Preface
List of Topics
About the Editors
About the Section Editors
Contributors
A
Aboriginal Conflict Management
Abuse
Accompaniment
Accord
Acknowledgement
Actor-Centered Peacebuilding
Adaptation
Adaptive Capacity
Adivasi/Indigenous Politics
Adjudication
Aesthetics
Afghanistan
Africa
Agency
Agreements
Aid
al-Shabaab
Alternative Commemorations
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Synonyms
Description
Summary
Cross-References
References
Analysis of Multiparty Multi-issue Disputes
Anti-colonial Struggles
Arbitration
Argentina
Aristotle
Armed conflict
Armed Conflicts in Africa and Indigenous Conflict Resolution
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Armed Conflicts in Africa
Causes of Conflicts in Africa
Availability of Arms
Ethnicity
Exclusion and Inequality
Natural Resource Wealth
The Consequences of Armed Conflicts in Africa
Western Model of Conflict Resolution in Africa
Indigenous Conflict Resolution in Africa
Ubuntu System and Peacebuilding in South Africa
Summary
Cross-References
References
Armed Rebellion
Arms Control
Art
Art = Culture
Art = Peace
Art and Reconciliation
Synonyms
Definition/Description
Introduction
Concepts
Practice
Dilemmas
Summary
Cross-References
References
Artificial Intelligence
Artpeace
Artpeace: Validating Political Power or Imagining Emancipation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Discernible Dynamics of Peace and Art
A Historical Sketch of an Aesthetics of Peace
Early Examples: The Imperial, Nationalist, and Conservative phase
Toward a More Enlighted Engagement: Cosmopolitan Discovery and Awakening
Into the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Revolution, Resistance, and Rethinking
Broadening Approaches
Implications of Stages 1-6 for Practices Associated with Peacemaking
Toward a Creative and Just Synthesis
Summary
Cross-References
References
Arts-Based Research
Asian Approaches to Peace
Synonyms
Description
Introduction
Westphalian Peace
Liberal Interventionism
Decline of Liberal Peace and the Rise of Asia
Developmental Peace
Peacekeeping
Summary
Cross-References
References
Assessment of Peace Operations
Synonyms
Description
Introduction
Considerations in Peace Operation Success
Multiple Operations
Multiple Missions
Stakeholders in Peace Operations
Time Frame
Baseline
Assessing Peace Operations in Practice
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Assistance
Asymmetrical Warfare
Definition
Introduction
Different Forms of Asymmetry
Key Challenges Posed by Asymmetrical Warfare
Cross-References
References
Augustine
Autonomy
Autophotography
Auto-photography
Synonyms
Definition/Description
Introduction
Auto-photography: Participatory Research Method with a Photographic Element
History of Participatory Photography
Variations of Auto-photography
Ethical Considerations
Summary
Cross-References
References
B
Balance of Power
Balkan as a Concept
Synonyms
Introduction
The Name
The Metaphor
Balkan: The Historical Legacy
Cross-References
References
Balkan Linguistic Union
Balkan Studies
Balkanism
Balkanization
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Birth: Coining `Balkanization´
Recontextualization: `Balkanization´ Everywhere
Balkanism: `Balkanization´ Deconstructed and Reclaimed
Summary and Future Work
Cross-References
References
Further Readings
Barbarism
Bargaining (see Negotiation)
BDS
Big Data
Bosnian Genocide
Definition
Introduction
The Historical and Political Facts of the Bosnian Genocide
The Bosnia Genocide in a Historical Context
The Serbian State and the Genocide in BiH
Postwar Genocide Denial and Triumphalism
Summary
Cross-References
References
Bottom-Up Peace
Brazil
BRICS
C
Calendars
Cameroon and the Anglophone Crisis
Synonyms
Description
Introduction
The Colonial Roots of Anglophone Cameroon Conflict
The Reemergence of the Anglophonic Consciousness After Independence
Contemporary Manifestations of the Anglophone Conflict
Role of Social Media in the Anglophone Conflict
Response by International Community
Summary
Cross-References
References
Capitalist Peace
Carl von Clausewitz
Ceasefire
Census Politics in Deeply Divided Societies
Definition
Introduction
Historical Background
Key Issues
Censuses and Identity Construction
Rights and Power Sharing
Questions of Recognition
International Aspects
Role in State-Building
Summary
Cross-References
References
Chile
China
Cicero
Civic Values
Civil Resistance
Civil Resistance (see Nonviolence)
Civil Resistance for Peace and Conflict Management, Role of
Description
Introduction
Conceptualizing Civil Resistance
The ABC-Framework
Avoidance Resistance
Breaking Resistance
Constructive Resistance
Concluding Discussion
Cross-References
References
Civil Society
Civil Society and Peacebuilding: Critical Review
Definition
Introduction
Conceptual Notes: Civil Society and Peacebuilding
Role of Civil Society in Peacebuilding
Critique of Civil Society Role in Peacebuilding
Summary
Cross-References
References
Civil Society and State Violence in South America
Synonyms
Definition
South America and State Violence: The Military Dictatorships from the 1960s to 1980s
Military Dictatorship in Brazil
Military Dictatorship in Argentina
Military Dictatorship in Chile
Civil Society and the Legacies of State-Sponsored Violence
The Search for Justice and Truth in Face of Human Right Violations
Normalization of Violence by State Apparatus: Effects on Public Security and Prison System
Summary
Cross-References
References
Civil Society Inclusion in Peace Mediation
Definition
Concepts and Background
Civil Society
Inclusion
Current Debates and Research on Civil Society Inclusion
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs)
Civil War
Civil Wars in Sudan and South Sudan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Understanding Conflict: Social Contract Framework
The Case of Two Sudans: Why Recurrent Civil Wars?
