The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Futures

Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Topics
About the Editor
Contributors
A
15-Minute City
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Accessible Homes
Active Living
Active Transport
Adaptation
Adapting Cities to Climate Change
Definition
Introduction
Urban Climate Adaptation Plans Guidelines
Development of Urban Adaptation Plans for Cities with Population over 100,000 in Poland (MPA)
Climate Risk Assessment Including Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)/Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Guide
Climate-Friendly Cities
Future Actions
Summary/Conclusions
References
Adapting to a Changing Climate Through Nature-Based Solutions
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Nature-Based Solutions and Climate Negotiations
Building India´s Resilience Through NbS
Hazard-Specific Implementable Solutions
Flood-Specific Interventions
Cyclone-Specific Interventions
Drought-Specific Interventions
Implementing NbS-at-Scale
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Adaptive Governance
Adequate Housing
Administration
Advanced Environmental Practices
Adversity
Affordable Housing
Affordable Shelter
Age-Friendly Community
Age-Friendly Future Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Demographic Drivers
WHO Age-Friendly City Model
Principles of Age-Friendly Cities Building
Co-design and Co-creation with Older Adults
Co-operation with Diverse Stakeholders and Cross-Cutting Sectors
Top-Down Political Commitment and Resources
Age-Friendly Future Cities
All-Age-Friendly Cities
Age-Friendly Cities Promoting Equal Aging
Age-Friendly City Development in the Global South
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Agency
Agenda Post-2015
Agricultural Production
Agroforestry
Allotment
Alternative Agriculture
Alternative Compliance Tools
Alternative Protein
Amsterdam
Amsterdam´s Pathway to Climate Neutrality: Creating an Enabling Environment
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Setting the Ambition
Understanding the Challenge
Amsterdam Going (Dough)nuts?!
Spotlight on Mobility Sector
Focus on the Built Environment
The Many Roles of a (the) Municipality
Quo Vadis Amsterdam? (Conclusions)
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
Anticipatory Cities
Applying Smart Frameworks to Arctic Cities
Definition
Definition and Dimensions of a Smart Sustainable City
Measuring an Arctic Smart City: Metrics and Standardization
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Approach
Appropriate Technology
Area
Artificial Urban Wetlands
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Contributing to Water Management and Habitat Development
Positioning in Urban Sustainability Debate
Expanding Future Use, Extending Benefits
Summary and Conclusion
Cross-References
References
At the Intersection and Looking Ahead
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Conceptual Framework
Theories Underpinning the Study
Research Methodology
The Urban Realities of Africa and Asia Under the New Normal of COVID-19
Urban Africa
Johannesburg, South Africa
Harare, Zimbabwe
Urban Asia
Kaesong, North Korea
Mumbai, India
Conclusion and Policy Options
References
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Attributes
Augmented Reality: Robotics, Urbanism, and the Digital Turn
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
VR from Militarization to the Public
Extended Realities (XR)
XR Applications in the Built Environment
Technological Fusion: Eye Tracking, AR, and Machine Learning
Trajectories
Cross-References
References
Autarkic City
Automated City
Automobile Dependence
Awareness and Education
B
Bag-of-Words Model: Sustainability Lacks Influencers
Cross-References
Behavioral Science Informed Governance for Urban and Regional Futures
Synonyms
Definition
Why Is Behavioral Science Relevant for Governance at all?
A Selected Overview of ``Irrational Behaviors´´
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Benefit
Benefits
Beyond Knowledge: Learning to Cope with Climate Change in Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Cities in Times of Climate Change
From Knowledge to Learning
Where and How Learning Takes Place
Summary
Cross-References
References
Big Data for Smart Cities and Inclusive Growth
Introduction
Current Advancement in Big Data-Driven Smart City and Inclusive Growth
Big Data for SDG Monitoring and Inclusive Growth in Smart Cities
Challenges and Technical Limitations of Big Data
Conclusion
Reference
Biodiversity
Biodiversity Conservation
Biophilic City
Bioregionalism
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
History of the Term
Indigenous ``Bioregional´´ Practices
Reinhabitation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Blue/Green Infrastructure
Blue-Green Cities: Achieving Urban Flood Resilience, Water Security, and Biodiversity
Definition
Terminology
Recent Research and Knowledge Gaps
Hydrodynamic Modelling
Stormwater as a Resource
Biodiversity and Provision of Ecosystem Services
Interoperability
Water Quality Benefits
Stakeholder Involvement and the Social Dimension
Summary and Conclusions
References
Boundaries
Building Community Resilience
Introduction
Community Resilience
Design
A Design Lens for Community Resilience
References
Building Energy Systems
Building Energy: How Building Efficiency Can Be Improved in Government Facilities
Synonyms
Definition
Building Energy
Introduction
Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment
Framework of Building Energy Strategies
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Building Resilient Communities Over Time
Conceptualizing the Resilient Communities
Building Resilient Communities Over Time
Cross-References
References
Building-Integrated Agriculture
Buildings
Built Environment
Built Environment Energy
Bushfire
Busing
Butterfly Gardening
Butterfly Gardening in Colombo, Sri Lanka: Approach to Biodiversity Conservation, Monitoring, Education, and Awareness in Urba...
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Butterfly Gardening
Urban Parks and Butterfly Gardening in Colombo, Sri Lanka
The Importance of Butterfly Gardens, Urban Parks, and Urban Home Gardens for Butterfly Conservation
Awareness Creation on Butterflies in Sri Lanka
Status of Butterfly Gardening/Awareness in the World and Initiatives That Could Be Taken to Improve Butterfly Gardening in Col...
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
C
Capabilities
Capacities
Capacity-Building
Carbon Capture and Storage
Carbon Dioxide Removal
Carbon Emissions
Carbon Neutral Adelaide
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Urban Climate Governance
The Carbon Neutral City: A Roadmap Towards Sustainability?
Carbon Neutral Adelaide
Carbon Neutral Adelaide´s Roadblocks to Sustainability
Conclusion: Carbon Neutral Adelaide - Roadworks in Urban Sustainability
Cross-References
References
Carbon Neutrality
Carbon Sequestration Through Building-Integrated Vegetation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Urban Ecosystems and Climate Change
Background
Carbon Sequestration in the Urban Built Environment
Carbon Sequestration Strategies Through Building Design
Carbon Sequestration Dynamics
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Carbon Sink
Carbon Uptake
Care Ethics
Care-full Cities
CBD - Convention on Biological Diversity
CEEW - Council on Energy, Environment and Water
Cellular Agriculture
CEM - Commission on Ecosystem Management
The Centrality of Ellensburg
Introduction
Native Occupancy of the Valley
Pioneer Days, the Coming of the Railroads, and Road Improvement
Expansion of the Highway System
The University Legacy
Contemporary Trends
Internet Highway
Summary
Cross-References
Further Reading
Centralization
The Challenges for Wildland-Urban Interfaces (WUI) in Metropolitan Areas: Reducing Fire Risk, Providing Employment Opportuniti...
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: The Problem with the Boundaries Between Nature and Humankind
The First WUI Challenge in Metropolitan Areas: Reducing Fire Risk
The Second WUI Challenge in Metropolitan Areas: Providing Work in Agriculture, Small-Scale Forestry, and Tourism
The Third WUI Challenge in Metropolitan Areas: Preserving Natural Habitats Through Technology
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Challenges of Delivering Regional and Remote Human Services and Supports
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Geography and Infrastructure
Workforce Shortages and Retention
Cultural Security
Appropriateness of Timelines and Outcomes
Evidenced and Emerging Alternatives
Summary
References
Changing Paradigms in Urban Planning 2000-2020
Introduction
The World Between 2000 and 2020: General Context
Political, Economic, and Urban Context in Barcelona in 2000
Principles and Objectives of Urban Planning in the Year 2000 in Barcelona
Principles and Objectives of the 22 @ Innovation District in 2000
Context and Urban Background
Urban Development of the 22 @ District from 2000 to 2020
Current Situation
Principles and Objectives of Urban Planning in Barcelona in 2020
Current Urban Context: Environmental, Social and Economic Crises
Principles and Objectives of the 22 @ Innovation District in 2022
Objectives
Urban Proposals of the 22 @ 2022 Master Plan
The new Land use regulations, the Buildability, and the IDEEU Index
Economic Activity
Green and Circular Economy and the IDEEU index
Social and Solidarity Economy
Industry 4.0 and Makers
Creative Activities
Inclusive Urban Planning
Conclusions
Child-Friendly Cities
Children - Minors, Infants
Children, Urban Vulnerability, and Resilience
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Putting into Perspective the Issues and Context
Children, Urban Vulnerability, and Resilience: A Review
Analysis and Emerging Issues
Conclusion and Options for the Future
Cross-References
References
Church Gardens
Circular Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Circular Economy
Applying Circularity at Multiple Levels of the Built Environment
From Metabolic to Circular Cities
Circular Cities: Existing Perspectives
Bibliometrics
An Outlook of Circular Cities: Barriers and Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Circular Economy
Circular Economy and the Water-Food Nexus
Synonyms
Introduction
Water-Food Nexus Pressures
Circular Economy
Circular Economy Reducing Water-Food Nexus Pressures
Reduce
Reuse and Recycle
Recover
Restore
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Circular Economy Cities
Synonyms
Introduction
The Linear Economy
The Circular Economy
The Role of Cities in Developing a Circular Economy
The 5Rs
Case Study of Reduce: Singapore´s Building Retrofit Energy Efficiency Financing Scheme
Case Study of Reuse: San Francisco´s Onsite Water Reuse Grant Program
Case Study of Recycle: City of Toronto´s Electronic Waste Programme
Case Study of Restore: City West Water´s Stormwater Harvesting Partnering Fund
Case Study of Recover: Berliner Wasserbetriebe Recovering Resources from Wastewater
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Circular Lifestyle
Circular Water Economy
Synonyms
Introduction
Circular Economy
Circular Water Economy
Reduce
Pricing of Water
Water Meters
Regulations
Consumer Education and Awareness
Reuse
Gray Water
Blackwater
Rainwater Harvesting
Stormwater Harvesting
Recycle
Non-potable Use
Potable Use
Recover
Biogas from Anaerobic Digestion
Biogas for Combined Heat and Power
Thermal Conversion of Wastewater and Biosolids
Recovery of Nutrients from Wastewater
Restore
Riparian Buffers
Wetlands
Cross-References
References
Cities
Cities in Low-and-Middle Income Countries
Cities in Nature
Evolution of City Concepts
Singapore´s Urban Transformation: From Mudflats to Metropolis
The 1971 Concept Plan: A Radical Plan for a Modern City (Garden City)
The 1991 Concept Plan and the Reformed Urban Planning System (City in a Garden)
The 2001 Concept Plan: A City with Identity (City in a Garden)
The 2011 Concept Plan (City of Gardens and Waters)
2021 and Beyond (City in Nature)
Liveable and Sustainable Cities Framework by the Centre for Liveable Cities (CLC)
Liveability and Density: The Journey from Garden City to a City in Nature
Garden City
City in a Garden
City of Garden and Waters
The ABC Waters Journey
ABC Waters´ Contributions to City in Nature
City in Nature
The Implementation Strategy
Strategy 1: Extend Singapore´s Natural Capital
Growing the Nature Park Network
Strategy 2: Intensify Nature in Our Gardens and Parks
Implementation of More Therapeutic Landscapes
Implementation of Nature Playgardens
Naturalize Waterways and Conservation of Mangrove Areas
Species Recovery and Habitat Restoration
Strategy 3: Restore Nature into the Urban Landscape
Industrial Estates: Bringing Nature Back
Residential Estates: Incorporating Nature into HDB New and Existing Towns
More Parks in the Heartland
Strategy 4: Strengthening Connectivity Between Green Spaces
Growing the Network of Nature Ways
Expanding the Park Connector Network (PCN)
Building Expertise, an Industry, and Living with Nature
Build Science and Technology and Industry Capacity
Inspire Communities to Cocreate and Be Stewards of Nature
What Does the Future Holds?
Epilogue
Acknowledgment
References
Citizens
City
City Digital Twin
City Financing and Social Urbanism in Latin America: The Importance of Good Fiscal Management
Challenges of Municipal Governments
Fiscal Management Measures to Increase Municipal Resources
The Importance of Land Policy and LVC Tools
References
City Vision
City Visions: Toward Smart and Sustainable Urban Futures
Definition
Introduction
Urbanization and Urban Challenges
Urban Futures, City Foresight and City Visioning
City Visions and City Visioning
Discourses about the Future: Smart Cities and Sustainable Cities
Case Study Example: Smart and Sustainable Reading 2050 City Vision
Futures Thinking for Cities: What Lies Beyond COVID-19?
