Preface
The Possible
The Possibilities Turn
Possibility Studies
The Present Encyclopedia
References
Acknowledgments
List of Topics
About the Editor
Section Editors
Contributors
A
Abduction
Introduction
The Development of Abduction
Further Advances on Abduction
Abduction and the Possible
Abduction and the Possible in Scientific Discovery
Abduction and the Possible in Teaching and Learning
Abduction and the Possible in Ordinary Life
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Action Research
Introduction
What Is Action Research?
The Philosophies of Action Research
Three Practices of Action Research
Quality in Action Research
Settings in Which Action Research Is Practiced
Modalities of Action Research
Action Research as the Social Science of the Possible
Summary
Cross-References
References
Adjacent Possible
Introduction
History and State of the Art
Discussion
Topologies of Adjacent Possibles
Types of Adjacent Possibles
Serendipity as Actualization of Adjacent Possibles
Designing for Adjacent Possibles
Concluding Summary
References
Adoption
Introduction
Brief Adoption Considerations
Adoption and Its Relations with the Possible
From the Dominant to the Nondominant Perspective in the Sociocultural Construction of Parenting
The Relational Dynamics Between Perspectives
Conclusion
References
Adversity
Definition
Introduction
Detrimental Effects of Adverse Experiences on Creativity
Evidence of a Relationship Between Experiences of Adversity and Creativity Possibility
Theories and Mechanisms
Contributory Personal Factors
Facilitating Possibility Through Creativity in the Aftermath of Adversity
Positive Experiences and Creative Possibility
Conclusion
References
Aesthetics
History
Categorical System
Reception
Creation
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Affordance
Introduction
Definition and Controversy
Characterization and Types
Towards a Material Theory of the Possible
Summary
Cross-References
References
Alchemy
Introduction
The Possible in Alchemy: From Alchemy to Chemistry
Alchemy: Science, Mysticism, and Art
Meaning Making in the Possible in Alchemy: The Role of Iconic and Symbolic Representations
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Alternate History
Alternate History
Alternate History and Politics
Alternate History and Historical Scholarship
Alternate History in Religious and Ecclesiastical Thought
Alternate History and Sport
Alternate History as a Cultural Phenomenon
Summary
Cross-References
References
American Pragmatism
Synonyms
The Possibilities of Pragmatism: The American Tradition(s)
Working with Experience Firsthand
The Possibilities of a Pragmatist Intellectual Craftspersonship
The Pragmatist Intellectual Craftsperson at Work: The Cases of W.E.B. Du Bois and C. Wright Mills
The Post-Rorty World
Summary
Cross-References
References
Analogy
Introduction
Why Is It Difficult to Identify Analogies?
Phases of Reasoning by Analogy
Analogy Does Not Involve an Incremental Process
Reasoning by Analogy Can Be Trained
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Anchoring
Introduction
Anchoring the Imagination of the New
Anchored Imagination: Fictional and Fantasy Worlds
Anchoring the Impossible: The Adynaton
Anchoring the Possible: Calibrating Past, Present, and Future
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Anticipation
Introduction
The Four Meanings of Anticipation
The World as an Incomplete Process
The World as an Experiment
Latency, Tendency, and Horizon
Real Possibility
Entities Are Categorically Open
Not-Yet
Horizon and Front
Authentic and Nonauthentic Futures
Concrete Utopias
Cross-References
References
Anticipation Systems
Introduction
Main Assumption of Newtonian Systems: Never Allow Future States of the System to Affect the Present Changes of State
Main Assumption of Anticipatory Systems: Future States May Determine Present Changes of State
A Model of Anticipatory Systems
Side Effects
Back to Systems
Two Kinds of Analysis
Complicated and Complex
About Houses and Cats
Cross-References
References
Antiquity
Introduction: Toward a Deep History of the Possible
Imagining the Future in the Ancient World: Divination
Imagining the Longer-Term Future
Fate, Predestination, Free Will
The Possible, Imagination and Globalization in Antiquity
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Apperception
Historical Overview
Apperception in Philosophy
Johann Friedrich Herbart as the Key Author in Understanding Apperception
Looking for the Center: The ``I´´ Cannot Be Found
Theodor Lipps: Apperception and Einfühlung
Wilhelm Wundt: The Subjective-Objective Contrast
New Look at Apperception: Anticipating the Future as Arriving in the Present
The Basis for Apperception: Anticipation
Summary: Bringing a Forgotten Concept Forward to New Life
References
Archetypes
Definition and Brief History of the Term
C.G. Jung and the Archetypes
Symbolic Dynamics and Characteristics of the Archetypes
The Potential
Conclusion
References
Arts Education
Historical Background
Defining Arts Education
The Multiple Purposes of Arts Education
Arts Education to Advance Proficiency and Practice Within the Arts Disciplines
Arts Education to Support Achievement in the Core Content Areas
Arts Education to Support Cognitive Development
Arts Education to Support Social, Civic, Political, and Community Change
Critical Perspectives on Arts Education
Arts Education Does not Significantly Contribute to Academic and Cognitive Growth
Arts Education Is Biased Toward the Cultural Interests of White, Western, Patriarchal Culture
Arts Education Perpetuates Inequality and Promotes Elitism
Connections to the Now and the Possible
Arts Education Supports Connections Across Diverse Cultures and Identities
Arts Education Provides the Space to think Between and Across the Disciplines
Arts Education Serves As a Vehicle for Change
Arts Education Provokes Innovation
Arts Education Facilitates the Enactment of Our Humanity
Arts Education Informs How Will We Be Known in the Future
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
``As If´´ Thinking
Imagination and ``As If´´
Pretend Play
Abstraction and ``As If´´
Empathy and ``As If´´
Aaron and ``As If´´ Thinking
``As If´´ Thinking, Creativity, and the Possible
Summary
Cross-References
References
Automobility Studies
Introduction
What Is Automobility?
The Sociotechnical Imaginaries of Automobility
The Possible
Summary
References
Autonomy
Different Theoretical Perspectives on Agency and Autonomy
The Development of Autonomy
Autonomy as Socially Constructed
Cultivating Autonomy
Autonomy, Creativity, and the Possible
Summary
References
Avatars
Avatars, Creativity, and the Possible
Conclusion
References
Awe
Definition
Research on Awe
Conclusions
References
C
Cognitive Versatility
Introduction
Evolution of Research on Cognition and Cognitive Versatility
A Closer Look at Intuition, Analysis and Cognitive Versatility
Cognitive Strategy, Possibility, and Probability
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Coincidence
Definitions
The Anatomy of a Meaningful Coincidence
Mind and Object
Explanations
Probability/Random
Personal Agency
Situational Variables
Conventional Science
Emerging Scientific Theories
Complexity and Chaos Theories
Potential Scientific Explanations
Psi
Quantum Mechanics
Greater Mind
Coincidence and the Possible
The Usefulness of Coincidences
Summary
References
Collaborative Creativity
Collaborative Creativity
Collaborative Creativity and an Emergent and Distributed Possible
Improvisational Jazz
Scientific Collaboration
Trust and Tension
Material Collaboration
Collaboration Across Different Time Scales: The Development of a Shared Possible
Collaboration and Cognitive Modernity: The Possible in Deep Time
Deep History
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Complexity
Definition
Introduction
The Paradigm of Simplification and the Limits of Analysis
Scientific Origins of Complexity
Thinking Complexity
Transdisciplinarity and Complexity
Creativity and Complexity
Possibilities, Constraints, and Complex Creativity
Complex Moods
The Heart of Simplicity and Complexity
The Creativity of Possibility and the Possibility of Creativity
Summary
Cross-References
References
Computer Science
Definition
Introduction
From Computing Machines to Computer Science
The Post-modern Prometheus
People Fear What They don´t Understand
The Sky Is the Limit
Research Today and Milestones Ahead
Conclusion
References
Concept Formation
Introduction
Vygotskian Perspective of Verbal Thinking
Thinking and Speech as Intermingled Processes
Vygotsky´s Theory of Concept Formation (1934/1987)
The Role of the Possible in Concept Formation
Argumentation as a Type of Language Performance That Prompts the Conceptual Aspect of the Possible
Conclusion
References
Conflict of Centrations
Conflict of Perspectives
Consciousness
Constructive Memory
Introduction
What Makes Memory Constructive?