The Sudan: Unitary and Autocratic Arabo-Islamic Hegemony System
The Occurrence and Cost of Civil Wars
The Colonial Legacy: The Missed Opportunity for Federal System
The Post-Independence Sudan: Accentuating Unitary Arabo-Islamic Hegemony System
The Emergence of Political Islam
South Sudan: The Autocratic Unitary System
The Occurrence and Cost of Civil War
Transition to Statehood: Exclusive Constitution-Making Process
The First Civil War: Governance-Deficit and Weak Institutions
Summary
References
Civilian and Military Missions and Operations
Class
Climate Change
Co-existence
Cohesion
Cold War
Collateral
Collective Security and Collective Responsibility in International Interventions
Definition
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Colombia
Colombian Peace Agreement 2016
Synonyms
Description
Introduction
Background
Negotiating Table and Major Issue Areas
Chapter 1. A New Countryside: Comprehensive Rural Reform
Chapter 2. Political Participation: Democracy for Peacebuilding
Chapter 3. Ceasefire, Definitive End of Bilateral Hostilities, and Demobilization
Chapter 4. Solution to the Illicit Drugs Problem
Chapter 5. Agreement Regarding the Victims of the Conflict: Comprehensive System for Truth, Justice, Reparations, and Non-recu...
Chapter 6. Implementation, Verification, and Public Endorsement
Referendum and Congressional Approval
Conclusion, Implementation, and Peacebuilding
Summary
Cross-References
References
Colonialism
Colonization
Commemoration
Commemorations
Common Security and Defence Policy
Communitarian Peacebuilding
Community Self-Protection
Community-Based Organizations
Comparative Peace Research
Complex Adaptive Systems
Complexity
Complexity Thinking
Compromise
Conceptual Evolution of Peace Operations
Synonyms
Description/Definition
Introduction
Peace Observation
Peacekeeping
Peacebuilding
Cross-References
References
Conciliation
Conciliation (see Reconciliation)
Conflict
Conflict and Hunger
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conflict Causes Hunger
Hunger Can Cause Conflict
Peace and Conflict Actors Respond
Summary
Cross-References
References
Conflict Fieldwork
Definition
Introduction
What Is ``Conflict Fieldwork?´´
On the Issue of Positionality
On the Importance of Time
``Do No Harm´´
Reclaiming ``Impact´´
Summary
Cross-References
References
Conflict in Sri Lanka
Conflict Research
Conflict Resolution
Conflict Sensitive Journalism
Conflict Transformation
Conflict, Memory, and Memory Activism: Dealing with Difficult Pasts
Synonyms
Description
Introduction
Calendars, Commemorative Events, and Mnemonic Battles
Memory Activism and Hashtag Memory Activism: Alternative Calendars and Alternative Commemorative Events
Remembering the Wars of the 1990s: The Case of Serbia and the Post-Yugoslav Region
Summary
References
Conflict, Peace, and Ontological Security
Synonyms
Definition/Description
Introduction
Ontological Security Studies: Origins, Concepts, and Debates
Ontological Security and Conflict
Ontological Security and Peace
Summary
Cross-References
References
Conflicts and Natural Disasters
Synonyms
Definition/Description
Introduction
Concepts
Conflict-Disaster Nexus
Conflict and Fragility Contributing to Disasters
Disasters Contributing to Conflict and Fragility
Disaster Management as Contributor to Conflict
Risk Reduction, Resilience, and the Triple Nexus
Empirical Examples
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Conflicts of De Facto States
Conflicts of Unrecognized States
Consequences
Consociation
Consociational Democracy
Consociationalism and Peace After Conflict
Synonyms
Definition/Description
Introduction
Consociational Theory
Theoretical Innovations
Consociationalism and Its Critics
Consociationalism in Practice
Summary
Cross-References
References
Websites
Constructive Journalism
Contested Cities
Contested Pasts
Contract Embellishment
Counter Memory
Counterterrorism
Craft
Crafts = Politics
Crafts Visual Materials
Crimes Against Humanity
Critical Approaches
Critical Peace Research
Critical Perspectives
Critical Theories
Critical Theory
Cultural Mobilization for Peace in Indonesia
Introduction
Conflict Context
Cultural Mobilization for Peace
Some Challenges of the Turn to Culture
Creative Peacebuilding and Social Justice
Summary
Cross-References
References
Culture and Conflict Resolution
Introduction
Defining Culture
History
Intercultural Conflict and Conflict Resolution
Conflict Resolution and Cultural Difference
Violence and the Culture of Intractable Conflicts: Conflict as a Cultural System
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Culture, Anthropology, and Ethnography in Peace Research
Introduction
The Local and Cultural Turns in Peace and Conflict Studies
Responses to the Criticism of the Local Turn
The Relevance of an Anthropological Approach
Summary and Concluding Reflections
Cross-Reference
References
Custom
Cyber Conflict
Synonyms
Definition/Description
Introduction
The Traditional Concept of Conflict and Challenges Imposed by the Use of New Cyber Weapons
Can the Use of Cyber Weapons Trigger an International Armed Conflict?
When Does a Cyberattack Meet the Threshold of an Armed Attack?
Non-state Actors Mounting Armed Attacks and the Effect on the Classification of Conflict
Challenges in Applying LOAC to Non-international Cyber Warfare
Summary
References
Cyber Warfare
Cypriot Women in Peacebuilding
Cyprus UNSCR 1325
D
Dance
DDR
De Facto State
Dealing with the Past
Decentralization and Conflict Prevention
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Pathways to Conflict Prevention Through Decentralization
Economic Development
Accommodation of Minority Identities
Institutions of Decentralization
Summary
Cross-References
References
Decolonisation
Deconstruction in International Interventions
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Deconstruction
Deconstructing International Interventions
Summary
Cross-References
References
Democratic Peace
Democratization in Postconflict Western Balkans
Definition
The End of Communism and Wars and Conflicts in the Western Balkans
Postconflict Democratization
The Legacies of Conflicts
Summary
Cross-References
References
Demographic Dividend
Demographic Gift
Demographic Window
Denial
Development
Development = Economic Growth
Developmental Peace
Dialogue
Diasporas in Peace and Conflict
Synonyms
Definition/Description
Introduction
Diasporas
Diaspora Involvement in Armed Conflicts
Diasporas and Peacework
Postwar Reconstruction and Reconciliation
Conflicts in New Spaces
Concluding Remarks
References
Different Layers of the Afghan Conflict
Definition/Description
Synonyms
Introduction
The Afghan Peace Process
Different Layers of the Afghan Conflict
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Digital Peace
Digital Technologies
Dignification
Diplomacy
Disarmament
Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)
Definition/Description
Introduction
History and Role of DDR
Rebuilding Relationships
Does It Work?