Summary/Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
City-to-City Learning
Civic Society
Clean Water
Climate Adaptation
Climate Change
Climate Change Adaptation
Climate Change Adjustment
Climate Change and Surface Water Resources in Sri Lanka
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Climatic Change Effects Impacting Water Resources
Effects of Climate Change to Surface Water Resources
Water Level
Evapotranspiration
Soil Moisture Deficit
Zonal Water Dynamics
Current Status of Sri Lankan Water Resources
Vulnerability of Various Sectors
Current Status of Demand for Water
Required Management Responses
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Climate Change Mitigation
Climate Change Resilience
Climate deviations and surface water resources in Sri Lanka
Climate Disaster Preparedness
Climate Displaced Persons
Climate Gentrification
Introduction
The Evolving Concept of Gentrification
A Tri-disciplinary Research Paradigm
A Global Survey of Potential Case Studies
Northern America
Europe
Oceania
Asia
Latin America
Africa
Conclusion
Appendix: (See Table 2)
References
Climate Migration
Climate Neutrality
Climate Refugees
Climate Resilience in Informal Settlements: The Role of Natural Infrastructure
Introduction
Defining Climate Resilience and Informality
Resilience in Informal Settlements
Upgrading Informal Settlements for Climate Resilience
Natural Infrastructure as Climate Adaptation Strategy in Informal Settlements
Natural Infrastructure for Climate Adaptation
Challenges and Opportunities for Implementation in Informal Settlements
Opportunities
Challenges
Case Studies of Natural Infrastructure Implementation in Informal Settlements
Moravia: Natural Infrastructure in the Management of Landslides and Contamination
RISE Program: Citizen Science to Support the Design of Natural Infrastructure in Flood-Prone Areas
References
Climate Risk Atlas (CRA)
Climate Risks
Climate Security
Climate Smart Agriculture
Climate Vulnerability
Climate-Adaptive Urban Areas
Climate-Induced Relocation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Climate Migration
Managed Retreat
Summary/Conclusion
Climate-Neutral City
Climate-Resilient City
Climate-Resilient Technologies and Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture, Improved Landscape, and Food Security
Definition
Introduction
Vulnerabilities of Degraded Landscapes in Bangladesh
Promising Technologies and Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture, Improved Landscape, and Food Security
HBT of Northwestern Bangladesh
Saline-Prone Area of Southwest Bangladesh
Waterlogging-Prone Areas of Southwest Bangladesh
CHT of Southeastern Bangladesh
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Climate-Responsive Urban Areas
Climatic Variations and Surface Water Resources in Sri Lanka
Closing the Loop on Local Food Access Through Disaster Management
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Food Insecurity
Australian Disaster Risk Management and Shared Responsibility
Local Food Procurement
Contingency Planning and Local Food: An Emerging Alliance to Enhance Food Access
Australian Example
Cairns: Regional Perspective
Logan City: Growth Corridor Perspective
Lockyer Valley: Rural Perspective
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Coastal Management
Co-creation Processes
Collaborative
Collaborative Adaptation
Collaborative Climate Action
Synonyms
Definition
Summary
Climate Collaboration among Government Levels
Why CCA Strengthens Climate Policy?
How to Achieve ``Better´´ CCA?
Starting Points and Initiatives for CCA
Cross-References
References
Collective Climate Adaptation
Collective Emotions and Resilient Regional Communities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Significance of Collective Emotions
Current Framings of Community Resilience
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Collectively Adapting to Sea-Level Rise Through Disaster Response, Commons Management, and Social Mobilization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Community-Led Collective Adaptation to Sea-Level Rise
Disaster Response
Sea-Level Rise Adaptation Planning
Sea-Level Rise Adaptation Implementation
Factors That Enable Collective Adaptation
Social Capital
Sharing Information
Collective Adaptation and the Role of the State
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Colombia Energy Transformation
Combined Green and Grey Infrastructure
Commons-Based Adaptation
Communicable Diseases (Infectious Diseases, Contagious Diseases)
Community
Community Development
Community Engagement and Climate Change: The Value of Social Networks and Community-Based Organizations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
From Economic Theory to the Psychology of the Individual: Why We Act
From the Individual to Social Networks: A Potential to Change the Way We Act
Using the Role of Community-Based Organizations as Trusted Messengers
Cambridge Carbon Footprint
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Community Engagement for Urban and Regional Futures
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
What Is Community Engagement?
Regulating Community Engagement
Digital Era Community Engagement
Key Concepts that Relate to and Influence Community Engagement
Community Engagement as Practice
Case Study: Community Engagement in Australia
Background to Australia´s Infrastructure Sector
The Infrastructure Engagement Excellence Standards
Summary and Conclusion: Future Considerations for Community Engagement in Urban and Regional Futures
Cross-References
References
Community Foundations
Community Garden
Community Impact
Community in a Changing Climate: Shaping Urban and Regional Futures
Definition
Introduction
Settlements in a Changing Climate
Examining and Redefining the Construct of Community
Community Within Urban and Regional Environments
Reframing Community in Conditions of Climate Change
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Community Leadership
Community Resilience
Community Resources
Community Support
Community Vulnerability to Extractive Industry Disasters
Introduction
Shifting Definition of Disasters
Natural and Human-Induced Disasters
Extractive Disasters
Hybrid Disasters
Communities and Social Vulnerability
What Makes Communities Vulnerable to Disasters?
Biophysical
Social
Economic
Political
Legal
Community Responses to Extractive Disasters
Defining Community Resilience
Factors Inhibiting Community Resilience
Community Polarization
Psychological Impacts
Community Knowledge
Mobilization Strategies Among Resilient Communities
Local Protests
Case: Aberfan Disaster, Wales
Transnational Connections
Case: Uranium Mining in Kakadu National Park, Australia
Shareholder Activism
Case: Mariana Dam Disaster, Brazil
Legal Tools
Case: Ok Tedi Mine Disaster, Papua New Guinea
Conclusion
References
Community-Led Interventions
Community-Supported Agriculture
Company Town
Competitiveness of Cities
Competitiveness of Regions
Composing an Urban Sphere Computation
Computational Urban Planning
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Background and Context
Computational Urban Planning: A Review
Application of Computational Planning: International Cases
Redesigning of Rochor District, Singapore
Creation of a New Mixed-Use District: Hangzhou, China
Master Planning of the Toronto Sidewalk Project, Canada
Computational Urban Planning Attempts in Africa
Empower Shack Project: Cape Town South Africa (Case Study)
Discussion
Conclusion and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Computer Applications
Concepts, Approaches, and Methodologies for Ecological Flood Resilience Assessment: A Review
Synonyms
Definitions
Resilience
Adaptive Capacity
Transformability
Ecological Flood Resilience
Introduction
Concept of Resilience
Assessing Resilience
Concept of Ecological Resilience
Ecological Resilience and Adaptive Cycle
Assessing Ecological Resilience
Concept of Ecological Flood Resilience
Assessing Flood Resilience Based on Complex Adaptive System Thinking
The Concept of Complex Adaptive Systems
Assessing Complex Adaptive System Resilience: Ecological Systems
Assessing Complex Adaptive System Resilience: Sociopolitical Systems
Assessing Complex Adaptive System Resilience: Urban Infrastructure Systems
Assessing Complex Adaptive System Resilience: Community Resilience
Methodologies and Approaches for Assessment
Approaches Toward Ecological Flood Resilience Measurement
Case Studies
Making Room for the River: Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Adaption Measures
Natural Water Retention (NWR) in River Ecosystems
Assessing Natural Water Retention by Restoration and Rehabilitation
Improvement of Dikes and Dams for Better Adaptation
Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Resilience: Case of Sustainable Urban Development in Utrecht, the Netherlands
Assessment of Natural Water Retention Through Spatial Planning
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Conceptualizing the Urban Commons
Urban Governance: Definition, Introduction, Theoretical Framework
Concluding Notes: Governing the Urban Commons
Cross-References
References
Conflict
Connecting Urban and Regional Innovation Ecosystems to Enhance Competitiveness
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptual Framework for Connected Urban and Regional Innovation Ecosystems
Distance and Proximity
Cluster Emergence Transforming Regions
Combining Industrial and Science-Based Innovation to Create New Paths of Development
Institutional Challenges and Their Solutions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Connectivity
Conservation
Constructed Urban Wetlands
Consultation
Contribute
Coordinate
Coordinated Adaptation
Countryside
County
Coupled Green and Grey Infrastructure Systems
Crops and Panels: A Farm Model with Trade-offs in the Water-Energy-Food Nexus
Abbreviations
Definitions
Introduction
The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Middle East
Implementation of the Nexus Concept
Farm Modeling As a Contribution to Analyze the Nexus
Plan of the Remainder of the Entry
General Structure Farm Model
Premises and Formulation
Optimal Allocation
Targeted Use
Reflecting the Nexus in a Farm Model
WEF Modeling Needs
Resources
Land
Labor
Water
Cropping Activities
Classification and Planting Options
Crop Yields
New and Existing Trees
Energy
Electricity Supply and Demand
Yield of Solar Panels
Farmer Optimization
Two-Stage Decisions
Precautionary Constraints
Schematic Illustration
Mathematical Representation of the Model
Exogenous Resources and Ex Ante Calculations
Resources
Ex Ante Crop Yields and Water Requirements
Endogenous Activities
Resource Constraints
Yield and Output
Input Needs
Electricity Balance
Precautionary Constraints
Objective
Summarizing the Model
Model Application
Cross-References
References
Cross-cultural Adaptation
Crowding
Cultural Ecosystem Services
Curated Emergence
D
Decarbonization
Decentralization
Decentralized Concentration
Decentralized Cooperation and Political Strategy
Decline
Delivery Bots
Delivery Robots
Demand Management
Democratic Processes
Demography
Density
Design
Design Thinking
Developing Countries
Developing World Cities - Cities of the Global South
Development
Development - Expansion/Growth
Development Goals
Digital City Modeling and Emerging Directions in Public Participation in Planning
Introduction/Definition
Digital Participation Models Driven by the Need for Improved Public Participation in Complex Planning Issues
Digital Participation Models Can Improve Public Understanding of the Trade-Offs Involved in Complex Planning Decisions
The Significance of Improved Public Understanding of Trade-Offs Via Digital Participation Models
The Role for Design in Effective Digital Participation Models
Future Challenges for Digital Participation Models
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Digital Nature
Digital Turn
Digital Twin and Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Digital Twin Versions and Variations
3D Data
3D Models and Simulations
Digital Thread
Physical Internet
Digital Shadow
Digital Twin for City and Spatial Planning
Ecosystem Data Management
Governance, Standards, and Regulations
Summary and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Digitalization
Digitalization, Urbanization, and Urban-Rural Divide
Introduction
Extent of Urbanization
Extent of Digitalization
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Dimension/Size
Direction
Directive
Disaster
Disaster Management
Disaster Preparedness
Disaster Relief
Disaster Risk in Informal Settlements and Opportunities for Resilience
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Institutional Approaches
Relocation and Disaster Risk Reduction
Opportunities for Resilience Through In Situ Upgrading
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Discipline/Practice
Discrimination
Displaced
Dispossessed
Disruptive Innovation
Disruptive Mobility: Sharing Electric Autonomous Vehicles (SEAVs) Reshape Our Future Cities
Introduction
What is the Disruptive Technology?