The Concept of Schema
Imagination and Memory
References
Constructivism
Piagetian Constructivism in Epistemology
Piagetian Constructivism in Psychology
What Knowledge Is Constructed
How Knowledge Is Constructed
The Creation of Novelties as New Possibilities
Co-constructivism in Psychology
Conclusion
References
Counterfactual Thinking
Definition
When Do People Engage in Counterfactual Thinking?
Why Do We Generate Counterfactual Thoughts?
What Do People Think When They Engage in Counterfactual Thinking?
How Do We Generate Counterfactual Thoughts?
Summary
Cross-References
References
Crealectic Intelligence
Introduction: Multifarious Intelligence
Definition and History
Crealectic Intelligence Versus Analytic Intelligence and Dialectic Intelligence
Crealectics and the Possible
Summary
Cross-References
References
Creating the Future
Historical Context
What Is ``Creating the Future?´´
Universities and Philosophy in the Context of Creative Evolution
Life and the Future of Civilization
Summary: Creating the Future and the Possible
Cross-References
References
Creative Cognition
Definition
The Importance of Prior Knowledge
Research on Creative Cognition
Strategies to Enable Creative Cognition
The Importance of Cognitive Flexibility
Creative Cognition and the Possible
Achieving the Possible Through the Cultivation of Creative Thinking
Conclusion
References
Creative Development
Introduction
Creative Development Within Domains
General Creative Development Across the Life Span
Participatory and Societal Creative Development
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Creative Inconclusiveness
Definition of Creative Inconclusiveness
Creative Inconclusiveness in the Dynamic Creativity Framework
Creative Inconclusiveness: A Curse or a Blessing?
Eminent Cases of Creative Inconclusiveness
Creative Inconclusiveness: Possibilities for Research
References
Creative Learning
Definition and History
Components of Creative Learning
Intrapsychological Sphere
Interpsychological Sphere
Creative Learning and the Possible
Directions for Theory and Research
Cross-References
References
Creative Mindsets
From Mindsets to Creative Mindsets
Creative Mindsets: Complexities and Paradoxes
Creative Mindsets as Mechanisms
Discussion
References
Creative Possibility
Creative Problem-Solving
Contrasting Creative Problem-Solving with Problem-Solving in General
Creative Problem-Solving: An Introduction and Overview
Creative Problem-Solving: The Thinking Skills Model
CPS: A Model for Deconstructing Creative Thinking
The Dynamic Balance in CPS: Balancing Divergent and Convergent Thinking
Summary: A Conceptual Map of Creative Problem-Solving
Cross-References
References
Creative Self-Efficacy
Introduction
The Prospective Nature of Creative Self-Efficacy
The Momentary Phenomenon of Creative Self-Efficacy
Collectivist Creative Self-Efficacy
Motivating Action Not Guaranteeing Success
Self-Efficacy as Pathway to Possible Future Self
Summary
Cross-References
References
Creativity
Introduction
Possible Actors
Possible Actions
Possible Audiences
Possible Artefacts
Possible Affordances
Concluding Thoughts
Cross-References
References
Crisis of the Future
Definition
Background
How Can I Miss You if You Won´t Go Away?
Crisis of Complexity
Conclusion
References
Curiosity
What Is Curiosity?
How Is Curiosity Aroused?
Is Curiosity Always an Aversive State?
Does Curiosity Require Awareness of Ignorance?
How Does Being Curious Relate to Asking a Question?
What Satisfies Curiosity?
What Is the Value of Curiosity?
Can Curiosity Be Immoral?
How Does Curiosity Relate to What Is Possible?
Cross-References
References
D
Daydreaming
Introduction
Reviewing Daydreaming
Daydreaming as Enabling the Possible in Psychoanalysis
Daydreaming as Expanding the Possible: Jerome Singer´s Legacy
Daydreaming as Constraining the Possible: Unconscious Phantasms and Private Theatre
Daydreaming as Impossibility
Expanding Daydream
Analyzing Daydreaming
Reframing Daydream and the Possible
Cross-References
References
Decision-Making
What Is Decision-Making?
Rationality, Cognitive Limitations and Cognitive Miserliness
Rationality
Cognitive Limitations
Cognitive Miserliness
Stages of Decision-Making
Defining a Decision-Maker
Setting Conditions and Framing a Problem
Conditions
Formulating the Decision Problem
Decision Space of Alternatives
Decision Analysis: Making a Decision and Evaluation
Certainty
Uncertainty
Risk
Fallacious Criteria of Making Decisions
Evaluation of a Decision: A Hindsight Bias and Hedonic Adaptation
Summary
Cross-References
References
Deliberation
Polarization and Cognitive Diversity
Domination and Reciprocity
Intellectual Character
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Design Thinking
Introduction
The Design Thinking Process
Design Thinking Challenges and Limitations
The Possible in Design Thinking
Promoting Radical Innovation: Enhancing DT
DT and Human-Centered Design
Possible Design Thinking Uses: Life Design
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Desire
Determinism
Definition
Appeal of Determinism
Alternative to Determinism
Relevance to Free Will
Survey Results: What Do Psychologists Believe?
Criticism of Determinism
Summary/Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Dialectics
The Dialectical Perspective in Developmental Psychology
Piaget
The Possible as a Construction
Vygotsky
Possibility as Potentiality
Valsiner´s Approach
Potentiality and Actuality
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Dialogical Self Theory
Historical Roots
Definition of the Dialogical Self
What Is an I-Position?
Meta-position as Helicopter View
Promoter Positions as Openness to the Future
Internal and External Positions: Beyond Self-Society Dualism
Methods and Fields of Practice
Cross-References
References
Dialogism
Introduction
History of Dialogism
Buber
Bakhtin
Dialogism and Education Theory
Dialogic Teaching Approaches
Dialogic Space
Dialogic Space and Possibility Thinking
Summary
Cross-References
References
Dieting
Definition
Definition and History
Research on Dieting
Dieting and the Possible
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Disability
Disability Studies as an Academic Counterpart of the Disabled People´s Movement
Activists´ and Academics´ Encounters: Social Model of Disability
Feminist Disability Studies
Disability Studies: Epistemology and Methodology (Case Studies: Intersectionality and Participatory and Emancipatory Research)
Affirmation and Capacity Perspectives
Humanism and Disability Theory
Posthuman Disability Studies
Cross-References
References
Discourse
Introduction
Overview of Discursive Psychological Work
Discourse and Science
A Way Forward
Cross-References
References
Dishonesty
Introduction
Justifications: How to Do Wrong but Feel Honest
Self-Deception: ``It´s not a Lie (If You Believe It)´´
Cognitive Biases: The Role of Information Processing
The ``Evil Genius´´ Effect?
