to Family
Access to Justice
By All Means Necessary: Coping Strategies of WWDs to the Disabling Environment
Conclusion
References
122 African Women and HIV and AIDS
Introduction
Historical Background
Risk Factors Exacerbating African Women´s Vulnerability to HIV
Contextual Risk Factors: Traditional and Cultural Vulnerabilities
Behavioral Vulnerabilities
Structural Vulnerabilities
HIV Prevention Strategies Targeted at African Women
Biomedical Interventions
Structural Interventions
Dreams: A Multifaceted Approach
Conclusion and Areas for Further Research
References
123 Girls´ Sexuality Between Agency and Vulnerability
Introduction
Researching Girls´ Sexuality in the Context of African Childhoods
Conclusion
References
124 African Young Women and Alcohol and Substance Abuse
Introduction
Southern Africa: Alcohol and Substance Use Among South African and Botswana Young Women
West Africa: Alcohol and Substance Use Among Nigerian and Ghanaian Young Women
East Africa: Alcohol and Substance Use Among Ugandan, Kenyan and Tanzanian Young Women
Conclusion
References
125 Women and Girls´ Education in Africa: Changes and Continuities
Introduction
Some Theoretical Considerations
Women and Girls´ Education in Traditional Africa
Getting Women and Girls into School: Significant Progress at Primary Education
Increased Access to Secondary Education with Continued Gender Disparities
Higher Education Remains a Dream for Many Young Women in Africa
Change and Stasis in Education of Women and Girls in Africa
Significant Shifts in Widening Opportunities for Women and Girls but Continued Women´s Marginalization
Conclusion
References
126 Women in Universities in Africa
Introduction
Gender and Women´s Studies in African Universities
Historical Legacies
The Gender Question and Remaking Institutional Cultures
Remaking Institutional Cultures
Access
Senior Management
Gender Balance, Work, and Home
Recent Changes
Conclusion
References
127 Girl-Child, Health, and Education in Africa
Introduction
Who Is a Girl-Child?
Girl-Child Education
SDG 4
Girls´ Health and Education
Challenges Facing the Girl-Child Education in Africa
Conclusion
References
128 Women in Pastoral Societies in Africa
Introduction
Pastoralism in Africa
Gender Social Conflict as Theoretical Frame for Analysis
Social Contributions of Women in African Pastoral Societies
Contracting Marriage
Pregnancy and Postpartum Activities
Pastoral Female Childhood, Adolescents, and Adulthood
Economic Contributions of Women in African Pastoral Societies
Cultural and Health Constraints Confronting Pastoral Women in Africa
Conclusion
References
129 Gender, Migration, and African Cultures
Introduction
Women as Creators of Culture
African Women´s Agency Through and Despite Migration
Global African Womanhood Unwritten, and Yet Written
African Cultures as the Well for Women to Pull and Pour
African Woman as Mother
African Woman as Leader
African Woman as Community Member
Conclusion
References
130 African Women, Culture, and Society in Contemporary African Novels
Introduction
Sociology and African Literature
Women in African Literature: A Literature Review
Male Authors´ Portrayal of Women in African Literature
Female Authors´ Portrayal of Women in African Literature
Representing African Women, Society, and Culture in Contemporary African Female Novels
Conclusion
References
131 Culture, Rights, and African Women´s Futures
Introduction
Difference and Culture
Engaging the Frame
Of Rights and the Right to Dignity and Being
On Futures: Cyborgs, Chameleons, and (Afro)Futuristic Ruptures
Conclusion
References
Section XI: Conclusion
132 Conclusion: Charting Future Paths for African Women´s Studies
State of the Field: Research and Knowledge Production on Women in Africa
Representation: Whose Research?
Representation: What Issues?
Charting Paths for the Future
Representation: Whose Issues?
Representation: Whose Research?
In Conclusion: Who Benefits?
References
Index