Summary
Cross-References
References
Discrimination
Disintegration
Dispute Resolution
Distributive Negotiation
Disunity
Diversity
Divided Cities
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Divided Cities in an Ever-Urbanizing World
Divided, Contested, or Postwar Cities?
The Conceptual Core of Divided Cities
The Common Features of Divided Cities
The Effects on Citizens, the Cities Themselves, and the Wider Conflict Settings
Potentials and Problems of Divided Cities in War and Peace
Concluding Summary
Cross-References
References
Divided Societies
Division
DR Congo: Local and International Peacebuilders´ Interaction
Introduction
Definitions
Peacebuilding
Local and International Peacebuilders
State of the Literature: Local and International Peacebuilding
Case Study: Democratic Republic of Congo (1999-2014)
Perceptions of the Armed Conflict and Peacebuilding Priorities
The Interaction Between Local and International Peacebuilders
Obstacles to Building Sustainable Peace
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Drawing
Dual-Concern Models
E
East Timor
Eastphalian Peace
Effects
Electoral Manipulation and Prevention
Electoral Methods
Electoral Systems
Emancipation
Emancipatory
Emancipatory Peace
Synonyms
Description
Introduction
Emancipation in General Theoretical Usage
Various Approaches to Emancipatory Peace
Historical and Philosophically Informed Versions of Emancipatory Peace
A Realist Version of Emancipatory Peace
A Social Version of Emancipatory Peace
A Liberal Version of Emancipatory Peace
A Postcolonial Version of Emancipatory Peace
Post-Liberalism and Emancipatory Peace
Post-Structural Contributions
Global Justice and the Anthropocene
Implications for an Emancipatory Peace
Summary
Cross-References
References
Emergence
Emergencies
Emerging Power
Emotions
Empowerment
Environmental Peacebuilding
Epistemic Violence
Ethical Research
Ethics
Ethnic Cleansing
Ethnic Conflict
Ethnic Conflict in North Macedonia
Synonyms
Definition
State-Building in Multiethnic Societies
Ethnic Disparities and the Precursors to Ethnic Conflict
The 2001 Interethnic Conflict and the Peace Agreement
Post-2001 Society and Conflict Management
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethnofederalism
Ethnographic Peace Research
Definition
Towards Locally Grounded Assessment of Peace and Conflict Dynamics
Summary
Cross-References
References
EU Conditionality in the Western Balkans
Definition
Introduction
The EU in the Western Balkans After 2003
The Absence of Reform in the Western Balkan Six
The End of the EU´s Enlargement Agenda in the Western Balkans
Summary
Cross-References
References
European Union
European Union´s Peace Missions and Operations, The
Synonyms
Description
Definition
The Emergence of CSDP Peace Missions and Operations
The EU´s Past and Current CSDP Missions and Operations
Key Features
Strengths
Critiques
Current Challenges
Summary
Cross-References
References
Evaluation
Event Data
Everday
Everyday Peace
Definition
Introduction
Summary
Cross-References
References
Evolution of Practice in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
Synonyms
Definition
Shifting the Peacekeeping Paradigm
A New Awakening: The Experience of Mali
The Value of Consistency: Lebanon and the Middle East
Engaging the Parties
Developing the Concept: Steps Forward in Peacekeeping Practice
Pointing Toward the Future
Cross-References
References
Expats
Experiencia de Paz (Peace Experience)
Extraterritorial Citizenship
Extraterritorial Naturalization
Extremism
F
Facilitation
Fact-Finding
Fair Division
Synonyms
Description
What Qualifies as ``Fair´´?
How can Fairness be Achieved?
Summary
Cross-References
References
Famine
Favelas
Female Combatants and Peacebuilding
Description
Introduction
(Re)Defining Peace and Peacebuilding
Women, War, and Peace
Combatants as Peacebuilders: A Contradiction?
Mobilized Resources for Peacebuilding: International Perspectives
Summary
Cross-References
References
Female Peacekeepers - Gender Balance in Peace Operations
Feminism
Feminist
Feminist Agenda in the Cypriot Peace Negotiations
Feminist Foreign Policy
Feminist Peace Activism
Feminist Peace Research
Synonyms
Summary (Definition)
Introduction
Feminism
Peace
Research
Northern Ireland
Key Takeaways
Cross-References
References
Feminist Security Studies
Fetial Code
Fieldwork
Fiscal Decentralization
Foreign Mediation
Fragile Peace Transitions
Fragmentation
Freedom from Anxiety
Frontier Cities
Future Peace: Digital Innovations and the International Peace Architecture
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Digital Peacemaking or Self-Interest?