The Difficulty of Reducing Dishonesty: What Can Be Done About It?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Divergent Thinking
Synopsis
Introduction
Divergent Thinking
Empirical Research on and New Theories of DT
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Divine Comedy
Definition
The Possible Divine Comedy
Cross-References
References
Dreams
Modern Views
The Possible
Cross-References
References
Dystopia
Definition
Introduction
Utopias and Dystopias
Possible Worlds of Dystopian Fiction
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
E
Ecstasy
Emergence
Definition
Introduction
History of Emergence
Emergents
First-Order Emergents
Second-Order Emergents
Third-Order Emergents
Still Higher Orders of Emergents
Basic Characteristics of Emergence
Nonadditivity of Causes
Novelty of Emergent Processes, Entities, and Properties
Ontological Monism and Qualitative Difference: Nonreductionist Physicalism
Emergence and Mereology
Levels of Organization
Emergent Laws
Nondeducibility, Nonpredictability, and Irreducibility of Emergents
Emergence and Downward Causation
Species of Emergence
Epistemological and Ontological Emergence
Downward Causation-Based Ontological Emergence
Whole-Part Constraints-Based Ontological Emergence
Supervenience-Based Ontological Emergence
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Emergentism
History
The Rebirth of Emergentism
Emergence Theory and the Possible
Forms of Predeterminism and Their Alternatives
Acknowledgment
References
Further Reading
Emotion
Emotion as Action Disposition
Emotion in Creativity Research
Emotion, Creativity, and the Possible
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Emotional Intelligence
Introduction: Emotional Intelligence as the Realm of Subjective Adaptation
Emotional Intelligence and the Possible
Emotional Intelligence and Possible Spaces and Times
Emotional Intelligence and Possible Selves
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Empathy
Definition
Empathy as a Psychological Construct: Origins and Salient Dimensions
The Development of Empathy: Models and Correlates
Protective and Risk Factors in Empathy Development
Measures
Interventions
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Empowerment
Definition
Dis-Empowerment in the Global South
The Coloniality Matrix
Deconstructing Colonialism and Coloniality
Educational Experiences Toward Empowerment from the South
Some Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
Bibliography
Entrepreneurship
Introduction
A Brief History of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship from Economics to Management
Research in Entrepreneurship
The Paradigm of Opportunity
Typology of Entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurial Process and Business Model
The Possible in Entrepreneurship Research
Conclusion
References
Error
Synonyms
Definition
Measurement Errors
Systematic and Stochastic Errors
Sampling Error
Errors in Statistical Models
Conclusion
References
Ethics of Possibility
Introduction
References
Existentialism
Definition
Introduction
Existentialism as a Form of Humanism
The Ontology of Freedom
Existentialism as a Philosophy of the Possible
Summary
Cross-References
References
Experiences of Adversity and Creative Possibility
Extended Mind
Introduction
Extended Mind
Second Wave Extended Mind
Third Wave Extended Mind
Summary
References
F
Fahrenheit 451
Definition
Introduction
Technology As Possibility
Social Decline As Possibility: Causes
Technology
Minority Pressure
Mass Exploitation
Summary: The Possibilities Now
References
Feminisms
Feminism - Facing Centuries of Exclusion: A Brief Overview
Diverse Feminisms: Common and Different Struggles
Feminisms from the South: Anti-racist and Decolonial Resistances
Transforming Women´s Oppressive Realities: Some Experiences from the Ground
Some Conclusions - The Feminist and Humanistic Quest: Transforming Exploitive Relations Between People and with Nature
Cross-References
References
Fiction
Definition
Aesthetic-Philosophical Assumptions About Fiction: Contributions by Rorty and Gadamer
The Theory of Symbolic Action and the Fiction of Each One of Us
Alessandra: The Fiction of Her Own Self
References
Flourishing
Flow
Introduction
Flow
The Nine Elements of the Individual Flow Experience
The Prerequisites for Flow
The Experiential Characteristics of Flow
The Benefits of Flow Experiences
Team Flow
The Eleven Elements of Team Flow
The Prerequisites of Team Flow
The Experiential Characteristics of Team Flow
The Team Flow Model
The Benefits of Team Flow Experiences
The Continuum from Individual Flow to Team Flow
Disruptors that Block Team Flow Experiences
Team Flow Catalyzes Unprecedented Possibilities in Challenge-Based Learning Environments
Cross-References
References
Forecasting
Introduction
Megatrends and Related Concepts
Windows of Opportunity
Back to Forecasting
From Probability to Consequences
Anticipatory Risk Management
Cross-References
References
Foresight
Introduction
Forecasting, Foresight, and Anticipation
Expanding the Framework
Risk and Uncertainty
Complicated and Complex
Futures Literacy (FL)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Frankenstein
Introduction
Composition, Publication, and Reception
Plot Summary
Critical Interpretations
Frankenstein and the Idea of the Human
Frankenstein and the Possibilities and Ethics of Science
Summary
Cross-References
References
Future Problem Solving
Identifying Challenges
Underlying Problems
Produce Solution Ideas
Generate and Select Criteria
Apply Criteria
Develop an Action Plan
Possibilities for the Future
References
Future Selves
Research on Future Selves
The Future Selves and the Possible
Developing Future Selves in a Common Ground: From Future Consciousness to Future Literacy
Summary
Cross-References
References
Futures Studies
Definition
Introduction
Conceptualization and Innovation
Big Time and Big Space
The Best Practices
A Different Globalization
Summary
References
G
Genetic Engineering
Introduction
History of Genetic Engineering
Current Developments in Genetic Engineering
Ethical Issues
Summary
References
Genius
Alternative Definitions of Genius
Research on the Various Guises of Genius
Genius and Alternative Manifestations of the Possible
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
George Herbert Mead
Giftedness
Introduction
Important American Contributions to Research on Intellectual Giftedness
Summary of Giftedness and Talent Development for the Future
Cross-References
References
Goal Orientations
Mastery and Performance Goals
Approach and Avoidance Orientation
The Role of Creative Mindsets for Goal Orientations
The Role of Creative Confidence
Discussion
Cross-References
References
H
Happiness
Here and Now
Introduction
Definition and History
Research on the Here and Now
Martin Heidegger
Walter Benjamin
Derrida
Jean-François Lyotard
Conclusion: Here and Now and the Possible
Cross-References
References
Heuristics
Introduction
Theoretical and Historical Background
Representativeness Heuristic
Availability Heuristic
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
Affect Heuristic
Applied Work on Heuristics
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Hope
Definition
A Long History and a Recent Revival
Conceptualizing Hope
Searching for Hope in Time of Crisis
Governing Hope and Hopelessness
Social Hope in High-Risk Migration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Human Rights and Peasant People
The Complex Interweaving of Equality and Equity Rights
A Paradigm Shift: Human Rights from a Decolonial Perspective
Food Sovereignty, Agroecology, and Rural Women´s Rights
Peasants´ Rights: An Historical Claim for Equally Substantial New Rights
The Multidimensional Nature of Rurality
Some Conclusions
Annex: The Colombian Case
Defeating the Vulnerability of Peasants´ Rights: A Challenge for Universities
Education in Rural Contexts Should Be Based on Socially Relevant Problems
References
Human-Systems Integration
Introduction
Human System Integration: A Historical Approach
What Does the Term ``System´´ Mean?