Three Disruptive Mobility Technologies
Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Smart Shared Mobility Platforms
Automated Vehicles (AVs)
Disruptive Mobility and Future Cities
Conclusion
References
Distribute
Distributed Energy
District
Drinking Water Standards
Driver Policy
E
EbA - Ecosystem-Based Adaptation
Eco-city
Eco-DRR - Ecosystem-Led Disaster Risk Reduction
Eco-efficient City
Eco-industrial Network
Ecological Corridor
Ecological Engineering
Ecological Restoration
Ecological Security
Economic Sustainability
Economical Security
Ecoregion
Ecosystem Based Adaptation
Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem-Based Adaptation
Ecosystem-Based Approach
Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction or Building with Nature
Ecosystem-Based Management
Ecosystems Restoration and Habitats Enhancement
Introduction
Weir Pool Manipulation in South Australia
A Brief History
Rationale and Expected Ecological Benefits
Case Study of the 2014 Spring WPR Event at Locks 1 and 2
Objectives
A Coordinated Multi-agency Trial
A Two-Staged Strategy in Raising
Risk Assessment
Discussion
Concluding Remarks
References
Ecotourism is responsible tourism
Ecovillages
Education for Inclusive and Transformative Urban Development
Introduction
The Meaning of Development
The Menu of Inclusive and Transformative Urban Development
The Relationship Between Education and Development
Conclusion and Future Direction
Cross-References
References
El Nino South Oscillation (ENSO)
Elder-Friendly Community
The Elusive Quest for Affordable Housing: Five Principles of a Comprehensive Approach
Introduction: The Affordable Housing Challenge
The Need for a Comprehensive Approach
Tackling Supply-Side Issues, Demand-Side Issues, and Subsidies in a Sequenced Manner
Combining the Curative and the Preventive
Working Across the Entire Housing Value Chain
Developing Segmented Solutions Tailored to Different Income Groups
Offering Different Housing Solutions Across a Range of Tenure Options
Conclusions
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Embedding Justice in Resilient Climate Change Action
Definitions, Conceptualisation and Synonyms
Toward a Resilient Climate Action
Cross-References
References
Emergency
Emerging Concepts Exploring the Role of Nature for Health and Well-Being
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Establishing What Is Meant by Nature
A Relationship with Nature
Health and Well-Being Benefits
The Emerging Role of Digital Nature
The Current State of Knowledge
Future Questions, Concerns, and Developments
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Endowments
Energy Efficiency
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Energy Transition
Engineered Urban Wetlands
ENSO - El Nino South Oscillation
Environment
Environmental Education and Non-governmental Organizations
Environmental Education
Non-governmental Organization
Roles of NGOs in Promoting Environmental Education
Environmental Awareness and Campaigning
Animal Products
Religion
Reporting
Monitoring and Geographic Information System (GIS)
Training and Capacity Building
Government Partnership
Conclusion
References
Environmental Literacy
Environmental Movement
Environmental Psychology
Environmental Sustainability
Epidemiological Shifts in Urban Bangladesh
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Urban Bangladesh and Increasing Health Risks
Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases: Risk Factors
Methodology
Concurrent Disease Trends
Communicable Diseases in Urban Bangladesh
VPDs and Diarrheal Diseases
Vector-Borne Diseases
Emerging Diseases and COVID-19
Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) in Urban Areas
Analysis of Changing Trends
Discussions
Future Research
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Equal Cities
Equitable Transitions
Equity
ESG in Real Estate Investment
Introduction
Definition of ESG and Relevance to Real Estate
Areas of Extant Research
Issues for the Future
References
Ethical Finance
Ethics
European Green Deal and Development Perspectives for the Mediterranean Region
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Mediterranean Region in Transition: European Green Deal, Sustainability, and Energy Perspectives
Labor Policies for Just and Inclusive Energy Transition
Implications and Policy Recommendations for the South-Med Region
Acknowledgment
References
Evidence-Based Research
Extended Reality
Extended Urbanization
F
Faith Communities
Faith Communities as Hubs for Climate Resilience
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Faith Community Lands
Cultural Ecosystem Services: Spiritual and Recreational
Food Justice
Regulating Services
Faith Communities and Disaster Preparedness
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Feminism
Feminist Planning and Urbanism: Understanding the Past for an Inclusive Future
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Theoretical Foundations
Feminism and Intersectional Feminism
Feminist Geography
Ecofeminism
Influence of Feminist Theoretical Foundations on Planning Theory
Policymaking
Global Policymaking
Canada
Vienna, Austria
Iceland
Women-Led Planning Networks and Organizations
Global
Commonwealth Women in Planning Network
Slum Dwellers International
Urbanistas Global
Urbanists Rotterdam, Netherlands
National
Women in Urbanism Aotearoa, New Zealand
Women in Planning UK
The Association of Women in Property, UK
Safetipin, India
Tanzania Women Architects for Humanity, Tanzania
TAO-Pilipinas, The Philippines
Women in Real Estate, Kenya
Women in Planning South Africa (WiPSA)
Local
Women Transforming Cities, Vancouver, Canada
Women in Cities International, Montréal, Canada
The Women-Led Cities Initiative, Philadelphia, USA
Women in Urbanism YYC, Calgary, Canada
Promising Practices and the Barriers to Achieve Them
Europe
Sweden
Barcelona, Spain
Women Design Service, UK
The Royal Town Planning Institute´s Gender Mainstreaming Toolkit
Women and Planning Conference
Women-Friendly Leeds
North America
Canada
Vancouver, British Columbia: A City for All Women
Montréal, Conseil des Montréalaises, Quebec
The USA
Feminist Economic Recovery Plan, the USA
Stalled, the USA
Asia
South Asia
India
Bangladesh
Nepal
Southeast Asia
Singapore
The Philippines
South and Central America
Brazil
Mexico
Africa
East Africa
Reflections
Reflexivity Statement
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
Appendix
References
Finance
Financing: Fiscal Tools to Enhance Regional Sustainable Development
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Globalization, Finance, and Regional Development
Finance and Regional Sustainable Development: Ethics and Green Finance
Conclusion: The Futures of Regions and Regional Development
Cross-References
References
Further Readings
Fiscal Tools
Fisheries Crime and Ocean Resilience
Definition
International Perspective
Corruption in Fisheries
Case Study: Indonesian Corruption Scandal
Case Study: ``Fishrot´´ Corruption Scandal
Realigning Consumer Demand for Legal and Sustainable Fish
Case Study: Seafood Fraud
Innovative Control of Fisheries Crimes to Build Ocean Resilience
Public Data Sharing
Innovative Market Regulation
Emerging Technology to Close Policing Gaps and Build Resilience
Cross-References
References
Food Governance
Food Justice
Food Loss
Food Losses and Waste
Food Security
Food Security - Food Governance
Forest
Forest Fire
Formulating Sustainable Foodways for the Future: Tradition and Innovation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Sustainable Foodways, Old and New
Production
Distribution
Consumption
Summary: Foodways for the Future
References
Further Reading
Foundations
From Vulnerability to Urban Resilience to Climate Change
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Context of Climate Change
Concepts and Terminology
How to Improve Urban Resilience?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Furthering the Sustainable Development Agenda by Putting Urban Heritage and Value Extraction at the Center
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Scholarship and Experiences in Urban Heritage and Value Extraction
Emerging Issues and Synthesis
Conclusion and Future Direction
Cross-References
References
Future
Future - Prospects
Future - The Prospective
Future Cities
Future Foods for Urban Food Production
Synonyms
Definition
Evolution of Food Production, Food Provision, and Urbanization
Risks to Food Supply Chains and Urban Food Security
Future Foods and Their Production Systems
Macroalgae and Mussels in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture
Microalgae in Photobioreactors
Mycoprotein in Fermenters
Insect Larvae in Breeding Systems
Cultured Meat in Bioreactors
Future Foods Production Systems in Urban Landscapes
Realizing the Potential of Future Foods for Urban Food Production
Cross-References
References
The Future of Reducing Urban Vulnerability with Perspectives of Child Development in Zimbabwe
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Results
The Case of Harare
The Case of Bulawayo
The Case of Mutare
The Case of Chitungwiza
Discussion
Conclusion and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Future of the City-Region Concept and Reality
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives on the City-Region Concept and the Infrastructure-Community Nexus
The City-Region, Sustainable Infrastructure, and Community Linkages: Experiences and Cases
City-Regions in the European Periphery: The Case of Norway
City-Regions in Latin America: The Case of Fortaleza
City-Regions in Southern Africa: The Case of Gauteng City-Region
Conclusion and Future Direction
Cross-References
References
Future of Urban Governance and Citizen Participation
Definition
Introduction
Conceptualizing Urban Governance and Citizen Participation
Urban Governance and Citizen Participation
Synthesis
Gender Mainstreaming
Equality and Equity
Climate Change
Unplanned Settlements
Urban Resilience
Management
Conclusion and Future Direction
Cross-References
References
Future of Urban Land-use Planning in the Quest for Local Economic Development
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background and Context
Research Methodology
Literature Review
Results
Europe/North America
Discussion
Conclusion and Policy Options
References
G
Garden City
Gemstones
Gender
Gender Blind Urban Planning and Design
Gender Equality
Gender Inclusive Planning
Gender Inequalities in Cities: Inclusive Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Gender Mainstreaming
Gender Responsive Planning and Design
Gender-Neutral Cities
Geographic
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Geography
Getting Our Built Environments Ready for an Aging Population
Implications of an Aging Population
Are Our Built Environments Ready for an Aging Population?
What Needs to Be Done?
References
GGI
Ghost Estates and New Ruins
Global Goals
Global Homelessness: Neoliberalism, Violence, and Precarious Urban Futures
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
References
Global Pandemic Fallout
Global Partnership
Global Social Contract
Global Survey of Food Waste Policies
Synonyms
Definition of Food Waste
Introduction
Global Food Waste Policies
Europe
Asia
Oceania
Middle East and Africa
South America
North America
Summary
Cross-References
References
Globalization and Financialization
Governance
The Governance of Smart Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Governance and Smart Cities
A Design Approach into the Governance of Smart Cities
How to Design Policy for the Governance of Smart Cities
Conclusion: Implementation of the Design Model
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Governing for Food Security: A Cultural Perspective
Synonyms
Terms Definition: Key Concepts
Introduction
The Complex Character of Food Security
The Meaning of Governance
Introducing the Grid-Group Model
Implications of the Grid-Group Model
The COVID-19 Pandemic from the Grid-Group Perspective
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Government Procurement
Governments
Green and Blue Infrastructure
Green and Blue Infrastructure (GBI) in Urban Areas
Definition
Acronyms
Introduction
GBI and Ecosystem Services: Benefits and Trade-Offs
Typologies of GBI
GBI Relevance to Meet Global Targets
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Green and Smart Cities in the Developing World
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Urban Futures and City Vision
Challenges Facing the Research of Urbanization and Future Development in the Developing World
Definitions
Construction of Sustainable and Smart Cities in the Developing World: Difficulties and Challenges
General Characteristics of Sustainable and Smart Cities in the Developing World
Summary
Cross-References
Green Belts
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Emergence
Planned Green Interventions
Green Belts and Green Wedges
Critique and Defence
For: They Prevent Urban Sprawl
For: They Protect the Setting of Historic Towns
For: They Provide Amenity and Recreational Space
For: They Support the Agricultural Industry
For: They Protect the Environment Without Preventing Development
Against: They Increase Land Prices and Reduce Housing Affordability
Against: They Encourage Less Sustainable Commuting Patterns
Against: They Create a ``Leapfrogging´´ of Development
Against: They Prevent the Optimum Use of Land
Against: They Do Not Benefit the Natural Environment
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Green Blue Infrastructure
Green Buffer
Green Building
Green Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Fundamental Elements of Green City and Implementation Strategies
Quantification and Measurement of the Greenness of the City
Urban Ecosystem Europe 2006-2007 (UEE)
European Green City Index 2009 (EGCI)
Sustainable Development Goal 11, Since 2016 (SDG 11)
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Green Cities in Theory and Practice
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Literature on Green Cities
The Reality of Green Cities
Assessing Greeness
How Do Theory and Practice Relate?
Transitioning Towards Greener Cities
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Green Cities: Implementing the Miyawaki Method in Lahore, Pakistan
Definition
Introduction
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Green Cities: Nature-Based Solutions, Renaturing and Rewilding Cities
Introduction
Working Definitions
The Importance of Applying the Concepts of Regreening and Rewilding of Cities
Nature-Based Solutions
Conclusion
References
Green Corridor
Green Development
Green Economy
Green Economy Policies to Achieve Water Security
Synonyms
Introduction
Green Economy
Green Economy and Water Security
Fiscal Tools
Environmental Taxes and Charges
Types of Environmental Taxes and Charges
Subsidies
Tradable Water Rights
Tradable Water Abstraction Rights
Tradable Water Pollution Rights
Considerations when Establishing a Tradable Water Rights System
Payment for Ecosystem Services
Types of PES Schemes
Payment Mechanism for PES Schemes
Green Bonds
Policy Actions to Increase Green Bond Investment
Nonfiscal Tools
Regulations
Ecolabels
Objectives of Ecolabeling Schemes
Environmental Awards and Recognition
Green Public Procurement
Education and Awareness
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Green Finance
Green Finger
Green Growth
Green Infrastructure
Definition
Green Infrastructure: The Multiple Benefits
Ecosystem Services
Climate Benefits
Air Quality Improvements
Thermal Comfort
Disaster Risk Reduction
Water Management
Ecological Benefits
Value to Wildlife
Biodiversity
Social Resilience
Structural Benefit
Human Health Benefits
Community Satisfaction
Political/Economic Services
Economic Benefits
Monetarizing GI Benefits
Practical Implementation of Monetarizing GI Benefits
Environmental Justice
Justice for the Community
Justice for Nature
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Green Infrastructure in Metropolis Dimension: Case Study of Llobregat River, Barcelona Metropolitan Area
Introduction
Frontier Sinergies (Structure)
``Along´´
``Through´´
``Ower´´
Integral Vision (Functioning)
Method of the Recreational Load Redistribution from the Public Space on the City´s Border
Method of the Shared Multi-Scale Use of the Highway-Side Shopping and Entertainment Complex
Method of Organizing Zones of Ecological Auto-Regeneration with a Public Access Scenario
Public Space on Three Scales (Form and Perception)
Method of Information Filling of Spaces - Routes
Method of Overlay Scenarios: From Daily Recreation to Vacation Leisure, Park - Transition
Method of the Implementation of Specific Functional Programs in Open Access Spaces
Method of Access Without Approximation
Cross-References
References
Green Infrastructure Planning
Green Justice
Green Spaces
Green Strip
Green Wedge
Greenbelts
Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG)
Greenspace
Greenspace also known as green spaces or parks
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)
Groundwater
Growth
Growth - Development
Growth, De-growth, and Nature-Based Solutions
Synonyms
Definition
Growth, Biophysical Limits and De-growth
Nature Based Solutions as ``No Regret´´ Options
Way Forward: Making Vulnerable Ecosystems Resilient
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Growth, Expansion, and Future of Small Rural Towns
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptualizing Growth, Expansion, and Sustainability of Small Rural Towns
The Growth and Expansion of Small Towns
Global and Regional Experiences in the Growth, Expansion, and Sustainability of Small Towns
Emerging Issues and Synthesis
Conclusion and Future Direction
Cross-References
References
Guerilla Gardening
Guidelines
Guidelines for Water-Sensitive Informal Settlement Upgrading in the Global South
Introduction
Reading Urban and Informal Settlement Problems Through Water
Water: A Framing Medium for Informal Settlement Upgrade (in the Twenty-First Century)
EcoDistricts: From Theory to Aspirational Informal Settlement Attributes
Place
Prosperity
Health and Well-being
Connectivity
Living Infrastructure
Resource Regeneration
From Aspirational Objectives to Informal Settlement Upgrading Implementation
Rapid Assessment Review (RAC)
Phase 1: Application
In Phase 2: Project Initiation
Phase 3: Implementation
Phase 4: Housing Consolidation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
H
Habitat Provisioning
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Core Concepts: Biodiversity, Ecosystems, and Urban Ecosystems
Habitat Provisioning Ecosystem Service: Translating to the Built Environment Context
Urbanization and Biodiversity: Constraints and Opportunities
Habitat Provisioning Strategies in the Urban Built Environment Context
Habitat Provisioning Dynamics
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Harare
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background to the Harare Master Plan
Progress on Implementation of Proposals: A Discussion
New Imperatives for the New Harare Master Plan
Conclusion and Way Forward
Cross-References
References
Harvesting - Collecting, Harnessing
Hazard
Health
Health and the City: How Cities Impact on Health, Happiness, and Well-Being
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Urban Health: Mitigating Risks and Harnessing Opportunities
Population Density: A Blessing and a Curse
Health Services: Better Offer, Unequal Access
Urbanization Affects Diets and Lifestyles
Air Pollution and Waste: Environmental Influences on Health Abound
Urban Health and Inequality: Different Worlds within a City
Mental Health: The Underestimated Value of Greenspace
Urban Health in a Global Context
Healthy Urban Design: How to Make Cities Future Fit
Summary/Conclusion
Urban Policy and Planning Must Address Health and Equity Head-on
Multisectoral and Multi-Stakeholder Actions Are Crucial in Addressing the Determinants of Health
Addressing Urban Complexity Requires Unconventional Approaches
Acknowledgment
References
Health and the Role of Nature in Enhancing Mental Health
Synonyms
Definition
Determinants of Health
The Benefits of Nature on Mental Health
The Importance of Multifunctional Green Spaces
Residential Gardens as an Example of Multifunctional Green Spaces
Incorporating Gardens into the Public Health Landscape
Cross-References
References
Health Environment
Health Promotion
Healthy Cities
Definition
Introduction
The Resurgence of Complex Health-Urban Systems
Healthy Cities Then, Now, and in the Future
The Healthy City: A Work in Progress
Cross-References
References
Healthy Planning
Healthy Urban Environment
Healthy Urban Life
Heritage Cuisines
Hidden Enemy for Healthy Urban Life
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Segregation and Healthy Urban Life
Reaching Hard-To-Reach Populations
Conclusion: Healthy Living as a Right, Not a Privilege
References
Hidden Potential of Wastewater
Introduction
Environmental Crises and the Origins of Denmark´s Approach to Wastewater
Wastewater Treatment and the Danish Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment
Wastewater as a Source of Clean Energy
Resource Recovery from Wastewater in the Circular Economy
Wastewater Infrastructure: A Diversified Approach
The Danish Regulatory Framework for Wastewater Treatment
The 70% Reduction in Denmark´s CO2 Emissions by 2030: The Role of Wastewater
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
High Density
Holistic Management
Holistic Well-Being
Home Garden
Housing
Housing Affordability
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Housing Stress
Budget Standards and Residual Approaches
Affordable Homeownership and Rental Barriers
Affordable Housing
Financial Assistance
Ownership and Rental Terms
Housing Affordability and Society
References
Housing and Development
Synonyms
Introduction
Urban Informal Settlements: Definition Proposal
Urban Informal Settlements and the ODS11 Agenda
The Challenge of the Neighborhood Improvement Strategy Within the Framework of the SD´s Agenda
Cross-References
References
Housing Costs
Housing Stress
Housing Upgrading
How Cities Can Be Resilient
Introduction: Rankings and Resilience
Resilience and Sustainability
Ecological and Engineering Resilience
Resilience Has No Ethical Goals
Specific Resilience: The Resilience of What, to What, for Whom
Resilience and Time: Past, Present, and Future
Resilience and Hazards in the Built Environment
Methodology and Methods
Savills Resilient Cities Index (SRCI)
The Resilience of What: Housing Markets, Economy, or Technology?