The Political Limits of New Approaches in Peacemaking
Summary
Cross-References
References
G
Gender
Gender and Mediation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Origins
Representing Women in Peace Mediation
Descriptive Representation
Substantive Representation
``Full, Equal and Meaningful Participation´´
Participation and the Durability of Agreements
Gender Advisors in Mediation Teams
Connecting the Local and the Global
Mediation and Gender
New Directions
Summary
Cross-References
References
Gender and Peacebuilding in Cyprus
Gender Equality
Gender in the Negotiations in Cyprus
Gender Justice
Gender Justice and Peacebuilding
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Definition
Theorizing Gender Justice
Justice as Recognition, Redistribution, and Representation
Gender Justice in Peacebuilding Contexts
Affirmative Versus Transformative Remedies
Gender Justice from Above: Legal Justice
Prosecuting Crimes of SGBV
Limitations of Criminal Justice Mechanisms
Gender Justice from Below: Women´s Courts and Tribunals
History of Women´s Courts and Tribunals
Alternative Model of Gender Justice
Reformist Versus Transformative Approaches
Summary
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Gender Mainstreaming
Gender-Just Peace
Genocide
Geocoding as a Method for Mapping Conflict-Related Violence
Definition/Description
Synonyms
Introduction
A Theoretical Case for Geocoding
Geocoded Data on Conflict-Related Violence in Cities
Geocoding in Practice
Practical Challenges and Solutions in Geocoding Violence Within Cities
Limitations and Dilemmas in Geocoding Violence
Using Geocoded Data to Analyze Violence in Postwar Cities
Summary and Notes on Future Research
Cross-References
References
Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict
Definition
Historical Background
The Soviet Period
The 1992-1993 War
The 2008 War
Recognition of Abkhazia
Postwar Efforts at Mediation and Intervention
Summary
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Global Governance
Global Interventionism
Global Justice
Global Peace Index [GPI]
Good Life
Governance
Graffiti
Grassroots
Grassroots Mobilisation
Grassroots Organizations and Peacebuilding
Synonyms
Description
Introduction
Peacebuilding ``From Below´´
Grassroots Organizing for Peace
Constraints of the ``Local Turn´´ in Peacebuilding
Summary
Cross-References
References
Grassroots Peacebuilding
Great Power Involvement in Peace Operations
Definition/Description
Great Powers as Peacekeeping Contributors
Great Powers as Peacekeeping Influencers
Great Powers Influence Where Peacekeepers Go
Great Powers´ Influence on What Peacekeepers Do
Great Powers Affect Which Countries Offer Peacekeepers
Great Powers Train Peacekeeping Troops
Remaining Puzzles
Summary
References
Grounded Nationalism
Definition
Introduction
Summary
Cross-References
References
Guidelines
Gulf Security
H
Harmony
Heritage
Holding the Ground Peacekeeping - Maintaining the Status Quo
Honduras
How Apologies After War and Atrocities Matter in International Politics
Definition
Introduction
The Power of Apologies: How Contrition Can Facilitate Reconciliation
Critical Approaches: Why Do Apologies Fail?
Additional Ways in Which Apologies Matter
Conclusion
References
Hugo Grotius
Human Dignity and Transitional Justice
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Uses of Human Dignity Amid Transitional Justice
Meanings of Human Dignity
Demanding Dignity
Dignification of Victims in Colombia
Summary
References
Human Geography and Peacebuilding
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Spatial Dimensions of Peace and Conflict
Case Studies
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Divided Cities
Space, Place, and Peacebuilding
Spaces of Peacebuilding and ``The Local´´
Methodologies of Place and Space
Summary
Cross-References
References
Human Rights
Human Rights Advocacy
Human Security
Definition
Introduction
The Emergence of Human Security
Narrow Versus Broad Human Security
Interdisciplinary Uses of Human Security
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Humanitarian
Humanitarian Assistance
Humanitarian Disarmament and the Era of Disarmament Without Disarmament
Synonyms
Definition/Description
Locating HD in a Typology of Disarmament
Pure Disarmament
General and Complete Disarmament (GCD)
Coercive Disarmament
Structural Disarmament
Postconflict Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Combatants (DDR)
The Disarmament of Sacred Spaces
Qualitative Disarmament
Three Models of Humanitarian Disarmament
The First Model of HD
The Second Model of HD
The Third Model of HD
Key Claims Made for Humanitarian Disarmament
Some Challenges to the Claims Made for Humanitarian Disarmament
Humanitarian Disarmament and Disarmament Without Disarmament
Conclusion: Reflections on the Past, Present, and Future of Humanitarian Disarmament
Summary
Cross-References
References
Humanitarian Disarmament II: Case Studies
Introduction
A Case Study of Model Two Humanitarian Disarmament: The Arms Trade Treaty
A Case Study of Model Three Humanitarian Disarmament: The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
The TPNW, Humanitarianism, and the Potential for Norm Reinterpretation by NWS
Summary
Cross-References
Bibliography
Humanitarian Intervention
Humanitarian Interventions
Hybrid Courts and Transitional Justice
Definition
Introduction
Key Issues and International Perspectives
Transitional Justice and Human Rights
Transitional Justice and Criminal Prosecution
Transitional Justice and Hybrid Courts
The Concept of Hybrid Courts
Examples of Hybrid Courts
Hybrid Courts: An Evaluation
Summary
Cross-References
References
Hybrid Peace
Hybrid Political Orders and Hybrid Peace
Definition
Introduction
Hybrid Political Order
Hybrid Security Governance
Hybrid Forms of Peace
Summary
Cross-References
References
Hybridity
I
I4P
Identifying Stable Solutions to Conflicts
Synonyms
Description
Method
Summary
Cross-References
References
Identity and Conflict
Identity and Political Violence
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Violence as the Culmination of Ethnic Antagonism: From Ancient to Modern Hatred
Everyday Ethnicity and the Transformative Power of Violence
Beyond the ``Event´´: Identity After Violence
Summary and Concluding Reflections
Cross-References
References
Identity Politics - Politics Centred on Leadership Figures, Sectarian and Other Groups
In Search of Justice, Peace, and Reconciliation in Northern Uganda
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Brief Background to the Conflict in Northern Uganda
The Northern Uganda Conflict
The Juba Peace Negotiations
The Peace Versus Justice Debate During the Juba Peace Process
Traditional Justice in Northern Uganda: Mato Oput
Stigmatization and the Reintegration of LRA Returnees
Summary
Cross-References
References
Inclusion
Inclusive Mediation
Independent Bodies
Independent Commissions and Peace Settlements
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Independent Commissions: Power-Sharing and Power-Dividing
Types of Commissions
International Involvement and Independent Commissions
Summary
Cross-References
References
Independent Committees
India
Indigenous Approaches to Peace
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Relationalism
Balance and Harmony
Seeking Relational Peace
Summary
Cross-References
References
Indigenous conflict resolution
Indigenous Diplomacies
Indigenous Peacemaking
Infrastructures for Conflict Transformation
Infrastructures for Peace
Insights from Complexity Theory for Peace and Conflict Studies
Synonyms
Description
Introduction
Complexity
Peace, Complexity, and Epistemology
Peace, Complexity, and Practice
Peace, Complexity, and Ethics
Adaptive Peacebuilding
Summary
Cross-References
References
Institutions
Instrumentalization of Religion
Insurgency
Integrative Negotiation
Intentionality
Interconnection
Intergovernmental Organizations
International
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
International Humanitarian Law
International Intervention
International Interventions
International Order
International Organizations and Statehood Conflicts
Synonyms
Definition/Description
Introduction
International Organizations and Statehood Conflict
Between Internal and External Self-Determination
Navigating Statehood Conflict
Further Research Avenues
Summary
Cross-References
References
International Peace Architecture
International Peace Architecture, Blockages, and Counter-Peace
Synonyms
Introduction
An Overview of the International Peace Architecture
Stages One to Four: From the Balance of Power to Agenda for Peace
Internal Contradictions, Blockages, and Counter-Peace
The Emergence of Stage Five
Growing Instabilities in the Overall International Peace Architecture
Potential for the Architecture: Stage Six
An Alternative Path: Stage Six as Digital Governmentality
Summary
Cross-References
References
Interpersonal
Intersectional
Intersectional Approach
Intersectionality and Peace
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Intersectionality in Peace Research
Intersectionality and Peacebuilding Practice
Summary
Cross-References
References
Intervention
Intractable Conflict
Ireland
Islam and Peace
Synonyms
Introduction
Definition
Historical Background
Peace and Justice
Summary
Cross-References
References
Islamic Fundamentalism
Israeli Occupation
ius ad bellum
ius in bello
J
Jihad
Judgement
Jus ad bello
Jus ad bellum
Jus in bello
Jus post bellum
Just War Theory
Just War Theory Across Time and Culture
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction (Baumann 2010; Brunsletter and O´Driscoll 2017; Churchman 2013; Lee 2011, 2015, Melton and Baumann 2010; Nardin 1...