Various Types of Situations for Context Management
Systems as Resources: The Multi-Agent Paradigm Shift
Associating Procedural and Declarative Knowledge: The PRODEC Method
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Humor
Definition
Definition and Theories of Humor
Incongruity Theories of Humor, Humor Processing, and Humor Production
Individual Differences and Developmental Aspects
Research on Humor and Humor Interventions
Humor and the Possible
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Hypothesis
Definition
Hypothesis in Public Reasoning
Hypothesis in Scientific Methodology
Hypothesis in Psychological Science: The Once ``New Look´´
Possibilities Beyond Hypothesis
Summary
Cross-References
References
I
Ideology
Introduction
History of Ideology
Ideology As Master Narratives
The Master Narrative of the American Dream
Beyond Ideological Content to Ideological Structures
Ideology As Doctrinal
Ideology As Relational
Possible Ideologies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ignorance
Introduction
Ignorance Studies: One Concept and Three Distinct Perspectives
Logical, Cognitive, and Epistemological Descriptions of Ignorance
The Exploitation of Ignorance
Misconceptions, Misunderstanding, and Other Blurred Instances of Ignorance
How to Avoid Ignoring Ignorance
Ignorance as a Human Limit and Chance
Ignorance-Based Limitations (and Opportunities)
Cross-References
References
Illusion in Art
Prelude
On Illusions
On Art
Thought Experiments on Illusions and Paradoxes of Art
Questa Non è ARTE
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Illusion in Perception
Illusion: Definition, History, Controversies
Illusory Deformations from Grouping
Illusory shapes from grouping
Illusory Motion from Grouping
Conclusions: Illusion and Illusoriness
Cross-References
References
Imagery
Introduction
Why Imagery Contributes to the ``Possible´´
How Imagery Can Be Processed
Individual Differences in Imagery
Summary
Cross-References
References
Imagination
Imagination and the Possible
From Classical to Sociocultural Understanding of Imagination
Imagination at the Boundaries of the Possible, the Impossible, and Beyond
Conclusion: We Are Responsible for Actualizing Our Own Future
Cross-References
References
Impermanence
References
Further Reading
Inclusion
Historical Review
The Centrality of Language in the Constitution of Humankind
The Possible of Inclusion By Way of Argumentation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Innovation
Definition Through History
From the Word to the Concept
Innovation: The Engine of Economic Development
Transformative Creation Rather than ``Creative Destruction´´
The Existence Conditions of Innovation
Innovation and the Possible
Conclusion
References
Insight
Insight in the Laboratory
First-Order Problem-Solving and Interactivity
Enacting the Possible
Expanding the Realm of the Possible Through Insight: Methodological Reflections
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Inspiration
Definition and History
Research on Inspiration
Inspiration, Creativity and the Possible
Cultivating Inspiration
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Integration
Intelligence
The Contribution of Alfred Binet
The Traditional Psychometric Approach to Intelligence
Cultural Approaches to Intelligence
Adaptive Intelligence
Creative Abilities
Analytical Abilities
Practical Abilities
Wisdom-Based Abilities
Conclusion
References
Intentionality
Introduction
The Philosophy of Intentionality
The Science of Intentionality
Intentionality, Free Will, and the Possible
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Invention
Definition of Invention
Mechanisms of Invention
Inventions Across Human History
Intellectual Property Protection Versus Open Innovation
The Mindset of Great Inventors
References
Irony
A Working Definition
Typological Controversies
Multi-Perspective Meaning
Breadth of Function
Scripts and Expectations
Ironic Logic
Social Dynamic
Roles and Expectations
Discursive Communities
Zeitgeist and Worldviews
Dynamics of Meaning
Romantic Irony
Final Vocabularies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
J
Jazz
Definition and History
Jazz Language
Improvisation
Inter-Musician Communication
Influences and the Possible in Music Genres
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
L
Lack of Information
Leadership
Introduction
Defining Leadership
Early Studies and Ways of Understanding of Leadership
Kurt Lewin´s Leadership Theory
The Ohio and North Michigan State Universities Studies
Contingency Theory of Leadership
The Role of Employees
Situational Leadership Theory
Path-Goal Theory of Leadership
Contemporary Approach to Leadership
Transactional Versus Transformational Leadership
Transactional Leadership
Transformational Leadership
Shared and Distributed Leadership
Leaderful and Teal Organizations
Authentic and Creative Leadership
Empowering Leadership
Mechanisms Supporting Leadership
Social Influence
Obedience
Persuasion
Compliance
Manipulation
Self-persuasion and Conformity
Identification and Internalization
Charisma
Personality-Based Charisma
Mission-Oriented Charisma
Summary and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Liminality
Introduction
Liminality in Myths and Stories of Transformation
Liminality, Utopias, and the Possible
Liminality, Learning, and Unlearning
Conclusion
References
M
Malevolent Creativity
Creativity in the Moral Domain
Creative Products
Measures of Malevolent Creativity
Conclusions
Cross-References
Suggested Reading
The Matrix of Maybe
Introduction
References
Measurement Error
Meditation
Traditional Western and Related Senses of the Term
Aurelius and the Stoics
Rene Descartes and Other Philosophers
Monotheistic Religious Traditions and Related Contemplative Practices
Traditional Eastern Senses of the Term
Contemporary Western Senses of the Term
Objections and Replies
Concluding Meditations
References
Mental Time Travel
Introduction
Mental Time Travel
Causalism and Simulationism
Continuism and Discontinuism
Processual (Dis)continuism
Empirical Evidence
Metaphysics
Epistemology
Attitudinal (Dis)continuism
Summary
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Mind Wandering
Mind Wandering and Pretend Play
Mind Wandering and Autobiographical Planning
Mind Wandering and Creativity
Mind Wandering, Real Life Creativity, and the Self
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Mindfulness
Introduction
Mindfulness and Stress Response
Understanding Stress Factors and Reactions
Mindfulness and Stress Factors and Reactions
Mindfulness and Enactive Response to Environmental Changes
The Perception Process and Its Biases
Mindfulness and Perception of the Present Environment
Mindfulness and Understanding the Situation for Decision Making
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Mobility
Introduction
New Mobilities
Objects on the Move
Ideas on the Move
People on the Move
Minds on the Move
Concluding Thoughts
Cross-References
References
Multimaybe Matrix
Myths
Introduction
What Is a Myth?