The Resilience to What: Housing Markets, Economy, and Environmental Impacts
The Resilience for Whom: Population or Wealthy Population?
Case Study 2: Resilience Cities from the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)
The Resilience of What: People or Money?
The Resilience to What: General or Specific Threats?
The Resilience for Whom: People at Risk or Wealthy People?
The Resilience of What, to What, for Whom in SRCI and EIU Rankings
Discussion: Resilience and Wealth
Conclusion: How Cities Can Be Resilient
References
How Cities Cooperate to Address Transnational Challenges
Definitions
Introduction: From Undergone Urban Internationalization to City Diplomacy
Origin and Evolution of City Diplomacy
Geographic Distribution
The Instruments of City Diplomacy
Bilateral Cooperation
Multilateral Cooperation
Advocacy Campaigns
Conclusions: The Challenges Ahead
Cross-References
References
Human Rights
Human Security
Hybrid (Green-Grey) Infrastructure
Hydrographic
Hygiene - Cleanliness
I
ICT
Ideology-Thought
IGGI
Illegal International Movement
IMD - India Meteorological Department
Impact of Universities on Urban and Regional Economies
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Critiquing the Role of Universities in Local Economic Development
Measuring the Expanded Value of Universities
Universities´ Role in Fostering Innovation
The Growth of Entrepreneurial Universities
The Expansion of Global Research Centers
Universities As Catalysts for High-Tech Clusters
Factors Affecting Knowledge Spillovers
A Research Gap: Understanding Localized Price Effects
Universities´ Global Research Ambitions and Their Localized Price Effects
Key Lessons
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Improved Water Sources
Improving Social Equity and Community Health and Well-Being in Low-Income Suburbs and Regions
Introduction
Social Equity and Public Policy
Community Health and Well-Being
Poverty and the Health Gap
Advocacy and Improvement Efforts
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Inclusive Cities
Increasing Young People´s Environmental Awareness
Introduction
A Way of Visualizing Young´s People Thoughts Environment
The Role of Education in Increasing Sustainable Environmental Awareness
The Role of Social Media in Environmental Awareness
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
INDCs - Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
Independent Mobility
India Meteorological Department (IMD)
Indian Summer Monsoons (ISM)
Indigenous Cosmologies
Industrial Symbiosis
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Main Characteristics of Industrial Symbiosis
Benefits of Symbiotic Industrial Relationships
Challenges and Research Perspectives
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Industrial Synergy
Industry Self-Regulation
Informal Settlements
Infrastructure - Utilities/Facilities
Inheritance
Innovation
Innovation Eco-systems
Innovation to Bring Nature-Based Solutions to Life: Tales of Two Cities
Synonyms
Definitions
Urban Density Versus Urban Green
A Patchwork of Public and Private Areas
Private Investors Hesitate to Apply Nature-Based Solutions
Conclusions: Lessons Learnt
Cross-References
References
Further Readings
Integrated Farming Systems
Integrated Green Grey Infrastructure
Integrated Green-Grey Infrastructure
Integrated Greening of Grey Infrastructure
Integrated Planning
Integrated Urban Green and Grey Infrastructure
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Integrated Urban Green and Grey Infrastructure Concepts and Definitions
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Integrating Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Systems into Urban Planning: A Key Step for Future Resilient and Sustainable Cities
Background
Barriers and Challenges to the Integration of Green Spaces and Food Systems in Urban Planning
From Policy to Practice: Experiences From Cities
Kisumu
Chengdu
Baltimore
Ljubljana
Quito
Lessons Learned
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Websites
Integrating Sustainability into Construction Project Management
Definition
Background
Sustainable Project Management
Project Sustainability Maturity Levels (PSML)
Recommendations
References
Integrative Design Process
Intermediate Towns
Internally Displaced Persons
International Law
International Partnerships
International Relations
Internationalization of Cities
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Main Text
How Is a City Internationalized?
International Agendas Are Calling for Cities to Intervene
The Syria Program in Argentina: Actions of the Municipality of Córdoba
How Do You Implement the New Urban Agenda in the Territories?
Conclusion
References
The Interplay of Intersectionality and Vulnerability Towards Equitable Resilience
Introduction
Resilience Thinking
Intersectional Equity and Community Resilience
Vulnerability and Resilience in Practice: Studying Urban Adaptation Projects
Conceptual Model
Overlapping and Exacerbating Impacts and Vulnerabilities
Well-Being as an Applicable Goal in Implementing Equitable Climate Adaptation
Proposed Strategies
Discussion: From Solutions to Transformative Actions
Conclusion
References
Intersectional Feminism
Intersectionality - Complex
Interstitial Spaces
Involvement
IPCC - The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature
J
Just Energy Transition
Justice - Fairness, Equity
L
Lack of Political Will
Land and Buildings Development
Land Use - Land Organization
Land Use Land Cover (LULC)
Land Use Planning Systems in OECD Countries
Synonym
Definition
Introduction
Land Use Trends in the OECD
Land Use Planning Systems in the OECD
National Plans
Regional Plans
Metropolitan and Inter-municipal Plans
Local Plans
Innovative Practices and Recent Reforms
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Land Use Regulation
Land-Real Estate
Landscape Fragmentation
Landscaping
Land-Use - Land Function
Latin America Peripheries
Law
Law - Legal Instruments
Lead Exposure in US Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Current Controversies
Other Issues and Social Effects
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Additional Reading
Lead Poisoning
Lead Risks
Learning Ecosystems
Learning Outcomes
Lifetime Neighborhood
Lifewide Learning
Linear Economy
Link/Relationship
Livability
Livable Communities
Liveable Cities
Local Action Plan
Local and Regional Development Strategy
Definition
Introduction
Two Big Problems of Development
The Ideal Scenario You Need to Reach
How to Get This Ideal Situation in Your City/Region?
What Else After That? What Are the Next Steps?
Summary/Conclusion
References
Local Content
Local Development
Local Economic Development
Local Food Traditions
Local Governance
Local Knowledge
Localized Price Effects
Localizing SDGs
Localizing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Through Co-creation of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS)
Working Definitions
Nature-based Solutions
Sustainable Development Goals
Introduction: NBS, Co-creation and the SDGs, a Possible Triangulation
Literature Review: NBS, Co-creation, and SDGs
SDGs and How Localized NBS Contribute to Their Attainment
Co-creation, ULLs, and SDGs
Identifying the Knowledge Gaps Around Co-creation of NBS in Relation to the SDGs
A Methodological Approach: Toward Structuring a Co-creation Assessment Framework for Local Governments Related to SDGs
CLEVER Cities Co-creation Framework in Five Phases: Methodological Testing and Implementation
Why ULLs Are the Field of NBS Implementation in CLEVER Cities
Results: A Possible Assessment Framework for the NBS Co-creation Process and to Assess Tangible Outcomes of ``NBS in Place´´ A...
Linking Co-creation Phases to the SDGs
Discussion: Proposed Co-creation Key Performance Indicators
Conclusions: Toward a Co-creation Assessment Framework for Local Governments Connecting NBS and SDGs
Recommendations for Future Research
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Low Earth Orbit
Low-Carbon Transport
Introduction
Strategies to Encourage Cycling
Hardware
Build Segregated Bicycle Path Networks and Bicycle-Friendly Intersections
Design Weather-Proof Cycling Infrastructure
Launch Bikesharing Schemes
Encourage the Uptake of Electric Bicycles
Provide Secure and Weather-Proof Bicycle Parking
Apply Traffic Calming in Residential Neighborhoods
Integrate Cycling with Other Transport Modes
Software
Improve the Image of Cycling
Provide Training Programs for Novice Cyclists
Offer Road Safety Education Courses for Drivers
Orgware
Define the Roles of Different Levels of Governments
Adopt Pro-cycling Legislation and Regulation
Encourage Broad Public Participation
Conclusion
References
M
Mainstreaming Blue Green Infrastructure in Cities: Barriers, Blind Spots, and Facilitators
Introduction
Background: Conceptual and Applied Genealogy of Blue Green Infrastructure
Conceptualizing ``Mainstreaming´´ for BGI
Barriers and Blind Spots to Mainstreaming Blue Green Infrastructure
Limitations in Technical Capacities
Financial Impediments
Inadequate Regulatory Framework (Not BGI Friendly)
Low Political Prioritization and Weak Leadership
Governance and Coordination Challenges
Facilitators
Policy Dimensions
Knowledge Sharing and Collaboration
Intermediaries and Boundary Organizations
Leadership, Champions
Conclusions
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Maintainability
Making of Smart and Intelligent Cities
Definition
Introduction
Smart and Intelligent Cities: A Review
Realities in African Cities: Cases and Experiences
Kenya
Zimbabwe
Sudan
Rwanda
South Africa
Conclusion and Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Managed Retreat
Management/Guidance
Managing Africa´s Urban Flooding Challenges from the Bottom Up: A View from Ghana
Rainfall and Its Benefits
Floods
Reasons for Flooding
Urbanization and Flooding
Short-Term Solutions
Long-Term Solutions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Managing the Risk of Wildfire Where Urban Meets the Natural Environment
Synonyms
Introduction
The Increasing Number of Wildfires and Their Location
The Cause of Wildfires
Urban and Land Use Planning
Wildfire Prevention
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Mandate
Master Plan - Comprehensive Plan
Master Planned Estates and the Promises of Suburbia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Brief History of Suburbs
The Rise of the Master Planned Community and Its Promise
The Lived Experience
Could They Be Better?
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
The Mediatized City
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Acceleration and Arrhythmia of Abstractive Fictions
Financialization and Double Abstraction of Extractive Enclosures
Conclusion: Mediatization and the Formation of Counterforces on Transindividuation
Cross-References
References
Meeting SDG6: Ensuring Safe Drinking Water for All in Rural India
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Policies and Interventions in Rural Drinking Water Sector: ``Safe Water´´ as a Mirage
The Drinking Water Quality Discourse: What Is Safe Water?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Megacity Region
Megaconstellation
Mental Health
Metabolic City
Meteorological conditions´ distortion and surface water resources in Sri Lanka
Metropolitan Discipline: Management and Planning
Synonyms
The Metropolitan Fact
Definitions
The Metropolitan Discipline
The Need for Metropolitan Discipline
The Metropolitan Discipline Versus Urban or Regional Disciplines
The Physical Dimension
From the Großstadt to the Metropolitan Models
The Contemporary Metropolitan Models: The Modernity of the Urban Form as a Critique to the Megalopolis
The Metro-Matrix
Governance Dimension
Phenomenology of Metropolitan Contexts: Relationships Between Scales
The Peer-to-Peer Dialogue Among Institutions
Economy Dimension
Social Dimension
Human Resources
Social Resources
Metropolitan Discipline Integrated Approach
Interconnection of Projects and Policies
The Metropolitan Approach to the Impact of Foreseeable Complexity in World´s Governance
Metropolitan Governance
Metropolitan Finance
Global Governance
Metropolitan and National Dialogue
Cross-References
References
Micro Utility Devices
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)
Microaggression
Microgrids
Migration - Movement
Millennium Development Goals
Mitigation
Mixed Land Use
Mobility
Mobility - Movement
Moving Towards Sustainable, Liveable, and Care-Full Urban Environments: Pre-schoolers´ Rights and Visions for Planning Just, S...