Forerunners: Major Classical Thinkers
The Western Tradition (De La Casas 1992; de Montesquieu 2002; Elshtain 1992; Kant 1983; de Vattel 2009; Walzer 1997)
The Greek Orthodox Tradition (Harakas 1981; Norwich 1990; Ostrogorsky 1957)
The Jewish Tradition (Nelson and Sons 1952; Ravitzy 1996; Solomon 2009; Walzer 1996)
The Muslim Tradition (Arberry 1955; Gibb and Kramers 1961; Hashimi 1996; Hitti 2002; Kelsay 2009; Lewis 1995, 2002)
The Hindu Tradition (Brekke 2009; Dalal 2010; Dikshitar 1948; Jones and Ryan 2007; Rosen 2002)
The Jain Tradition (Brekke 2009; Dundas 2002; Fohr 2015; Long 2013; Lorenzen 1978; Wikipedia 2019)
The Buddhist Tradition (Bartholomeusz 2006; Brekke 2009; Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai 1989; Dhamasiri 1989; Nhat Hanh 1999; Stroble 199...
The Chinese Tradition (Brekke 2009; Lewis 2000, 2009; Sun Tzu 1963; van de Ven 2000)
The Japanese Tradition (Brekke 2009; Cleary 1999, 2005; Friday 2009; Nitobe 1969; Skya 2009; Walker 2018)
Summary (Bryant 2015; Crowe 2014; De La Casas 1992; de Montesquieu 2002; Fisher and Wicker 2010; Elshtain 1992, 2003; Kant 198...
Cross-References
References
General
Classical Forerunners
The Western Tradition
The Greek Orthodox Tradition
The Jewish Tradition
The Muslim Tradition
The Hindu Tradition
The Jain Tradition
The Buddhist Tradition
The Chinese Tradition
The Japanese Tradition
Contemporary Thought
Justice
Justpeace
K
Kantian Peace
Kashmir
Kashmir Conflict, The
Synonyms
Description
Introduction
Historical Background: 1586-1947
Post-Colonial India and the Kashmir Question
Armed Uprising, Deep Militarization, and Human Rights Abuses
Post-2008 Youth-Led Political Mobilizations
Fear of Settler Colonialism in the Post-Article 370 Kashmir
Summary
Cross-References
References
Kenya
Kenya´s War on Terror
Synonyms
Description
Introduction
Socio-historical and Political Context
Recontextualizing the ``War on Terror´´ in Kenya
Summary
Cross-References
References
L
Land Conflict
Land Politics and Conflict
Synonyms
Definitions and Issues
Land as a Cause of Conflict
Land in and after Conflict
Summary and Future Work
Cross-References
References
Land Rights
Land Tenure
Land Use
Left Wing-Extremism
LGBTQ Perspectives in Peacebuilding
Synonyms
Introduction
Definition
Sexuality and Conflict Studies
LGBTQ Perspectives on (In)Security
Summary and Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Liberal and Illiberal Peacebuilding in Sri Lanka
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview of Conflict and Peacebuilding Efforts
A Period of Failed Self-reintegration of JVP and Relapse into Violence (1971-1986)
Successful Self-reintegration of the JVP (1987-1994)
Peacebuilding and the Tamil Insurgency
From Local to ``Regionalized´´ Peacebuilding: Indian Involvement
Return to Local Initiatives: War for Peace and the Emerging Liberal Agenda
The Limits of Liberal Peacebuilding
Return to War and Emergence of Illiberal Approach
Summary
Cross-References
References
Liberal Interventionism
Liberal Peace
Liberal Peace and Its Critiques
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Ethics of the Liberal Peace
Developing an Ethical Account Through Eirenism
A Post-Liberal Peace: The Everyday and Hybridity
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Liberal Peace in Peace Operations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Liberal and Democratic Peace
United Nations, Peace Operations, and the Liberal Peace Project
A Post-liberal Peace?