The Social and Political Function of Myths
Research on Myths
What Do Myths Make Possible and What Might Limit the Possibility of Myths?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
N
Narrative Therapy
Introduction
Stories Waiting to Be Told
Maps on a Journey
Externalizing Conversations
Developing a Preferred Story
Markers on a Map
A Background History
Birthing of Narrative Therapy as a Social Construction of Reality
Deconstructing the Text
Deconstructive Questions
Conclusion
References
Narratives
Introduction
The Narrative Conceptualization of Identity
Aspirations, Goals, and Possible Selves
Personal Narratives in the Context of Public Narratives
Public Narratives, Aspirations, and Possible Roles
Public Narratives As the Agreggate of Many Stories
Public Narratives As Normative
The Dynamic Interplay of Personal and Public Narratives
Cross-References
References
Norms
Introduction
Laws, Rules, and Norms
Classification
Norm Construction
Norms as Frames of Reference
Normalisation in Groups
Psychic Roots of Social Norms
The Development of Rules and Norms
The Social and the Psychological
Norms and the Possible
Cross-References
References
Novelty
Phenomenology of Novelty
Current Multidisciplinary Relevance
History and Theoretical Framework
Research on Novelty
Novelty, the Possible, and Creativity
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
O
Old Age
Definition and Synonyms
``Old Age´´ as a Reduction of the Possible
Old Age, Society, and the Possible
The Unique Possible of Old Age
Summary: Supporting the Possible and Old Age
Cross-References
References
Open-Mindedness
Introduction
What Open-Mindedness Is Not
What Open-Mindedness Is
Is Open-Mindedness an Intellectual Virtue?
Open-Mindedness and the Possible
Cross-References
References
Openness to Experience
Definition and History
Outcomes Related to Openness to Experience
Possibility and Types of Experience
Summary
Cross-References
References
Outsider Writing
References
P
The Parable Proxy of Possibilities
Limitations of the Creative Problem-Solving Process Models
The Importance of Imagination
Storytelling
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Paradox Mindset
Introduction
Cognitive Dissonance: Reducing Negative Tension
Positive Role of Tension Evoked by Contradictions
An Overview of Embracing Contradictions
Conceptual Blending
Paradox Mindset
Janusian Thinking
Paradox Mindset and Creativity
Influence of Contradictions Questionnaire (ICQ)
Conclusions
Future Studies
Application
Cross-References
References
Participation
Introduction
Background
Participatory Culture
Participatory Action Research
Participatory Creativity
JusticexDesign
Defining Participation
Uniquely
Contributing
Activity or Common Purpose
Along with Others
Core Principles of Participation
Contrasting Participation with Collaboration
Participation and the Possible
References
Peace-Oriented Mindset
Introduction
Maintaining Peace
Peace Psychology of the Key Players Involved
The Role of the Environment
Attitudes Toward Peace
Peace-Oriented Mindset
Example 1. Addressing Intractable Conflict in the Middle East
Example 2. Conflict Prevention in a Multicultural Border Area
Comments on Examples 1 and 2
Constructing the Peace-Oriented Mindset (POM) Questionnaire
Validation
Discussion and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Pedagogies of the Possible
Possibility and Difference
Markers of Creative Experience
Old and New Themes Within Pedagogies of the Possible
Possibilities of Not Knowing
Possibilities of Failure
Possibilities of Anticipation
Possibilities of Dialogue
Possibilities of Care
Possibilities of Uncertainty
Possibilities of Movement
Possibilities of Responsibility
Final Thoughts on Designing for Possibility in Education
References
Perspective
Introduction
Perspectives and Action
Perspectivism: Approaches and Debates
Perspectives and the Possible
Summary
Cross-References
References
Perspective-Taking
Definition
Conceptualization
Perspective-Taking: Dynamic and Contextual
Perspective-Taking as Interactional Achievement
Possibilities Through Perspective-Taking
Summary
Cross-References
References
Philosophical Health
From Physical and Psychological Health to Philosophical Health
From Mental Health to Mental Heroism
Philosophical Health and the Possible
Cross-References
References
Play
Definition of Pretend Play
Play and Visualizing the Possible
Cognitive Flexibility
Empirical Support of Associations Between Pretend Play and Creativity
Stability of Associations
Summary
References
Poetry
Poetry and the Possible
The Semantic: Metaphorical Language and Poiesis
The Referential: Seeing the World in its Potential
The Musical: Sound, Sonority, and Sensuousness
The Ontological: Dwelling in the (Infinite) Depths
The Transcendent: The Possibility of Other Worlds
Summary
Poetry and Psychology: Toward the Psychological Humanities
Cross-References
References
Political Imagination
Introduction: Politics of the Possible and Impossible
Definition: What Is Political Imagination?
History: Utopia as a Model of Political Imagination
Research: The Field of Imagination
Inspiration: Art as Model for Political Imagination
Critiques: The Dark Side of Political Imagination
Conclusion: Real and Dreampolitik
References
Polyphony
Introduction
Polyphony in Music
Polyphony in Linguistics
Some Central Concepts of Bakhtin: Dialogue, Utterances, Voice and Polyphony, Heteroglossia, and Multivoicedness
Polyphony and the Possible
Problems of Dostoevsky´s Poetics
Polyphony as an Analytical Tool in Studying Interdisciplinary Teams Working with Developing Innovative Ideas
Conclusion and Summary
References
Position Exchange Theory
A Brief Introduction to Position Exchange Theory
PET, Perspective Taking, and Agency
Position Exchange and Creativity
Position Exchange, Imagination, and Possibility
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Positioning Theory
The Challenges Facing Psychology When Exploring the Possible
Causalities and Predictions: The ``Scientism´´ View
Meaning and the Discursive Nature of the Social Realm
Bringing the Possible into Psychology
The Capacities of People to Act
The Normative Restrictions to Act Seen from the Positioning Theory Angle
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Positive Emotions
Positive Psychology
Synonyms
Definitions
Historical Influences
Modern Influences
Positive Psychology as a Scientific Movement
Terminology
Clinical Positive Psychology
Overlap of Positive Psychology with Other Psychological Movements
Positive Psychology Interventions
Positive Psychology Criticism
Positive Psychology and the Possible
Summary
Cross-References
References
Possibilitivity
Introducing Possibilitivity
Transgression
Disturbing the Balance Between Forces
Majority/Minority Influence
Origins, Etymology, and Definition
Possibilitivity as an Internal-External Balance
Perception of Own Capabilities (Transgression of Own Self)
Analyzing the Challenge (Transgression toward the Social Environment)
Evaluating Possibilitivity
Transgression Surveys
Measuring Possibilitivity
Summary and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Possibility Theory
Introduction
Historical Background
G. L. S. Shackle
D. Lewis
L. J. Cohen
L. A. Zadeh
Basic Elements of Possibility Theory
The Structure of Opposition Underlying Possibility Theory
Applications
Conclusion
Appendix/List of Symbols Used
References
Possibility Thinking
Situating Possibility Thinking in the Research of Creativity
A Brief History of Creativity Research
Creativity in Education
Research of Possibility Thinking
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
The Possible and Donald Winnicott
Introduction
The Possibility of Knowing
Human Development and the Possible
On Making the Potential, Possible
Summary
Cross-References
References
Possible in Anthropology
Introduction
Seeing Like an Anthropologist: The Possibility of Exchange
Seeing Like an Anthropologist: The Possibility of New Perspectives
Seeing Like an Anthropologist: The Possibility of Change
Anthropology: The Possible and Women´s Rights
Engendering Possibility
Anthropology: The Possible and Women´s Rights
Summary: Another World Is Possible
Cross-References
References
Possible in Economics
Introduction
The Possible in the Episteme of Economics
The Possible in the Objects of Research of Economics
The Possible in Models in Economics
The Possible in Empirical Methodologies in Economics
The Possible in Core Notions of Economics
The Possible in the Notion of Production in Economics
The Possible in the Notion of Consumption in Economics
The Possible in the Notion of Trade in Economics
Usage of the Possible in Economics
The Possible and the Discovery of the Limits of Theoretical Apparatuses: An Example - The Treasures and the Limits of the Nash...