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Why Is It Important to Value Pre-schoolers´ Rights to Participate in Sustainable City Planning Initiatives?
What Concepts Can Adults Draw on for Planning Just, Socially, and Ecologically Integrated Cities with Children?
How Can Pre-schoolers Experiences in, Thoughts About, and Visions for Care-Full Cities Be Elicited?
What Can Adults Learn from Pre-schoolers About Planning and Creating Sustainable, Liveable Urban Environments?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Multidimensional Urban Development
Multi-functionality
Multi-level Governance
Multiple Benefits of Green Infrastructure
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Green Infrastructure
Benefits of Green Infrastructure
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Multi-stakeholder Partnerships to Support Climate Migrants in Fragile Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Climate Migrants Arrive in Fragile Cities
Challenges Climate Migrants May Face When They Arrive in Fragile Cities
Multi-stakeholder Partnerships to Support Climate Migrants in Fragile Cities
Case Study 1: The Durable Solutions Initiative (DSI) in Somalia
Case Study 2: The Protection Return and Monitoring Network (PRMN) in Somalia
Challenges and Recommendations
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Municipal
Muslim Women
N
NAPCC - National Action Plan on Climate Change
National Disaster Management Authority of India (NDMA)
Natural Foodways
Nature
Nature Connectedness
Nature Relatedness
Nature-Based Interventions, Planning with Nature, Green/Soft Engineering
Nature-Based Solutions
Nature-Based Solutions (NbS)
Nature-Based Solutions for River Restoration in Metropolitan Areas
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Nature-Based Solutions for River Restoration in Metropolitan Areas in Latin America
Examples for Implementation of Nature-Based Solutions for River Restoration in Costa Rica
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
NbS - Nature-Based Solutions
NDMA - National Disaster Management Authority of India
Need for Greenspace in an Urban Setting for Child Development
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
References
Need for Nature Connectedness in Urban Youth for Environmental Sustainability
Introduction
Environmental Education Overview
History
Environmental Sustainability, Well-Being, and Health Outcomes
Nature Connectedness
Examples of Interventions
Conclusion
References
Neighborhood
Neighbourhood
Neither Rural Nor Urban: A Critical Review of the Fringe Dynamics of Settlements
Introduction
The Existing Classification of Urban and Rural Areas
Country-Specific Urban Definitions
Monocentric and Polycentric Development Patterns
An Overview of Definitions of Various Forms of Fringe Development
Peri-Urban
Suburb
Desakota
Rural-Urban Continuum (RUC)
Other Related Terminologies
Problems Associated with Dichotomous Classifications
Classification Approaches Contrary to the Dichotomous Classification
Classifications in Australia
Classifications in the USA
Regional Classifications by Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Regional Classifications by European Statistical Office (EUROSTAT)
Classification by the Degree of Urbanization
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Neoliberalism and Future Urban Planning
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Neoliberalism and Urban Planning: A Review
Emerging Issues and Synthesis
Neoliberalism Is Here
Planning Has Been Responding Differently Depending with Context
Cities´ Planning in Africa Remains under the State
Bureaucracy and Slow Planning Process
Informality Is a Sign of Urban Planning Resistance to Neoliberalism
What Then Is the Purpose of Planning?
Conclusion and Future Direction
Urban Planning Liberalization
Indigenous Planning Statutes
Follow What we Need to Follow
Cross-References
References
Neoliberalism-Capitalism
Networked Eco-industrial System
Networking Collaborative Communities for Climate-Resilient Cities
Submission
Twenty-First Century Urban Expansion
The Concept of Urban Networks
The Urban-Nature Divide
Networks are Tools for Communities Too
Capitalism Versus Collaboration in the City
Conclusion: Building Networks and Re-humanizing the City for Climate Resilience
References
New Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Early Extra-Urban Settlements
The Garden City
The Metropolitan Region
Purposeful New Cities
Speculative New Cities
The Future Pace of New Cities
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
New Forms of Shared Governance and Local Action Plan in Socially Vulnerable Settlements
Synonyms
Definition
Peripheries in Transition
The Context
The Case Study Analytical Framework
Jardim Lapena Territory Case Study
The Urban Context
Governance and Institutional Aspects: Analysis Axis 1
The Neighborhood Urban Plan
The PJC Organization
Social and Participatory Aspects: Analysis Axis 2
Urban and Physical Aspects: Analysis Axis 3
Social Urbanism Local Plan
Advances and Limits on New Forms of Shared Governance and Local Action Plan
Final Considerations
Acknowledgment
References
The New Leipzig Charter: From Strategy to Implementation
Definition
Summary
Communities as a Driver and a Subject of Global Change
Urban Trends and the Advancement the Leipzig Charter of 2007
The New Leipzig Charter Describes the Transformative Power of Cities for the Common Good: Just, Green, and Productive Cities A...
From Document to Lived Practice
in Germany
in the EU
and Outside Europe
Cross-References
References
Background Information
New Localism: New Regionalism
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Localities, Localism, and New Localism
Regions, Regionalism, and New Regionalism
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
New Orbital Urbanization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Extending Urbanization
An Increasing Array
Remote Capture
Beyond the Critical Gaze
Into (Not So Much) Darkness
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
New Town
New Towns
Non-communicable Diseases (Non-infectious Diseases)
Nonfiscal Tools
Non-state Market-Driven (NSDM) Governance Systems
Nudging
O
OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Organic Engineering Systems
Organic Waste
Organization
Organized Crime
Overcoming Barriers in Green Infrastructure Implementation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Urban Green Infrastructure Implementation: Circumstances and Needs
Scarcity of Spatial Recourses and Competing Urban Priorities
Jurisdictional Incoordination and Scale Mismatch
Lack of Cooperation Between Stakeholders Behind Generating Ecosystem Services
Trade-Offs in the Context of Spatial Planning and Provision of Ecosystem Services
Designing Adaptive Governance Processes for Establishing Effective UGI
Guideline 1: Maintaining the Right Amount of Diversity and Redundancy Among Actors
Guideline 2: Optimizing Connectivity Between Social Actors
Guideline 3: Identifying Key Slow Variables and Managing Feedbacks in All Scales
Guideline 4: Stimulating Experimentation and Learning Processes
Guideline 5: Enabling Fair and Continuous Participation
Conclusion/Summary
Cross-References
References
An Overview of the Relationship of the Sustainable Development Goals and Urban and Regional Development
Synonyms
Definitions
Urban and Regional Development
Sustainable Development Goals
Introduction
Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals
A Territorial Approach to the Sustainable Development Goals
Interlinkages Between SDG 11 and Other SDGs
Agenda 2030 for Regional and Urban Development: The Case of Mexico City
Summary
References
P
Paradigm/Method
Paris Agreement
Parks
Parks and Green Space
Participate
Participative
Participatory
Participatory Governance for Adaptable Communities
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Framework for Participation
Community Action Groups (CAGs): A Model for Local Leadership
Origin of the CAG Model
Process
Building Social Capital
Role of the Catalyst
Enablers for the Model
Barriers to the Model´s Success
Conclusion
References
Participatory Irrigation Management: Barind Model - A New Sustainable Initiative
Introduction
Participatory Irrigation Management
Analysis of PIM
Water User Association (WUA)
Barind Multipurpose Development Authority (BMDA)
BMDA Management
Irrigation Development
Prepaid Metering System and Smart Cards
Mode of Operation of Prepaid Meter and Card
Benefits of Prepaid Meter and Smart Card
Impact of Prepaid Metering System and Smart Cards
Assessment of Irrigation Charges
Financial Viability
Conclusions with Salient Features
Financial Cost Recovery
Water Use Efficiency
Scheme Size
Cropping
Backup Power
Concluding Remark
Appendix A
References
Participatory Planning: A Useful Tool for the Development of Sustainable Mega-City Regions
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Megacity Region: A Brief Introduction
Polycentric Megacity Region and Sustainability
Participation Planning: A New Future
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Partner
Peace-Conflict Security
Pedestrian Density Flow
Peer Learning
Perceived Safety
Perception and Reality for Sustainable Irrigation System with Micro-irrigation
Introduction
Role of Irrigation Water
Crop Credit
Why Micro-irrigation?
Perception
Reality
Global Scenario
Micro-irrigation in Bangladesh
Barind Authority
Sustainability
Conclusion and Recommendation
References
Peri-urban - City-Edge
Peri-urban Regions
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Protected or Multifunctional Regions
Competing Ideologies
The Value of Amenity
Peri-urban Food Production
Biodiversity and Natural Resources
The Threat of Urban Development
Threats from Small Lot Subdivision and Urban-Related Uses
Nonlinear Environmental Threats
Governance Threats
Conclusion
References
Peri-urban Spaces
Peri-urbanization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Extending the Concept Historically
Current Controversies
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Personal Delivery Robots are Sometimes Called: Personal Delivery Devices
Personal Delivery Robots: How Will Cities Manage Multiple, Automated, Logistics Fleets in Pedestrian Spaces?
Synonyms
Introduction
Robots Operating in Public Spaces
Technology Capability
Social Impacts
Urban Planning
Traffic Management
A System to Manage Sidewalk Robots
Problem Definition
Digital Management Layers
The Orchestration Layer
Orchestration Process Overview
Ancillary System Components for a Robot Orchestration Process
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Philanthropy
Philanthropy in Sustainable Urban Development: A Systems Perspective
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Terminology and Conceptual Frames
Understanding the Implications of Foundations
Applying Systems Approaches in Philanthropy to Foster Sustainable Development
Shaping the Political Debate Through Advocacy
Acting as Mediators: Networks, Structures, and Field Coordination
Influencing Market Dynamics
Building Strong Civil Societies
Community Philanthropy: System´s Perspectives on Urban Foundation´s Legitimacy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Publications
Weblinks
Physical Activity
Physical Health
PIB - Press Information Bureau
Place
Places of Worship
Planetary Urbanization
Planned City
Planning
Planning - Organization
Planning for Food Security in the New Urban Agenda
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Food Security in the New Urban Agenda: A Review
Practical and Reality Aspects of Food Security in the New Urban Agenda
Emerging Issues
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Planning for Health
Planning for Peri-urban Futures
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Containing Urbanization
Food and Agriculture
Managing Landscapes
Planning Futures for Peri-urban Regions
Cross-References
References
Planning Healthy and Livable Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Housing and Urban Infrastructure
Climate Change and Environmental Management
Social Inclusion and Equity
Urban Resilience
Integrated Land-Use Planning
Cross-References
References
Planning Law - Legislative Instruments Guiding Planning
Planning/Coordination
Plant-Based Protein
Plumbism
Policies for a Just Transition
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Constitutes a Just Transition?
There Are Three Main Interpretations: Jobs-Focused, Environment-Focused, or Society-Focused
Jobs-Focused Just Transitions
Environment-Focused Just Transitions
Society-Focused Just Transitions
From Concept to Implementation: Knowledge Gaps and Key Considerations
What Is the Right Jurisdictional Scale to Manage Just Transitions? Top-Down Versus Bottom-up Approaches
What About Community Priorities and Concerns of Rural Places?
Not All Are Treated and Affected Equally: How to Include and Address the Needs of Marginalized Groups?
Who Is Responsible?
Can We Have Green Jobs and Good Work?
How Is Power Redistributed?
Is There a Robust Social Infrastructure?
How Does Community and Worker Identity Matter?
Policy Learning Across Sectors?
When and for How Long?