Cross-References
References
Liberal Peacebuilding
Liberal Peacebuilding in a Transitional International Order
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Decline of the ``Liberal Peace´´ Model in Theory and Practice
China´s Peacebuilding Activities
The Evolution of China´s Peace and Security Roles
China´s Peacebuilding Activities in Context
Summary
Cross-References
References
Chinese Language Sources
Liberalism
Liberation Struggles
Local
Local Civil Dialogue
Local Peacebuilding
Synonyms
Definition/Description
Introduction
Unpacking the ``Local´´ in Local Peacebuilding
Main Debates
Future Trajectories and Recommendations
Summary
Cross-References
References
Local Security
Location Data
Lomé Accord
Lomé Peace Accord
Lomé Peace Agreement
M
Management of Sensitive Data
Maoism
Maoist Conflict in India
Synonyms
Description
Introduction
From Naxalbari to Left Wing Extremism: The Evolution of the Maoist Movement in India
First Phase (1967-1972)
Second Phase (1980-1990)
Third Phase (1990s-Ongoing)
CPI (Maoist) Ideology and Revolutionary Violence
Theoretical Logic of the Maoist Movement
CPI (Maoist) Organizational Structure
Maoist Politics, Adivasi Communities, and Assertion for Development
State Responses
Peace Talks
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Further Readings
Mapping
Marginalization
Margins
Masculinity
Masculinity and Conflict
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Hegemonic Masculinity
Masculinity and Conflict
Wartime Violence in Conflict
Masculinity and Wartime Sexual Violence
Military Masculinities
The Peacebuilding Masculinity
Alternative Masculinities in Non-state Armed Groups
Pro-feminist Masculinity and Future Directions
Summary
Cross-References
References
Mass Atrocity Crimes
Measuring Peace
Definition
The Importance of Measuring Peace
Ways of Measuring Peace
Key Issues
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Measuring the Implementation of the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda
Synonyms
Definition/Description
Introduction
Measuring Women, Peace, and Security
Feminist Transformations
Summary
Cross-References
References
Med-arb
Mediation
Introduction
Development
Existing Research on Mediation
Dependent Variable: Effectiveness
Independent Variables: Onset and Process
Mediation Onset
Mediation Process
Gaps and Avenues for Further Research
Disaggregated Analyses
Ideational Aspects
Changing World Political Context
Cross-References
References
Mediation-Arbitration
Melanesia
Memorials and Transitional Justice
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Memorials
Disaggregating Memorials
The Changing Scope of Memorials
The Changing Aesthetics of Memorials
Memorials as Transitional Justice
The Kigali Genocide Memorial
Conclusions
Summary
Cross-References
References
Memory
Memory Activism
Memory Politics
Migration
Militarism
Military
Military Coalitions
Military Dictatorships
Military Intervention
Military Interventions
Military Occupation
Mini-trials
Minorities
Minority Rights
MINUJUSTH
MINUSTAH
MIPONUH
Mock Trials
Moldova-Transnistria Conflict
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Origins of the Conflict
Russia
External Trade and International Engagements
The OSCE
The European Union
Summary
Cross-References
References
Monitoring and Evaluation
Mozambique
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Colonialism and Early Independence
The 1977-1992 War
The Peace Process
Peace Times
The Development Landscape
The State of Democracy
The Shortcomings of the Security Sector Reform
Renewed Conflict in 2013
Current Situation
Summary
Cross-References
References
Muhammad
Multiple Missions
Multiple Operations
Music Reconciliation = Social Cohesion
Mysticism
N
National Identity Formation
Nationalism
NATO´s Approach to Peace Operations and Peacebuilding
Introduction
NATO´s Peace Concept: Definitions
NATO Embraces Crisis Management
The Balkans
NATO´s Crisis Management, from Afghanistan to Libya
The Return of Power Politics, NATO´s Crisis Management Loses Precedence
The Ukraine Moment
Crisis Management´s Lost Relevance?
Projecting Stability: The New NATO´s Crisis Management Agenda
What Is ``Projecting Stability´´?
The Dilemmas of Projecting Stability
Summary
Cross-References
References
Natural Disasters
Needlework
Negative Peace
Negotiation
Synonyms
Definition
Description
The Negotiation Climate
Distributive Negotiation
Integrative Negotiation
Distributive vs. Integrative Negotiation
The Role of Power
Conclusion
Summary
Appendix
Fifty Negotiation Tactics
Cross-References
References
Negotiation Climate
Negotiation Phases
Negotiation Power
Negotiation Process
Negotiation Strategy
Negotiation Styles (see Negotiation Strategy)
Negotiation Tactics
Negotiations
News and Conflict
NGOs
Non-majoritarian Institutions
Non-proliferation
Non-state Actors
Nonviolence
Nonviolence and Civil Resistance
Definition/Description
Introduction
Mahatma Gandhi and Satyagraha
Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Ethics of Nonviolence
Gene Sharp and Strategic Nonviolence
Nonviolence and Civil Disobedience
Pragmatic Versus Principled Nonviolence
Summary
Cross-References
References
Nonviolent Peacekeeping
Nonviolent Protection
Normalization of Violence
Normative
North Macedonia
Northern Ireland
O
Occupied Palestinian Territories
Offline and Online (De)radicalization: An Overview of the Case of Kosovo
Introduction
Radicalization and Its Manifestation(s)
The Online and Offline Dimensions
Toward Understanding De-radicalization
Kosovo´s Response to Radicalization and Violent Extremism
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Ohrid Framework Agreement, The
Synonyms
Definition
The Ohrid Framework Agreement
Accommodation of Communities Post-OFA
The Agreement´s Implementation Influence in Contemporary Politics
Cross-References
References
Ombudsmen
Oppression
Organized Brutality
Definition
Cross-References
References
Organized Crime
Outcomes
P
Pacific Island States
Pacifism
Pacifism and Peace
Description
Introduction
Definitions
The Absence of Pacifism in Peace
The Reasons and Consequences of Excluding Pacifism from Peace
Bringing Pacifism into Peace Theory
Summary
Cross-References
References
Painting
Palestine
Pareto Optimal Agreement
Pariah Weapons Control
Participatory Constitution-Making and Peacebuilding
Definition
Constitution-Making
Participatory Constitution-Making
Scepticism About Participatory Constitution-Making
Summary
References
Participatory Photography
Participatory research
Patriarchy
PCRD
Peace
Peace Accord
Peace Activism
Peace Agreement
Peace Agreement Design
Peace Agreement Implementation
Peace Agreements
Definitions
Types and Prevalence
Introduction
Historical Background
Key Issues
Measuring Content
Measuring Success
Research Trends and Debates
Summary and Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Peace and Conflict in Brazil
Definition
Colonialism, Conflict, and Violence in Brazil
Consolidation of the Military and the Paraguayan War
Challenges to Peace in the Republican Era: Revolutions and Revolts in the Building of a New Nation
Brazil (Again) Under Dictatorship: The Military Regime (1964-1985)
Emergence of Criminal Violence and Police Repression Responses
No Peace at Home, but Promoting Peace Abroad
Summary
Cross-References
References
Peace and Conflict Studies
Peace and Conflict Textiles
Peace and Dialogue Structures
Peace and Feminist Foreign Policy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Peace, Gender, and Foreign Policy
Gender and Foreign Policy
Feminist Foreign Policy and Peacebuilding
Feminist Foreign Policy and Peace Diplomacy
Summary
Cross-References
References
Peace and Political Unsettlement
Description
Introduction
Political Settlements and Power-Sharing
Introducing Formalized Political Unsettlement
Factors Contributing to Formalized Political Unsettlement
Characteristics of Formalized Political Unsettlement
Modes of Transitional Practice and Engagement
Summary
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Peace Architecture
Peace Art
Peace Communities
Peace Community
Peace Deal
Peace Diplomacy
Peace Formation
Introduction
The Nature of Peace Formation
Local Agents of Peace Formation
Mitigating the Violence of Local State Formation
Encounters with Local Actors
How Successful Have Peace Formation Strategies Been?