The Possible and the Proof of the Existence of Mechanisms: An Example - The Robustness of Market Equilibrium and the Existence...
The Possible and the Implications of Economics Type of Thinking: An Example - The Notion of General Equilibrium in Economics
Conclusion
References
Possible in Education
Education Is the Land of the Possible
Possibilities in Education: The Ways to Think About This Relationship
Paulo Freire´s Educational Practices and the Universe of Possibilities
Jerome Bruner´s Educational Practices and the Universe of Possibilities
The Pedagogy of the Possible: The Real, the Imaginary, and the Creation
Conclusion
References
Possible in Human Development
Developmental Change
The Problem of Time in Human Development
Human Development and Socio-material Conditions
Convergence Frameworks in Human Development
The Possible, the Impossible, and the Necessary in Human Development
Cross-References
References
Possible in John Dewey
Possible in Logic
Introduction
Standard Propositional Logic
Modal (Propositional) Logic (MPC)
Conclusion
References
Possible in Management
Introduction
Digital = Agile
Agile Organizations
Agile Methods
Digital Business Models
Digital Platforms and Shared Economy
Possible Business Models Using Open Innovation
Dealing with (Im)possibility by Managing Paradoxes
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Possible in Neuroscience
Introduction
From Brain Mapping to Network Dynamics
Current Directions: Creativity, Imagination, and the Sensory Cortices
Summary
References
Possible in Performance and Performing Arts
Definition and History
Performance as Activism
Creativity in Groups and Teams
Creative Performance in Ensemble
Cultivating Ensemble Creativity
Cross-References
References
Possible in Philosophy
Possibility and Other Modal Notions
Varieties of Possibilities
Target of Possibility: Truths and Objects
Possibility and Conceivability
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Possible in Photography
Definition
Introduction
Daguerreotype: A Mirror with a Memory
The Facebook of the 1860s: la Carte de Visite
`You Press the Button, We Do the Rest:´ the Kodak Brownie Snapshot
Selfies: The Online Social Shop-Window
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Possible in Psychology
Definition
The Possible in General Psychology and the History of Psychology
The Possible in Developmental and Life-Course Psychology
The Possible in Personality, Cognitive, and Neuropsychology
The Possible in Social and Sociocultural Psychology
The Possible in Work and Organizational Psychology
The Possible in Clinical and Therapeutic Psychology
The Possible in Learning and Educational Psychology
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Possible in Scriptwriting
Introduction
Where Do Original Cinematic Ideas Come From?
How a Creative Idea Develops into a Script?
Conclusion
References
Possible in Sociology
Synonyms
What Is Sociology?
The Birth of Sociology
Sociology and the Creation of the Socius/Society As an Ontological Object
Sociology and the Possible
Possibilities for Another World
Sociology As Personal Transformation, As Bildung, and As Social Therapy
References
Possible in Sports
Sport as a Sphere for the Possible
Athletes as Possible Selves
Nurturing the Possible in Sports
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
The Possible in the Life and Work of Alfred North Whitehead
Introductory Notes About Whitehead
Whitehead´s Multidisciplinary Contributions
Whitehead´s Process Philosophy
Whitehead´s Legacy
References
The Possible in the Life and Work of George Herbert Mead
Introduction
Mead´s Social Psychology
Mead´s Moral Psychology
Conclusion
Summary
Cross-References
References
The Possible in the Life and Work of Gregory Bateson
Scientific and Biographical Issues
Research on Bateson
Bateson and the Possible
First Step: Strict and Loose Thinking
Second Step: Meta-communication
Third Step: Context
Fourth Step: Learning to Learn
Fifth Step: Cybernetic Explanation - The Impossible
Sixth Step: Information as a Difference
Seventh Step: Ecology of Mind
Eighth Step: Double Description
Ninth Step: Abduction
Tenth Step: The Sacred and Noncommunication
Summary
Cross-References
References
The Possible in the Life and Work of Henri Bergson
Introduction
Bergson on ``The Possible´´ and ``The Real´´
A Bergsonian Social Science of the Possible?
References
The Possible in the Life and Work of Jacques Lacan
Modalities of the Impossible
Real Impossibilities
Summary
References
The Possible in the Life and Work of Jerome Bruner
Introduction
The Interconnection Between Psychology, Culture, and Education
Cultivating Possibilities
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
The Possible in the Life and Work of John Dewey
Introduction
Pragmatism
John Dewey
Experiences as Historically Conditioned and Transformative Events
Experience and Imagination
Conditions for New Experiences
Educative, Miseducative, and Noneducative Experiences
Experience and Moral Judgment
Conclusion
References
The Possible in the Life and Work of Julia Kristeva
Julia Kristeva: General Presentation
The Psychoanalytical Work: The Subject in Process, and The Semiotic chora
The Semiotic chora: A Space of the Possible
Possible at Last
Poetic Language and the Subject in Process Between Psychosis and Creativity
Summary
References
The Possible in the Life and Work of Lev Vygotsky
Introduction
Vygotsky´s Psychology in Context
Vygotsky´s Educational Psychology
The Zone of Proximal Development
The Social Situation of Development
Imagination, Cognition, and Emotion
Summary
References
The Possible in the Life and Work of Ludwig Wittgenstein
Introduction
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Philosophical Investigations
Cross-References
References
The Possible in the Life and Work of Mikhail M. Bakhtin
The Empty of Responsibility Possible
The Tasked Possible and the Given Possible
The Dialogic Possible
The Everything Possible
Cross-References
References
The Possible in the Life and Work of René Magritte
Research on Magritte
A Disturbing Poetic Effect
Magritte and Surrealism
Conclusion
References
The Possible in the Life and Work of Walt Disney
Disney the Dreamer
Disney Firsts
Making the Impossible Possible: The Power of Imagination and Determination
Towards the Creation of a Fantastical World
Conclusion
References
The Possible in the Life and Work of William Grey Walter
Introduction
Biographical Details: Birth to Bristol
Our Little Robots in Bristol
Summary: Walter´s Legacy and Impact
Cross-References
References
The Possible in the Life and Works of Sigmund Freud
Unconscious
Drive
Transference
Psychoanalytic Method
Conclusion: Psychoanalysis, an Impossible Profession
Cross-References
References
Possible in Visual Arts
Defining the Visual Arts
Mysterious Beginnings: The Primeval Art Impulse
Gut-Grabbing Artifice
Participatory Viewing
The Rise of Individuality and Innovation in the Visual Arts
The Move Towards Commodification, and Away from it
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Possible of Design
Definition and Importance of Creative Design
Characteristics of Creative Design
Cognitive Processes and Mechanisms Underlying Design Activities
A Focus on Cognitive Processes
Spaces of Possible Designs: Mechanisms of Change
Perspectives: Techniques and Tools to Expand the Creative Design Space
The Possible of Brainstorming Techniques
The Possible of Human-Computer Interactions in Creative Design
Expanding the Creative Design Space Through Human-Computer Interactions
Conclusions
References
Possible Worlds
Introduction
Unified Semantic Analysis
General Features of Possible Worlds
Two Accounts of Possible Worlds
Linguistic Ersatzism
Modal Realism
Two Applications of Possible Worlds
Conditionals
Truth in Fiction
Summary
References
Post-Truth
The Era of Post-Truth
Why Post-Truth? Why Now?