Comprehensive, Multi-scalar, and Integrated Approaches Are Needed
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Policy - Direction
Policy and Practices of Nature-Based Solutions to Build Resilience in Seoul, Korea
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Roadmap Toward a Carbon Neutral Country
Seoul´s Green Space Policy and Status for Adopting NbS Approaches
Case Studies of Nature-Based Solution
Seolleung and Jeongneung Royal Tombs
Tancheon Ecological Landscape Conservation Area
Conclusion
References
Policy Design
Policy Learning
Political Science and Development
Polycentrism
Population Studies
Poverty
Poverty Reduction
The Practice of Resilience Building in Urban and Regional Communities
Definition
Introduction
Resilience and the Urban/Regional/Rural Fabric
Resilience at Risk
The Practice of Resilience Building
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Precedent
Pre-schoolers and Sustainable Urban Transport
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Further Reading
Press Information Bureau (PIB)
Private Regulation
Private Standards
Programming
Progression
Progression Nexus
Proptech: Issues for the Future
Introduction
Areas of Proptech Applications
New and Enhanced Uses of Physical Spaces
Facilitating Property Search and Transaction Processes
Innovations in Property Finance Market
Issues for the Future
Concluding Remarks
Selected Reading List
Prosperity
Provincial
Provincial Towns
Provision
Public
Public Acquisition
Public Administration
Public Awareness of and Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Management in Urban Areas of the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam
Introduction
The Setting
Overview of the Domestic Solid Waste Sorting Program
The State of Solid Waste Management in the Mekong River Delta
Review of the Literature
Methodology
Survey Instrument Design
Collecting Data
Data analysis
Contingent Valuation Approach
Choice Model approach
Results and Discussion
Descriptive Statistics
Analysis of CVM and CM Data for an Improved Management Program
CVM Approach Result
CM Approach Result
Concluding and Policy Implications
References
Public Buying
Public Governance
Public Policies
Public Policies to Increase Urban Green Spaces
Synonyms
Introduction
Case Study from Belgium
Reducing Hardened Surfaces from Public or Private Properties in Ghent
Policy Background
Proposal and Implementation
Policy Evaluation
Case Study from Netherlands
Multifunctional Green Roofs in Rotterdam
Policy Background
Proposal and Implementation
Policy Evaluation
Case Study from Germany
Allotment Gardens in Berlin
Policy Background
Proposal and Implementation
Policy Evaluation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Policy
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
Public Procurement for Regional and Local Development
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Potential of Public Procurement as Policy Tool
Regional and Local Development in the Focus
Summary/Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Public Purchasing
Public Realm
Public Space
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Public Space
Commodification and Social Justice
Temporary Use of Public Space for Changing Social Needs
Technological Mediations of Public Space
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Public Sphere
Public Tendering
Public-Private Partnerships: The Danish Way of Turning Climate Change Measures into Policies and Long-Term Commitments
A Partnership Approach with 50 Years of Experience
Decoupling Economic Growth from Energy Consumption
National Reductions, Global Inspiration
Cross-References
References
Q
Quality of Life
R
Rainwater - Precipitation
Rainwater Harvesting for Water Security in Informal Settlements: Techniques, Practices, and Options
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives
Experiences in Rainwater Harvesting for Water Security in Informal Settlements
Rainwater Harvesting Typologies and Institutions Behind Them
Conclusion and Future Direction
References
Further Reading
Rapidity
Readiness
Recovery
Recreation
Recreational Opportunities
Recreational Space
Redundancy
Refuge
Regenerative City
Regenerative Design
Region - Precinct
Regional
Regional Development
Regional Eco-systems of Innovation
Regions
Regulation of Urban and Regional Futures
Synonyms
Definition
Advantages of Government-Led Regulation for Urban and Regional Futures
Disadvantages of Government-Led Regulation for Urban and Regional Futures
Regulation for Urban and Regional Futures: Good or Bad?
What Future for the Regulation of Urban and Regional Futures?
Cross-References
References
Renaturing Cities
Renewable Energy
Residential Crowding in Urban Environments
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Antecedents to Residential Crowding
Loss of Control and Overload of Social Stimuli
Behavioral Constraints and Infringement of Personal Space
Residential Crowding, and Stress: Personal and Social Consequences
Social Withdrawal and Breakdown of Social Ties
Overgeneralization of Social-Withdrawal and Social Alienation
Learned Helplessness
Interventions Through Planning and Design
Architectural Mediations
Supplementing Residential Space Through Commercial Space
Public Parks That Counteracts Social Alienation and Overstimulation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Resilience
Resilience - Absorption
Resilience - Absorptive Capacity
Resilient Cities
Resilient City
Resilient Rural Electrification for the Twenty-First Century
Definitions
Introduction
Energy and Poverty Reduction
The Current Situation
Building More Resilient Communities
From Poverty to Resiliency: Setting Goals
The First Technology Steps Towards Poverty Reduction and Resilience
The Impact of the First Technologies on Poverty Reduction
Climbing the Ladder of Energy Access for True Resilience
Starting the Journey Towards the Future´s Resilient Poverty-Free Village
Completing the Journey Towards a Resilient Poverty-Free Village
The Cost of Traditional Power Distribution
Spatially Planning Solutions for Resilient Villages
Summary/Conclusion
References
Resilient Urban Climates
Resource
Resource Effectiveness in and Across Urban Systems
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Main Approaches to Measurement
Material Flow Analysis (MFA)
Input-Output Analysis (I/O)
Ecological Network Analysis (ENA)
Emergy and Exergy Approaches
Mathematical Description
A Network Model of Urban Systems
Overall Resource Effectiveness and Balance
Application of Resource Effectiveness in an Urban System
Data Requirements
A UK Example
Cross-References
References
Resource Efficiency
Resource Recovery from Human Excreta in Urban and Regional Settlements
Definitions
Introduction
Sanitation Challenges
Human Health Impacts
Environmental Impacts
Benefits of Resource Recovery
Production of Agricultural Inputs
Production of Energy Inputs
Resource Recovery Processes
Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plants
Anaerobic Biological Digestion and Biogas Capture
Urine Diversion and Composting
Sludge Settling, Dewatering, and Drying
Biochar Production
Insect Bioconversion
Case Studies
Resource Recovery from Fecal Sludge in Kathmandu, Nepal
Resource Recovery Using Black Solider Flies (BSF) in Nairobi, Kenya
Current State of Resource Recovery from Human Excreta
Challenges in Resource Recovery
Conclusion
References
Resource-Efficient City
Resource-Efficient Logistics
Response
Responsibility to Prepare and Prevent
Responsibility to Prepare and Prevent (R2P2): Applying Unprecedented Foresight to Addressing Unprecedented Climate Risks
Synonyms
Introduction
Unprecedented Risks
Unprecedented Foresight
A Responsibility to Prepare and Prevent Framework (R2P2)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Responsible and Equitable
Responsiveness
Restored Urban Wetlands
Right to Water
Robotics
Robustness
Role of Disaster Relief Policy in Building Resilient Coastal Regions in the United States
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Examining the Concept of Fault in Federal Disaster Relief
Natural Hazards and Natural Disasters: Similarities and Distinctions
The Impacts of Climate Change on Federal Disaster Relief
Issues in Attaching Human Responsibility to Natural Disasters
A Failed Attempt to Internalize Risk
Conclusion: A Path Forward
Cross-References
References
Role of Nature for Ageing Populations
Health Benefits
Reducing Harm
Restoring Capacities
Building Capacities
Disservices
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Role of Urban Agriculture Policy in Promoting Food Security in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Urban Food Insecurity in Zimbabwe
The Bulawayo Urban Agriculture Policy
Case Study
Conclusion
References
Rural
Rural Areas
Rural Development
Rural Transformation - Rural Change
Rural-Urban Continuum Settlements: Selected Case Studies
Definition
Introduction
The Polycentric Urban Corridors
The Northeast Megalopolis (BosWash Corridor)
The Blue Banana Corridor
BESETO (Beijing to Tokyo Via Pyongyang and Seoul)
Desakota Regions
Desakota Type I
Desakota Type II
Desakota Type III
Rural-Urban Continuum Settlements of Kerala
Ruralopolis Settlements
Central Regions of Bangladesh
Punjab and Peshawar Regions of Pakistan
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
S
Sacred Sites
Safe Drinking Water
Sanctuary Cities and Its Impact on Quality of Life of Its Citizenry
Introduction
Basic Reasons Why Sanctuary Cities are Safer
Evidence of Increased Quality of Life in Sanctuary Cities
A Brief Comment on United States Federal Law
Conclusion
References
Sanitation - Facilities for Cleanliness
SAPCC - State Action Plan on Climate Change
Satellite City
Satellite Infrastructure
Satellite Town
Scale
SDG 6
Secure
Security
Security - Provisioning
Self-Regulation
Self-Sustainable City
Senegalese Ecovillage Network
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
History of the Network
Case Studies
Summary
References
Shantytowns
Shaper
Share
Shared
Shared Urban Codes
Shared Urban Conventions
Shared Urban Practices
Shared Urban Resources
Shift in Atmospheric Conditions and Surface Water Resources in Sri Lanka
Shrinkage
Shrinking Towns and Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Urban Shrinkage
How Widespread Is It?
Critique
Responses to Urban Shrinkage
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Sidewalk Drones
Sidewalk Robots
Slum - Informal Settlement
Slums
Slums Upgrading
Small Rural Town - Growth Point
Small Towns in Asia and Urban Sustainability
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Typology of Small Towns in Asia
Urban Sustainability in Small Towns of Asia
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Small Urban Centers
Small Water Retention Measures in Haluzice Gorge
Introduction
Title of the Project
Type of the Project
Specific Objective of the Project (Program, Investment)
Legal Basis of the Undertaken Measures
Connections with Other Programs
Organizational and Financial Basis
Technical Description
Measures Impact Assessment (Tangible and Intangible Benefits)
Attachments and References (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9)
Smart Agriculture and ICT
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Impact on Food Production and Farming Practices
Impact on Poor People´s Well-Being
Impact on the Environment
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Smart Cities
Smart City
Smart City: A Universal Approach in Particular Contexts
Introduction
Universalism and Particularism
Smart City: An Evolving Universal Approach
A Universal Theory: A Correlation Between Market Failures and Technological Advancement
A Classification of Technologies That Makes a City Smart
Smart City: Implementations and Characteristics in Particular Contexts
Digital Platforms
The Sharing Economy: Digital Platforms
Communication Platforms
Participatory Platforms
Social Media Platforms (Participatory Impacts and Social Media Platforms: Facebook, Twitter, TikTok, and Public Opinion)
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Algorithms, and Internet of Things (IoT)
Blockchain
Challenges and Future Opportunities
References
Smart Densification
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Existing Density Definitions
Physical Densities
Occupancy Densities
Site and Floor-Area Ratios
Practical Applications of Density
Context
Perception
User Experience
Smart Densification: Advancing the Definition
Application of Smart Density in Planning Policy and Practice
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Smart Density
Smart Grids
Smart Grids to Lower Energy Usage and Carbon Emissions: Case Study Examples from Colombia and Turkey
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Smart Grids Architecture Models Available in the Literature
Current Situation for Smart Energy in Turkey and Colombia: Turkey
Smart Meter Systems
An Example
Energy Diversity
Colombia
Smart Meter Systems
An Example
Energy Diversity
Future of the Applications Both in Colombia and Turkey
Results and Discussion
Proposing a Data Structure Architecture for Smart Grids
Smart Grids and Big Data
Data Architecture
Reference Models for Big Data Architecture
Challenges in Designing Big Data Architectures for Smart Grids
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Smart Sustainable City
Smart(er) Cities
Smart(er) Cities in the Time of Change
Introduction
Smart(er) Cities in the Time of Change
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Smartness
The Social and Solidarity Economy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Social and Solidarity Economy
Social Enterprises
What Do Social Enterprises Do for the City?
Limitations of the SSE
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Social Economy
Social Enterprise
Social Entrepreneurship
Social Finance
Social Health
Social Impact
Social Justice
Social Services
Social Sustainability
Social Urbanism
Social Urbanism: Transforming the Built and Social Environment
Synonyms
Definition of Social Urbanism
Introduction
Ideological Foundations of Social Urbanism: Where the Idea Comes From
Conditions of Possibility for Social Urbanism: Creating Fertile Ground
Political
Social
Cultural
Economic
Stakeholders: A Joint Effort
Multisectorial Collaboration
Multilevel Collaboration
The Concept of ``Shared Governance´´
Considerations of the Social Urbanism Model
Case Studies
Medellín
Sao Paulo
Cape Town
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Social-Ecological Systems
Socially Vulnerable Neighborhoods
Socio-ecological Resilience
Socio-ecological Urbanism
Socio-environmental Impact
Soft-Governance
Soft-Law
Soft-Regulation
Soil Water Erosion Assessment for Conservation Planning in a Data-Pour Contest
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background
Overview of Approaches Used in Water Erosion Assessment
Remote Sensing as a Tool to Identify Erosion Prone Area
Quantitative Analysis of Soil Erosion Causative Factors for Susceptibility Assessment
Quantitative Assessment of Soil Loss by Water Erosion for Conservation Planning
Soil Loss Tolerance Limits Map as a Tool for Conservation Planning
Soil Erosion Potential Map as a Tool for Modeling Best Management Practice
Qualitative Assessment of Soil Water Erosion for Conservation Planning
Summary/Conclusion
References
Soil Water Erosion Monitoring and Management
Solar Energy Communities in the Urban Environment
Introduction
Theoretical Background
A Taxonomy for PV Systems in Urban Environments
Opportunities and Challenges for SECUE´s
Summary and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Solar Pumps
Solar-Powered Irrigation Systems
The Source Waters of Tanga
Synonyms
Abbreviations
Definition
Part 1. Applying a Water Fund Approach to Conserve Tanga City´s Source Waters
Introduction
Part 2. High Endemism and Biodiversity Significance of the Tanga Watershed and East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania
Introduction
Importance of Biodiversity
Endemism and Biodiversity in the East Usambara Mountains
Flora
Vertebrate Fauna
Invertebrate Fauna
Aquatic Biodiversity: Fish and Macroinvertebrates
Threats to Biodiversity
Potential Conservation Interventions
Soil and Water Conservation
Agroforestry and Woodlots for Carbon Sequestration
Riparian Conservation
Integrated Watershed Management Plans
Livelihood Support
Marketing and Value Chain Support
Rural Roads, Tracks, and Pathways
Conclusion
Part 3. Carbon Sequestration and High Climate Impacts of Conserving the East Usambara Mountains, Tanga
Introduction
Carbon: Natural Compound and Valuable Commodity
Climate Change
Potential Solution: Conserving Nature, Generating Carbon Credits
Saving Carbon in the East Usambara Mountains
Vegetation
Soil
Financial Analysis
Enhancing Carbon Sequestration through Sustainable Land Management
Soil and Water Conservation
Agroforestry and Woodlots for Carbon Sequestration
Complementary Activities
Conclusion
Part 4. Robust Governance and Stakeholders Engagement in Establishing a Lasting Water Fund in Tanga
Conclusions
References
Space
Spatial
Spatial - Geographic
Spatial Demography as the Shaper of Urban and Regional Planning Under the Impact of Rapid Urbanization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Urban Spatial Demography: A Review
Rationale for Spatial Demography
Approaches and Tools in Spatial Demography
Cases and Experiences
Emerging Issues and Synthesis
Conclusion and Future Direction
Cross-Referenes
References
Spatial Digital Twin
Spatial Distribution
Spatial Equity
Spatial Justice and the Design of Future Cities in the Developing World
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptualizing Spatial Justice and Urban Design
Spatial Justice and the Design of Cities in the Developing World: A Review
Street Vending, Urban Design, and Spatial Justice
Conclusion and Future Direction
Cross-References
References
Spatial Planning
Spatial Planning - Land-Use Planning
Spatial Planning Under the Impact of Urbanization and Rural Transformation in Zimbabwe: A Review of Theories, Philosophies, an...