Peace Formation Strategies
Methodology and Peace Formation
Conclusion
Cross-References
Bibliography
Peace Formation in Bougainville
Definition
Introduction
Violent Conflict on Bougainville
Peace Formation at the Grassroots
High-Level Peacebuilding
The Internationals: Helpful, but Not in Control
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Peace in International Relations Theory
Definition/Description
Introduction
Peace and Methodological Considerations
The Concepts of Peace
Perspectives on Peace in IR Theory
One Peace or Many Peaces?
Cross-References
References
Peace Infrastructures
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Origins of Peace Infrastructures
Divergent Definitions and Conceptual Core
Contemporary Peace Infrastructures
Categorizing Peace Infrastructures: Formal and Informal, Top-down and Bottom-up
The Importance of Peace Infrastructures
Criticism
Peace Infrastructures in Practice
Summary
Cross-References
References
Peace Journalism
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
War and Peace Journalism
The Features of Peace Journalism
Peace/Conflict Oriented
Truth Oriented
People Oriented
Solution Oriented
Peace Journalism in Practice
Summary
Cross-References
References
Peace Measuring Approaches
Synonyms
Defining the Problem
Efforts at Solution
Johan Galtung
Additional Important Variables
Data Lapses
Steven Pinker
Responsible Management of Sensitive Data
Summary
Cross-References
References
Peace Mediation
Peace Negotiations
Peace Observation
Peace Operations
Peace Operations, Principles, and Doctrine
Definition
Introduction
Defining Peacekeeping: Principles, Doctrine, and Practice
The Evolution of the ``Holy Trinity´´
Protection of Civilians
State-Building and ``Stabilization´´
Points of Conceptual Friction
Contestation and the Future of Peace Operations
Cross-References
References
Peace Process
Peace Talks
Peace Through Prosperity
Peace Through Strength
Peace Through Tourism
Definition
Introduction
Tourism and Peace in the Academic Debate: A Controversial Association
``Tourism. Industry of Peace.´´ Is It?
Summary
References
Peace Within to Peace Without
Peace Zones
Peacebuilding
Peacebuilding = Consolidating Peace, Constructing Peace
Peacebuilding and Korean Civil Society
Synonyms
Definition/Description
Introduction
Peacebuilding and Civil Society
The Korean Peace Process
Peacebuilding Role of Korean Civil Society
Reconciliation Between People
Promoting Civic Values for Peace
Summary
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Peacebuilding and Postcolonial Subject
Synonyms
Description
Introduction
Postcolonial Accounts on Peacebuilding: Eurocentrism and the Production of ``Postcolonial Subjects´´ in Peacebuilding Contexts
Inquiring the ``Local Turn´´ and Hybridization Processes in Peacebuilding: Postcolonial Contributions and Critiques
Final Remarks
Cross-References
References
Peacebuilding and Spatial Transformation
Introduction
Definitions
Spatial Agency in Peacebuilding
Place-Making
Space-Making
Summary
Cross-References
References
Peacebuilding Consequences
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Peacebuilding Purpose: Intentionality, Anticipation, and Prevention
Peacebuilding Consequences as the Results of the Results of Results
The Carelessness of Peacebuilding and (UN)accountability
Summary
Cross-References
References
Peacebuilding in Africa: The African Union´s Evolving Approach
Synonyms
Introduction
The AU´s Peacebuilding Policy Framework, Main Concepts, and Toolbox
Initial Peacebuilding/PCRD Efforts and Lessons Learned
The Way Forward
References
Peacebuilding: Utopia and Reality
Introduction
Twenty Year´s Crisis
The End of Statebuilding
The ``Hubris´´ of Liberal Peacebuilding
The Pragmatic Apologia
The Return of Realism
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Peacebuilding-Development Nexus
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Paradigmatic Approaches to Peacebuilding and Development
Peacebuilding Paradigms and the Development Nexus
Structural and Liberal Peacebuilding
Innovations in Peacebuilding Paradigms
Development Paradigms and the Peacebuilding Nexus
Liberalism and Marxism
Human Development, Sustainable Development, and Other Innovations
The Nexus in Practice
Summary
Cross-References
References
Peaceful Transformation
Peacekeeping
Peacekeeping - Conflict Stabilisation
Peacekeeping - Crisis Management
Peacekeeping - Peacebuilding- Peace Operations
Peacekeeping Inputs - Assessing Approaches
Peacekeeping Mission Objective - Mission End State
Peacekeeping Missions - Peacekeeping Operations
Peacekeeping Operations - Protection of Civilians
Peacekeeping Outputs - Measuring Peace
Peacekeeping Sovereignty - Host Government Responsibilities
Peacemaking
Peacemaking and Peace Agreements on Kosovo
Introduction
The Rambouillet Peace Conference
The Vienna Talks on the Future Status of Kosovo
Dialogue for Normalization of Relations Between Kosovo and Serbia
Summary
References
Peacetech
Performance
Perpetrator Research
Definition
Perpetrator Research: An Evolving Agenda
Approaching Perpetrators: The Ethics and Methods of Perpetrator Research
Perpetration as Action and as Complex
Violence Dynamics and Perpetrator Motivations
Post-Violence Dealing with Perpetrators
Cultural Representations of Perpetrators
Gendered Understandings of Perpetrators
Perpetrators in the Holocaust
Perpetrators in the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi
Summary
Cross-References
References
Phenomenological Peace
Definition
Introduction
Background: The Rationales for Phenomenological Peace
Political-Ontological Impasse of ``Liberal´´ and ``Post-Liberal´´ Approaches
Academic: The Epistemological Stalemate of ``Liberal´´ and ``Post-Liberal´´ Peace Studies
Phenomenological Philosophy: The Conceptual Background of Phenomenological Peace
Future Directions for Phenomenological Peace
Research
Political Implications
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Photo-elicitation
Photography
Photography and Peace
Description
Peace and Photography
Definitional Issues
Core Conceptual Aspects
Aims and Achievements of Peace Photography
Summary
Cross-References
References
Photovoice
Pluralist Photography
Polarized Cities
Police Reform and Peacebuilding
Synonyms
Introduction
What Can Be Expected at the Beginning of Police Reform?