From History to Fiction
Blaming Post-Modernism
The Ethics of Possibility
Summary
Cross-References
References
Potential
Defining Potential
Potential in Creativity
Forms of Potential in the Creative Process
Individual/Person/Actor Creative Potential
Process/Action Creative Potential
Product/Artifact Creative Potential
Press/Audience/Affordance Creative Potential
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Potential Images
Definition
Introduction
Ambiguity and Indeterminacy - The Potential and the Possible
The Life of Forms - Forms of Life. Vital Forces and Potential Images
Agamben´s Form of Life
Conclusion
References
Pragmatism
Introduction
Historical Background
Pragmatism, Truth, and Meaning
Pragmatism and Cognitive and Existential Possibility
Conclusion
References
Prayer
Prisons
Introduction
History
Defining Characteristics: Custody and Care in Exception
State of Prisons Today
Demographics
Trends
Additional Groups Impacted by Prison
Prisons and the Possible
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Probabilistic Thinking
Definition and History of Probabilistic Thinking
Research on Probabilistic Thinking: From Homo Statisticus to Homo Loquens
Probabilistic Thinking and the Possible
Summary
Cross-References
References
Problem Finding
What Is Problem Finding?
The Problem Construction Process
Importance of Problem Construction
Factors That Affect Problem Construction
Problem Construction and the Possible
References
Problem Redefinition
What Is Problem Definition?
What Is Problem Redefinition?
Model of Problem Definition and Redefinition
Intraindividual Sources of Problem Redifinition
How and Why Problems Are Redefined
Problem Redefinition and the Possible
References
Prolepsis
Introduction
Some Definitions of Prolepsis
Research on Prolepsis
Sociocultural Approaches to Ontogenesis
Sociocultural Approaches to Sociogenesis
Prolepsis and the Possible in Today´s Uncertain World
Cross-References
References
A Propulsion Perspective on Creative Contributions
The Propulsion Theory of Creative Contributions: A Brief Recap
Paradigm-Preserving Kinds of Creative Contributions
Paradigm-Defying Kinds of Creative Contributions
Paradigm-Integrating Kinds of Creative Contributions
Relation of Kinds of Creativity to Amounts of Creativity
The Reward Structure for Different Kinds of Creativity
Changes in the Structure of the Reward System over Time
Increased Reward for Replication
Increased Reward for Advance Forward Incrementation and Reinitiation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Prospection
Introduction
Biology of Prospection
A Uniquely Human Trait
Affective Forecasting: The First Foray into Prospection
Anticipated Emotion
Optimism and Forecasting
Planning and Pragmatic Prospection Theory
Cross-References
References
Psychopathology
Definition
Introduction to Current Psychopathology
Contemporary History of Psychopathology
Psychogenesis vs Phenomenology
Objectivity of Scientific Psychopathology
Subjectivity of Scientific Psychopathology
Objectivity vs Subjectivity in Scientific Psychopathology
Summary of the History of Psychopathology
Theoretical Constructs of Current Psychopathology
Adlerian Thought and Current Psychopathology
Foundational Strength of Adler´s Individual Psychology
Summary: Synthesizing Possibilities of Current Psychopathology
Cross-References
References
R
Real Utopias
Utopias Versus Real Utopias
Moral Principals
Notable Examples of Real Utopias
References
Reality
Reality as the World of Common Sense
Reality as Physical: Naturalism
The Real Is One: Substance and Idealism
Substance as One
Absolute Idealism
The Transcendentally Ideal
Absolute Idealism
The Necessary, the Possible, and the Impossible
The Necessary
Possible Worlds
Impossibilia
Summary
Cross-References
References
Rhetoric
Introduction
Rhetoric and Possible Worlds: Where Rhetoric Is Most Creative
Rhetoric as a Response to an Exigence
Audience in Rhetoric
Topoi-Loci and the Art of ``Inventio´´ as the Most Creative Part of Rhetoric
Business Rhetoric: An Example of Creative Rhetoric in Contemporary Communication
Summary
Cross-References
References
Risk
Definition
Different Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Risk
Research on Risk
Risk and the Possible
Summary
References
S
Satisfaction with Life
Scientific Modeling
Introduction
A Primer on Model-Based Science
Models and Theories
Autonomous Models
Why Represent Possibilities?
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Self-Direction
Introduction and Definition
Self-direction: Concept Definition and Critical Debate
Self-direction as Processes and Projects: Toward Possibility
Self-direction and External Opportunities
Concluding Thoughts
Cross-References
References
Self-Regulation
Varieties of Self-Regulation
Self-Regulation in Actualizing the (Creative) Possibilities
Hot and Cold in Creative Self-Regulation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Self-Transcendence
Self-Transformation
Semiotics
Nature and Scope of Semiotics
Functional Circles and Form Worlds of Meaning
Signs and the Free Water of Consciousness
Language, Abstraction, and Diacrisis
Summary Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Serendipity
Definition
Types of Serendipity
Serendipity as a Process
Individual Differences
Environmental Factors
Methodological Considerations
Conclusions
References
Silence
The Polysemy of Silence
The ``Polyphony´´ of Silence
Studying Silence
Cultivating Silence, Silences, and Silencing
Conclusion: Silence and the Possible
Cross References
References
Simulation
Introduction and History
Simulating Possible Pasts: The Origins of Language
Simulating Possible Futures: Artificial Intelligence
Simulating Possible Presents: The Growth of Social Networks
Simulating Alternative Worlds: Virtual Reality and the Visual Arts
Conclusion
References
Social Change
Contact Drives Change
Minority Influence and Social Change
Protest Movements as Catalysts for Change
Problems and Paradoxes of the Possible
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Cognitive Conflict
Social Entrepreneurship
Introduction: Defining Social Entrepreneurship
Origins
Ambiguity of Definitions
The Role of Innovation
Entrepreneurial Spirit
Personality Traits
Examples of Social Entrepreneurship
David Kuria, Kenya
Dr. Yehudah Paz, Israel
Krzysztof Czyzewski, Poland
Asad Danish, Afghanistan
Wannakanok Pohitaedaoh, Thailand
Social Entrepreneurs Build Social Capital
Promoting Social Entrepreneurship
Ashoka: Everyone a Changemaker
Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship
Summary and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Socio-cognitive Conflict
Synonyms
Introduction
Opening the Possible in Terms of Cognitive Growth
Genesis of the Concept of Socio-cognitive Conflict
Research on Socio-cognitive Conflicts and Developmental Gains
How Is the Socio-cognitive Conflict Resolved?