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Philosophies of Transformation
Revolution Philosophy
Involution Philosophy
Evolution Philosophy
Theories of Spatial Planning
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Spatial Resilience
Spatial Transformation - Urbanization and Rural Transformation
Spices
Spiritual Services
Sprawl
Squatter Settlement - Slum, Informal Settlement
Squatter Settlements
Stakeholder Consultation
Stakeholder Engagement
State
The State of Extreme Events in India
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Methodological Approach
Mapping India´s Exposure to Extreme Events
Mapping India´s Exposure to Extreme Floods
Mapping India´s Exposure to Extreme Droughts
Mapping India´s Exposure to Cyclones (Tropical Cyclones)
Economic Sectoral Exposure and Loss and Damage to Extreme Climate Events
Building India´s Resilience
References
Statute
Stepping-Stone
Stewarding Street Trees for a Global Urban Future
Synonyms
Introduction
Paris
National and Historical Context
Contemporary Paris
Taipei
National and Historical Context
Contemporary Taipei
Washington, DC
National Context
Washington, DC
Discussion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Stewardship
Stock
Strategies for Liveable and Sustainable Cities: The Singapore Experience
Introduction
Integrated Master Planning and Development
Strategy 1: Provide Housing for All
Strategy 2: Planning for Mixed-Use
Strategy 3: Planning for Polycentricity
Strategy 4: Ensuring Connectivity and Walkability
Strategy 5: Convenient Access to Green and Blue
Strategy 6: Building a City for All Ages
Strategy 7: Promoting Healthy Living
Strategy 8: Preserving Culture and Heritage
Underlying Enablers
Technology as an Enabler
Resilient Infrastructure as an Enabler
Involve the Community as Stakeholders
Ensuring Liveability and Sustainability in a Disrupted World
Cross-References
References
Strategies for Taming the City
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Managing Peri-Urbanization: A Review
Results
Emerging Issues: Strategies for Taming the City
Approaches to Managing Peri-Urbanization
The Systems Approach
Greening
Containment
Discussion
Conclusion and Future Direction
Cross-References
References
Strategy
Strategy - Action Planned
Street-Engaged
Streets
Structural Racism
Sub-centers
Suburban
Suburbanization
Suburbia
Sustainability
Sustainability - Continuity
Sustainability Challenges
Sustainability Competencies in Higher Education
Synonyms
Introduction
History of Emerging Competencies for Sustainability
Defining Competencies for Sustainability in Higher Education
Scholarship on Key Competencies for Sustainability
Future Scholarship on Sustainability Competencies
Consolidating Scholarship on Key Competencies for Sustainability
Advancing Key Competencies for Sustainability
Assessing Key Competencies for Sustainability
Diversifying Perspectives in Key Competencies for Sustainability
Supporting Pedagogies to Aid in Competency Development
Transitioning from Theory to Practice
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Sustainability Transformation
Sustainability Transition and Climate Change Adaption of Logistics
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Risk Management and Strategic Transition
Location Requirements, Site Selection, and Site Design
Communication and Cooperation for Sustainable Logistics Processes
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
The Sustainable and the Smart City: Distinguishing Two Contemporary Urban Visions
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Sustainability and Sustainable Cities
Definitions, Notions, and Key Components
Origins and Development
Criticism
Smart Cities
Definitions, Notions, and Key Components
Origins and Development History
Criticism
Comparing Both Concepts
Urban Sustainability Through Smart Solutions?
Different Comprehensiveness and Acceptance of Both Concepts
Different Development History and Different Driving Forces Behind Both Concepts
Summary
References
Sustainable Cities
Sustainable Cities via Urban Ecosystem Restoration
Challenges for Asian Cities
Cities sans Resilience
New Urban Paradigm Towards Ease of Living
Sustainable Opportunities
Conclusion
References
Sustainable City
Sustainable Community Masterplan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Reflexive Practice: Examples of Socio-Environmental Approach Strategies
Integrative Design Process
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development and Responsible Tourism: The Grijalva-Usumacinta Lower River Basin
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Grijalva-Usumacinta Lower River Basin
Protected Areas and New Forms of Tourism
SDGS and Tourism
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Sustainable Development Goals
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Timeline of Interventions in Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development Goals by the United Nations
Urban and Regional Development and SDGs
Sustainable Development Goal 11 and Other SDGs´ Interlinkage
SDG 1 ``End Poverty´´ + SDG 11
SDG 2 ``Food Security´´ + SDG 11
SDG 3 ``Promote Health´´ + SDG 11
SDG 4 ``Quality Education´´ + SDG 11
SDG 5 ``Gender Equality´´ + SDG 11
SDG 6 ``Clean Water´´ + SDG 11
SDG 7 ``Sustainable Energy´´ + SDG 11
SDG 8 ``Sustainable Economic Growth´´ + SDG 11
SDG 9 ``Resilient Infrastructure, Sustainable Industrialization & Innovation´´ + SDG 11
SDG 10 ``Reduce Inequalities Within and Among Countries´´ + SDG 11
SDG 12 ``Sustainable Consumption & Production´´ + SDG 11
SDG 13 ``Combat Climate Change´´ + SDG 11
SDG 14 ``Conserve & Sustainably Use the Marine´´ + SDG 11
SDG 15 ``Protect & Restore Terrestrial Ecosystems´´ + SDG 11
SDG 16 ``Peace & Efficient Governance´´ + SDG 11
SDG 17 ``Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development´´ + 11
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Sustainable Development Goals and Urban Policy Innovation
Synonyms
Introduction
Addressing Unsustainability
Engaging with the SDGs
A Framework for Transformative Action
SDG Action at Scale
Conclusion
References
Sustainable Development Goals from an Urban Perspective
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Relationship Between Cities and SDGs
SDGs in the Framework of the Urban Agenda
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Sustainable Development Goals in Relation to Urban and Regional Development in Japan
National Foundations for Regional SDG Strategies
SDGs Awards
SDGs Future City Initiative
Cross-References
Bibliography
Sustainable Development is Fair
Sustainable Economies
Sustainable Food Systems
Sustainable Logistics
Sustainable Urban Development
Sustainable Urban Mobility
Transport Sector Decarbonization: Policies, Co-benefits, and Coalitions
Trends and Drivers
Decarbonizing Transport: Actions and Potential
Potential for Co-benefits
Coalitions and Institutions
The Role of Capacities in the Transformative Change Toward Net-Zero Mobility
Discussion
Cross-References
References
Sustainable WaSH Infrastructure
Sustainable Watershed Management
Sustenance
Systemic Innovation
Systemic Innovation for Thrivable Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Terminology and Conceptual Frames
Sustainable Cities in the Global Agenda 2030
The City as a Living System
Use Cases
Summary and Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Publications
Weblinks
Systems Thinking
T
Taming - Containing
Technology
Territorial Competitiveness
Territorial Development
Territory
The Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Theme Cities Networks
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Why TCNs?
What Are TCNs?
Which TCNs?
Typology
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Theme City Network
Threat of Lead Exposure
Threats
Toward a Sustainable City
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Method
Barriers to Urban Children´s Accessibility to Recreational Green Space in Dhaka City
Inadequate Provision
Lack of Modern Amenities
Negative Perceptions
Poor Road Connectivity
Urban Hectic Life
Socioeconomic Inequity
A Paradigm Shift in Recreational Opportunities
Evolving Café Culture and Commercialization of Recreational Space
Growth of Nature Retreats and Resorts in Suburban Areas
Increased Dependence on Technology
Bringing Nature Indoors: Pets, Rooftop, and Balcony Gardens
Incorporate Modern Strategies into Built Environment
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Toward Smart Public Lighting of Future Cities
Introduction
Public Lighting
Smart Lighting and New Opportunities
The Future of Digital Twin-Empowered Public Lighting
Acknowledgment
References
Towards a Social Capital Resilience Model in Coping with Floods and Droughts: The Case of Muzarabani, Zimbabwe
Definition of Terms
Introduction
The Role of Social Capital in Disaster Resilience
Methods
Study Area
Research Approach and Design
Data Analysis
Results
Food Provision Through Social Capital
Social Capital Enhancing Community Harmony When Selling Assets
A Network of Voluntary Community Care-Givers
Enhancing the Interaction Among Various Stakeholders in Dealing with Floods and Droughts
Neighbor to Neighbor Interaction
To What Extent Do Individuals Rely on Social Capital?
Discussion
Recommendations
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Town and Regional Planning Real Estate
Transformation
Transformation - Change
Transnational - International
Transnational Crimes: Global Impact and Responses
Synonyms
Introduction
Definition: What Is Transnational Organized Crime?
Types of Transnational Organized Crime
Physical Contraband Movement Across Borders
Water-Based Crimes
Environmental Crime
Virtual and Financial Crime
Enabling Crimes
The Impact of Transnational Organized Crime on Global Resilience
Building Law Enforcement Resilience
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Transnational Migrants on the Margin
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Research Methodology
Agency, Aspirations, and Perceptions for the Future Among Malawian Migrants in Lydiate
Conclusion and Future Direction
References
Transport Industry
Transport Modes
Transport Resilience in Urban Regions
Synonyms
Introduction
Origins and Concepts of Resilience
Resilience as a Collection of Multi-attribute Properties
Transport Resilience-Related Studies
Conclusion
References
Transportation - Circulation
Transportation and Land Use Integration: Shaping Transportation Demand and Delivering Transport Supply
Introduction
Supply
Pedestrian Supply
Cycling and Micro-Mobility Supply
Bus Supply
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Supply
Tram
LRT Supply
Metro Supply
Commuter and Interurban Rail Supply
High Speed Rail Supply
Private Motor Vehicle Supply
Conclusion to Supply
References
Transportation and Mobility
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptual Framework (Fig. 1)
Transport and Mobility: A Review
Key Determinants in Urban Transport and Mobility
Evidence from Africa
Emerging Issues
Conclusion and Future Direction
Cross-References
References
Treatment Urban Wetlands
Tree-Based Farming
Turkey Energy Transformation
Typology
U
Understanding Smart Cities Through a Critical Lens
Introduction
A Critique of Smart Cities
Urban Inequalities and Power
Gender and Intersectionality
One-Size-Fits-All? Corporate Interests and Urban Entrepreneurialism
Technocratic Governance and Neoliberal Governmentality
Big Data, Algorithmic Violence, and Cybersecurity
The Global South: Colonialism, Imperialism, and Development
Resisting: The Emergence of Antismart City Grassroots
Engaging with the Messy Futures of Smart Cities: Possible Research Agendas for the Future
The Implementation of Smart City Projects
Smart Across Different Geographies
Rethinking the Smart Citizen
Sovereignty in the City
Conclusion
References
Understanding Urban Engineering
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Why Do We Need Urban Engineering, and What Is It?
Is Urban Engineering Smart?
A Complex Urban System
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Understanding Women´s Perspective of Quality of Life in Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Women´s Perspective of Urban QOL
Income, Wealth, and Employment
Housing and Services
Health
Education
Safety and Security
Transport and Mobility
Work-Life Balance and Leisure
Environment
Working for Better QOL of Urban Women
To Improve Income, Wealth, and Employment
To Improve Housing Conditions and Services
To Improve Health
To Improve Education
To Improve Safety and Security
To Improve Transport and Mobility
To Improve Work-Life Balance and Leisure
To Improve Environment
Participatory Urban Planning and Governance for Improving Women QOL
Case Study - Vienna, Austria
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
UNDRR - United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Universities Expansion
Unpacking Cities as Complex Adaptive Systems
Introduction
Global Urban Challenges
Context of Urban Planning
Urban Complex Systems
Cities as Complex Adaptive Systems
Signature Concepts of Complex Systems
Emergent
Resilient
Self-similar
Practical Approaches and Applications to Planning
Feedback Loops
Lever Points
Statistical Trends
Concluding Thoughts
References
Urban
Urban - Non-rural
Urban Agenda
Urban Agriculture
Urban and Regional Economies
Urban and Regional Leadership
Definition
Introduction
Place Leadership in Urban and Regional Innovation Policy Agendas
Impact of Leadership on Motivation and Commitment
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Urban Atmospheric Microbiome
Definitions
Introduction
Microbes in the Air
Outdoor Microbial Diversity
Indoor Microbial Diversity
Microbial Functions and Traits
Impact on Human Health
Conclusion
References
Urban Biodiversity
Urban Capacity
Urban Centers
Urban Climate Governance
Urban Climate Resilience
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Matter of Climate-Adaptive Design
A Matter of Ethics
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Urban Commons
Urban Commons as a Bridge Between the Spatial and the Social
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Commons Versus Commoning: Understanding Urban Commons as Public Space or as Community?
Conclusion: ``Collaborative Approaches,´´ ``Co-production,´´ or ``Negotiated Planning?´´?
Cross-References
References
Urban Decarbonization
Urban Densification and Its Social Sustainability
Introduction
``Densification as Urban Sustainability´´ Historical Overview and Ideals
Urban Densification and Social Inclusion Opportunities and Challenges
Urban Densification and Housing (Un)Affordability
Densification and Gentrification
Densification and Segregation
Concluding Remarks
References
Urban Design
Urban Development
Urban Digital Twin
Urban Ecology
Urban Ecosystem Services and Sustainable Human Well-Being
Introduction
Why Urban Ecosystem Services Are Important?
Economic Benefits
Social Benefits
Health Benefits
Urban Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being
Challenges and Opportunities of Urban Ecosystem Services
Conclusion
References
Urban Eco-systems of innovation
Urban Edge
Urban Food Gardens
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Home and Household Gardens
Allotment Gardens
Community Gardens
Different Levels of Collaboration
First Level Allotment-Style Community Gardens
Second Level Community Gardens with Individual Plots
Third Level Communal and Collective Gardening
Subtypes of Community Gardens
Political Dimensions of Urban Food Gardens
Citizen-Led and Community-Led Gardening
Bottom-Up and Grassroots Gardening
Political and Radical Gardening
Guerilla Gardening
Legal Dimensions of Urban Food Gardens
Informal and Illegal Gardens
Public Garden
Spatial Dimensions of Urban Food Gardens
Rooftop Food Gardens
Street Food Gardens, Footpath, Sidewalk, and Easement Gardens
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Urban Food Production
Urban Forestry
Urban Forestry in Sidewalks of Bogota, Colombia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Urban Forestry in Bogot
Local Context
Urban Forestry Management
The Interference Approach: Trees in the Sidewalks and Silvicultural Treatments
Conclusions
References
Further Reading
Urban Forests
Urban Futures
Urban Futures: Pathways to Tomorrow
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Working with the Future
Plurality of Futures
Pathways to Tomorrow
Summary
Cross-References
References
Urban Governance
Urban Green
Urban Green Infrastructure
Urban Greenery
Urban Greening
Urban Greening and Green Gentrification
Introduction
Urban Growth and Urban Greening
Parks and Gardens
Remediation
Green Buildings
Climate-Resilient Infrastructure
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Urban Greenspace
Urban Health
Urban Health and Well-Being
Urban Health Epistemic Communities
Urban Health Ideas
Urban Health Paradigms
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Need to Understand Urban Health Paradigms
Four Types of Urban Health Paradigms
Medical-Industrial City
Urban Health Science
Healthy Built Environment
Health Social Movement
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Urban Health Policy Ontologies
Urban Heat Islands
Introduction
Causes
Features of Heat Islands
Surface Heat Islands
Atmospheric Heat Islands
Strategies to Reduce the Urban Heat Island Effect
Reducing the Effect of Urban Heat Island Energy Consumption
Summary
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Urban Hinterland
Urban Management in Bangladesh
Synonyms
Definition
Urbanization of Bangladesh and Requirement for Protection
Urban Management in Bangladesh
Pattern of Urban Climate Change
Urban Management and Status of Rules and Regulations
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Urban Nature
Urban Open Space
Urban Parks
Urban Planning
The Urban Planning-Real Estate Development Nexus
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Urban Planning-Real Estate Development Nexus
Scholarship and Experiences in Urban Planning and Real Estate Development
Emerging Issues and Synthesis
Conclusion and Future Direction
References
Urban Policy
Urban Policy and the Future of Urban and Regional Planning in Africa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Urban Policy and Planning
A Survey of Scholarship and Experiences in Urban Policy and Planning
Conclusion and Future Direction
Cross-References
References
Urban Poor
Urban Resilience
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Urban Resilience: Moving from Idealism to Systems Thinking
Definition
Understanding the Urban Ecosystem
Globalization Makes Resiliency Harder
The Uneven Distribution of Green Space
Examples of Resilient Planning in the European Union
Resilience, the Economy, and Productivity
Can You Teach Resilience?
References
Urban Sprawl
Urban Structure
Urban Structure and Its Impact on Mobility Patterns: Reducing Automobile Dependence Through Polycentrism
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Types of Urban Centers and Their Exemplars
Urban Design and Preservation of Natural Landscapes in Cities
Monocentric, Polycentric, and ``Full-Motorization´´ Models of Urban Development and Their Implications for More Sustainable Tr...
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Urban Sustainability: Multifunctional and Multipurpose Planning of Urban Space
Introduction
Multifunctional Urban Space
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Urban Sustainable Development
Urban Systems
Urban Transformation
Urban Upgrading
Urban Visions
Urban Vulnerability - Poverty
Urban Well-Being
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Defining Urban Well-Being
Contributions to the Field
Principle Issues and Discourses
Physical Environment
Ambient Environment
Psychological Environment
Additional Factors: Social and Economic Factors
Additional Factors: Climate Change and Net Zero
Conclusion: The Future of Urban Well-Being
Cross-References
References
Urbanism
Urbanization
Urbanization - Spatial Transformation
Urbanization, Planning Law, and the Future of Developing World Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Cities and Urban Planning
Reflections and Experiences in Cities and Urban Planning Law
Emerging Issues and Synthesis
Conclusion and Future Direction
Cross-References
References
Urban-Rural Fringe
Urban-Rural Interface
Urban-Rural Interfaces
US Urban and Suburban Yardscaping
Introduction: The US Urban and Suburban Yardscape
The Environmental Impacts of US [sub]urban Yardscaping
Impacts Stemming from Nutrient Loss and Pollution
Impacts Stemming from Pesticide Use and Pollution
Key Forces Driving Conventional Yardscaping Preferences and Practice
Emerging Alternatives to Conventional US Yardscaping
Increased Mowing Height and Decreased Mowing Frequency
Improvements to Pollinator Habitats
Pesticide Bans and Restrictions
Bans and Restrictions on the Urban Use of Fertilizers
Conclusion: Mechanisms and Forces of Change
Cross-References
References
V
Vegan Food Justice
The Vegan Food Justice Movement
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Speciesism
Race, Class, and Decolonization
Vegan Feminism
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Vegan Social Justice
Vertical Farming
Vertical Integration
Virtual City
Virtual Reality
Voluntary Agreements
Voluntary Approaches
Voluntary Environmental Governance Arrangements
Voluntary Environmental Programs
Voluntary Programs
Voluntary Programs for Urban and Regional Futures
Synonyms
Definition
Some Examples of Voluntary Programs for Urban and Regional Futures
What Are the Main Promises of Voluntary Programs?
What Are the Main Challenges for Voluntary Programs?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Voluntary Regulation
Voluntary Regulatory Regimes
Vulnerability to Food Insecurity Among the Urban Poor in Sri Lanka: Implications for Policy and Practice
References
W
Wadi Sustainable Agriculture Model, The
Synonyms/Related Terms
Definition
Introduction
Sustainable Agriculture
Wadi Sustainable Agriculture Model
The Genesis of the Wadi Model
Concept Description
The Wadi Plot
Layout
Components of a Wadi Plot
Key Insights
Conclusion
References
Walkability
Walkable Access
Walkable Access and Walking Quality of Built Environment
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Data and Methods
Study Area
Data Collection
Pedestrian-Based Network Analysis
Estimating Residential Building Heights
Walking Survey
Data Interpretation
Walking Environment Indicators
Results
Walking Access
Pedestrian Density Flow and Spatial Distributions of Residential Building Heights
Streetscape Walking Qualities
Imageability
Enclosure
Human Scale
Transparency
Tidiness
Safety
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Walking
Walking Behavior
Wash (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene): Infrastructure as a Measure of Sustainable Development
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Components of WaSH Infrastructure and Their Interlinkages
WaSH and Sustainable Community Development
Sustainable WaSH Infrastructure
Case 1: Water Access in Rwanda
Case 2: WaSH in Ghana
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Wastewater Processing
Wastewater Recycling
Water - Hydrologic Resources
Water Conservation
Water Efficiency
Water for All
Water Governance
Water Policy
Water Policy in the State of Tabasco
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Water Resources in Tabasco
Shared River Basins
The Grijalva-Usumacinta River Basin
Socioeconomic Features of the State of Tabasco
Population
Housing
Healthcare
Economy
Infrastructure
Public Water and SANITATION
Education
Hydrologic Characterization of the State of Tabasco
The Flood Plain and Its Achille´s Heel
Priorities of Public Policy
Non-exhaustive Review of Public Regulations
Civil Protection and Infrastructure
Challenges and Opportunities
Cross-References
References
Water Pollution and Advanced Water Treatment Technologies
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Water Pollution
Water Treatment Technologies
Conventional Water Treatment Techniques
Adsorption-Based Methods
Membrane-Based Technologies
Advanced Oxidation Processes
Nature-Based Methods
Hybrid Methods of Water Treatment
Analysis and Comparison of Water Treatment Techniques
Challenges and Future Scope
Recommendations
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Water Purification
Water Quality
Water Quantity
Water Recycling
Water Security
Water Security and Its Role in Achieving SDG 6
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Water Security as a Concept
Elements of Water Security
Dimensions of Water Security
Human Security
Ecological Security
Peace-Conflict Security
Economical Security
Water Security, Sustainable Development Goals, and SDG 6
Defining the Right to Water in the Context of Water Security: Challenges and New Developments
Conclusion
References
Water Security and the Green Economy
Synonyms
Introduction
The Green Economy
Green Growth
Water´s Role in the Green Economy
Case: Dallas Water´s Demand Management Initiatives
Case: San Francisco´s Water-Efficient Urban Farms
Case: Santa Monica Using Green Infrastructure to Turn Stormwater into a Resource
Case: Singapore Seeking Energy-Efficient Desalination Solutions
Case: Testing Smart Sensing Network Technology in Sydney
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Water Security, Sustainability, and SDG 6
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Evolution of Water Security
Water Security and the Sustainable Development Goals
Elements of Water Security
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Water Sustainability
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WaSH)
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Question of Future Cities of the Developing World
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptualizing Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)
Scholarship and Experiences in WASH
Emerging Issues and Synthesis
Conclusions and Future Direction
Cross-References
References
Water-Food Nexus
Watershed Management on Water Sustainability
Watershed Sustainability: An Integrated River Basin Perspective
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
WGP Framework and Study Area
The Case of the Duero River Basin
Discharge of Wastewater into the River Network
Lack of Wastewater Treatment
Shortage of Water in the Watershed Localities
Aquatic Ecosystems Affected by Environmental Degradation
Influence of Human Activity on Water Bodies
The Use of the Irrigation District
Limitation of Multilevel Governance
The DRB Under the WGP Framework (Axis Analysis: The Relationship Between the Vertices)
A Threefold Discussion
Good and Bad Water Governance
Participation in Water Governance
The Prism as a New Opportunity for Integration
Conclusions
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Water-Smart Cities
Synonyms
Introduction
Demand Management
Water Pricing
Smart Meters
Subsidies or Rebates
Regulations
Water Efficiency Labelling
Education and Awareness
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Weak Governance
Wealthy Natural Resources
Weather pattern turnover and surface water resources in Sri Lanka
Weathering Change
Introduction
Climate Change: Exposure and Vulnerability in Latin America and the Caribbean
Cost and Benefits of Adaptation
Cities and the Twenty-First Century: Changing Directions
BiodiverCities: Biodiversity, Adaptation, and Resilience
Adaptive Territorial and City Planning
Integrated Resource Management
Rural-Urban Connectivity
Urban Planning and Design
Green Infrastructure
Preservation and Greening of Public Space
The Building Sector
Blue-Green Infrastructure
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Welfare Services
Well-Being
Wetlands
Why Large Cities Won´t Survive the Twenty-First Century
Introduction: Setting the Scene
Socially Constructed Shared Illusions
The Secret Life of Cities
Cities and the Basic Laws of Nature
Cities per se Are Inherently Unsustainable
The Real Urban Human Ecosystem
The Existential Threat to Cities
The Climate Change - Energy Conundrum
Missed Opportunity: Can We Still Achieve ``One-Planet Living´´?
Economy as Eco-Niche
``One Planet´´ Eco-Cities and Bioregions
Concluding Reflections
References
Wildfire
Wildlife Corridors
Introduction
Wildlife Corridors
Biodiversity
Habitat Fragmentation
Examples of Wildlife Corridors
The Benefits of Urban Wildlife Corridors
Conclusion
References
WMO - World Meteorological Organization
Women in Urbanism, Perpetuating the Bias?
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Intertwined and Invisible Affects
Race and Gender, Tensions Inscribed in Public Spaces
The Lack of Self-Critique and Cultural Humility
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
Y
Young Children
Young People
Youth and Public Transport
Introduction
Background: Choice of Transport Mode and Negative Attitudes Toward PT
Loyalty to Public Transportation and the Importance of Youth Engagement
Public Transport in Dubai: Peculiarities of the System
Shared Mobility: ``Upping´´ the Status of PT in Dubai
Methods
Results from the First Survey
Responses from Riders
Responses from Drivers/Nonriders
Results from Shared-Mobility Test
Reflective Survey Results
Focus Group Discussion
Summary, Discussion, and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Z
Zero Emissions
Zombie Subdivisions
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Economic Zombies
Environmental Zombies
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Zoning
Zoning Regulation
Zooming Regions into Perspective
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Background and Overview
Literature Review
Results and Analysis
Rural Housing Construction in Zimbabwe
Discussion
Conclusions and Policy Options
Cross-References
References