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Sociological Imagination
Space: Astronauts and Creativity
Introduction
Possibilities of Research: ``Upstream,´´ ``Midstream,´´ and ``Downstream´´
Space Psychology
Space Psychology and Creativity
Summary
Cross-References
References
Speculation
Historical Context
What Is Speculation
Speculation and the Philosophy of Science
Summary: Speculation and the Possible
Cross-References
References
Speculative Research
Introduction
Researching and Speculating
Research Event, Co-becoming, and the Possible
Responding to the Idiotic in the Research Event
Introducing Idiocy into the Research Event: The Probe
Analyzing Idiotically: Speculating with Others´ Speculations
Cross-References
References
Spirit
Spirituality
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
History and Development of Spirituality
First Millennium of the Common Era
Second Millennium of the Common Era
Spirituality Interfacing with Other Disciplines
A Summary of Spiritualty: Experiencing and Exploring
Cross-References
References
State of Consciousness
Synonyms
Definition
History of Consciousness and Theoretical Approaches
States of Consciousness, Ecstasy, Trance, and Dissociation
The Possible of the Consciousness
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Stochastic Error
Storytelling
Introduction
The Linguistic Turn and the Emergence of Living Story
The Linguistic Turn
The Emergence of the Living Story Approach
Freeing Storytelling from Narrative
The Tamara-Land of Storytelling: A Land of Possible Becoming
The Material (Quantum) Turn upon the Linguistic Turn to Story
Storytelling as an Entanglement of Meaning-Mattering
The Complexity of the Emergent Moments of Storying
Scenarios as an Agentic Storytelling Partaker
Material-Based Storytelling as an Act of Worlding
The Worlding Engagement of a Restorying Act
The Miniature Worldbuilding Scenario
Eternal, Joyful Change: An Example of a Miniature Tamara-Land of Possibility
Storytelling and the Possible
Summary
References
Street Art
Definition and History
Research on Street Art
Street Art and Resistance
Street Art and the Possible
Cross-References
References
Street Protest
Overview
How Can We Differentiate Street Protests from Other Phenomena?
What Are the Main Social-Psychological Approaches to the Study of Protests?
Why Does the Political Context Matter for Protests?
What Is the Impact of Repression on Protests?
Should Protests Remain Peaceful All the Time?
What Is the Relevance of Nonparticipants in the Study of Protests?
When Do Nonparticipants Support Protest Violence?
Media Coverage of Protests and Protest Violence
Summary
Cross-References
References
Striving
Sublime
Definition and Philosophical History
Core Themes
Relation to Beauty, Fear, Awe
Why Pleasing?
Reflexivity
Empirical Research
The Sublime and the Possible
Cross-References
References
Surprise
Surprise and the Possibility Space
Levels of Surprise
The Epistemic Role of Surprise
Surprise as a Necessary Component of Insight
Surprise as a Threshold Marker: The Case of Serendipity
Surprise and The Possible
References
Surrealism
Research on Surrealism
Surrealist Art and Theory
Conclusion
References
Symbols
Introduction
Symbols as Motivated Resembles
Symbols as Displaced Desire
Symbols as Representations of the Group
Summary
Cross-References
References
Synchronization
Introduction
Synchronization: A Prevailing Phenomenon
Free Energy Principle
Constructive Sync
Neurons and Their Functional Units
Brain-to-Brain Coupling
Child Development
Groups
Destructive Sync
In the Brain
Interpersonal Relationships
Family Dynamics
Dysfunctional into Functional Sync
Psychotherapy
Sync and Therapeutic Relationships
Family Systems Therapy
Gestalt Therapy
Social Change: Conflict Transformation
Summary and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
T
Talent Development
Subotnik et al.´s Megamodel
Identification in Music
Identification in Mathematics
Identification in English Language Arts
Key Conclusions and Recommendations for the Future
Concerns
Promise for the Future
Cross-References
References
Theory of Mind
Definition and History
Research on ToM
ToM and the Possible
Summary
Cross-References
References
Thought Experiments
Overview
Definition and History
Criticism of Thought Experiments
Thought Experiments and Pedagogy
Thought Experiments and the Possible
Summary
Cross-References
References
Tolerance of Ambiguity
Introduction
TA Concept
Origin
Levels and Lenses
Time Aspect: From TA to TAU
Measurement
Related Concepts
TA and Creativity
Researchers´ Bias
Summary
Cross-References
References
Transdisciplinarity
Problems with Disciplinarity
Why Transdisciplinarity Research?
How Is Transdisciplinary Research Conducted?
Why Transdisciplinary Learning?
How Is Transdisciplinary Learning Conducted?
Features of a Transdisciplinary Curriculum
Conclusion
References
Transformational Creativity
Take 1: Positive Creativity
Take 2: Transformational Creativity
Genuine Transformational Creativity
Fully Transformational Creativity
Self-Transformational Creativity
Other-Transformational Creativity
Pseudotransformational Creativity
Fully Destructive Pseudotransformational Creativity
Self-Destructive Pseudotransformational Creativity
Other-Destructive Pseudotransformational Creativity
Conclusion
References
Transformative Cognition
Introduction
Transformation versus Change
Which Experiences Are Transformative?
Can Positive Transformative Experiences Be Elicited?
Conclusions
References
U
Ultimate Value
Uncertainty
Definition and Overview
Uncertainty and the Possible
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Unconscious in Philosophy
Introduction
The Mind Always Thinks
Leibniz´s Theory of Small Perceptions
The Differential Unconscious
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Unconscious in Psychology
Definition and Historical Roots of Unconscious in Psychology
Research on Unconscious in Psychology
Unconscious and the Possible: Insight, Creativity, and Nonlinear Dynamics
Cross-References
References
Utopia
Introduction
Defining Utopia
Utopias Elsewhere in Space
Utopias Elsewhere in Time
Living Utopias
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
V
Values
Introduction
Ethics and Values
Values as Psychological Constructs: A Critical View on Cognitivist and Quantitative Approaches
Values and Culture: A Sociogenetic, Constructivist, and Systemic Approach
New Venues for Research and Practices to Promote Moral and Democratic Values
Summary
Cross-References
References
Virtual Communities
Summary
Antecedents of Virtual Communities in the Touchless Economy
Typology of Virtual Communities
Categorizing Virtual Communities
Virtual Communities and the Touchless Economy
Future Applications and Research Topics
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Virtual Reality
Definition
Introduction
Virtual Reality and Personal Change
Virtual Reality as a Simulative Technology
Virtual Reality as an Embodied Technology
Virtual Reality as a Transformative Technology
Summary
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
W
Well-Being
``What If´´ Thinking
Cross-References
Further Reading
Wisdom
Defining Wisdom
Wisdom and the Possible
Fostering Wisdom
Conclusion
References
Wish
Synonyms
Wish Research
Wish-Fulfilment
Wishful Thinking
Wishes and Possibility
Cross-References
References
Wishful Thinking
Wonder
A Potted History
A Theoretical Model
Practical Implications
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Z
Zone of Proximal Development
Defining the ZPD
Scaffolding
Creativity and ZPD
Play and ZPD
Emotions and ZPD
Summary & Conclusion
Cross-References
References