Who Are Involved and What Is Provided as a Police-Reform Package?
UK-Led Police Reform: CPDTF and CCSSP (1996-2002)
PKO-Led Police Reform (2002-2005)
Unintended Consequences of Police Reform
Back to Square One: Why Police?
Summary
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Political Decentralization
Political Demography
Political Islam
Political Missions
Political Settlements
Politics of Passportization and Territorial Conflicts
Synonyms
Description
Introduction
Passportization
Territorial Conflict: The Cases of Georgia and Ukraine
Summary
Cross-References
References
Popular Protest
Popular Protest in Palestine
Synonyms
Introduction
Palestinian Resistance to the Establishment of the Israeli State, 1880-1948
Palestinian Protest Against Jewish Immigration Under the Ottomans
British Military Administration, 1917-1920
British Mandate in the 1920s
1930-1936: From Unrest to the First Palestinian Uprising
The Palestinian Revolt, 1936-1939
The Period of Partition: 1939-1949
Palestinian Resistance, 1948-1987
The Lost Years of the 1950s
Palestinians in Israel: Quiet Forms of Resistance
Palestinians in Israel: From Quiet Resistance to Audible Protest
Palestinians in the Occupied Territories Prior to First Intifada
The First Intifada: December 1987-October 1991
Phase One: December 1987-1990: Horizontal Escalation of the Struggle
Phase Two: Post-1990 Deterioration
Palestinians in Israel: The Impact of the First Intifada
The Oslo Process, September 1993-September 2000
The Second Intifada
Palestinians in Israel - the Impact of the Second Intifada
The Separation Wall and the Reemergence of Unarmed Popular Resistance
Lack of Social Solidarity as Main Reason for Weakness of Contemporary Popular Unarmed Protest
The Important Role of Third-Party Solidarity: Grounds for Hope
Cross-References
References
Positionality
Positive Peace
Post-Conflict
Post-Conflict Elections
Definition
The Challenges of Elections in Post-conflict Countries
Timing and Sequencing
Electoral Systems
Election Administration
Summary
Cross-References
References
Post-Conflict Nation-Building
Synonyms
Definition of Nation-Building
Nations and Nationalism
Post-Conflict Challenges to Nation-Building
National Community, Narratives, and Identity
Constitutions
Symbolic Forms of Nationhood
Performative Symbols of Nationhood
Visual Symbols of Nationhood
Nation-Building as Fundamental to State Life
Summary
Cross-References
References
Post-Conflict Reconstruction
Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development
Post-Conflict Recovery
Post-Conflict Timor-Leste
Synonyms
Definition
Timor-Leste: A Brief Historical Overview
Legacies of Colonialism and Conflict
Language: Portuguese
Religion: Roman Catholicism
Legacies of Conflict
Peacebuilding and the UN
The 2006 Crisis
Internal Fractures: Valorizing the Resistance
Victim´s Organizations
Women and Conflict
Generational Divisions
Contemporary National Politics in Timor-Leste
Cross-References
References
Post-Liberal Peace
Postliberal Peacebuilding
Post-Soviet Conflict
Postwar
Postwar Cities
Power Structures
Power-Sharing
Prisoners´ Dilemma
Summary
Cross-References
References
Private Peacemaking and Dialogic Approach to Mediation
Introduction
Mediation as Peace Diplomacy
Peace Mediation Beyond Negotiations
Nongovernmental Actors Within Multiparty Peace Process
Private Peacemaking
Towards Dialogic Mediation
Cross-References
References
Private Tribunals
Property Disputes
Protection of Civilians
Definition
Introduction
First Steps
Protection in Practice
Summary
Cross-References
References
Protective Accompaniment
Protracted Conflict Process
Q
Qualitative Research
Quantification
Queer
R
R2P
R2P and Prevention
Synonyms
Definition
What Is the Responsibility to Protect?
Four Crimes and Three Pillars
Normative and Institutional Progress Since 2005
Criticisms of R2P´s Implementation
R2P Is Only Applicable to the ``Global South´´
R2P Is an Attack on Sovereignty
R2P Is a Foreign Policy Issue
Atrocity Prevention and Conflict Prevention Are the Same Thing
R2P Implies Military Force and ``Humanitarian Intervention´´
When the International Community Fails to Act, R2P Has Failed as a Norm
R2P and Regime Change: The Case of Libya
Implementation of R2P: Responding to Atrocity Risks in Kenya, Côte d´Ivoire, and the Gambia
Kenya
Côte d´Ivoire
The Gambia
Summary
Cross-References
References
Race
Rapprochement
Realism
Reconciliation
Reconciliation in Northern Ireland
Synonyms
Description/Summary
Conflict and the Progress Toward Peace in Northern Ireland
Framing and Understanding of Reconciliation in Northern Ireland
Top-Down Policymaking for Reconciliation
Reconciliation as Inter-communal Relationship-Building
Reconciliation via Addressing the Past
Bottom-Up Reconciliation Practice
Community-Focused and Relationship-Driven Practice
Addressing the Past from ``Below´´
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Reflexivity and Fieldwork in Feminist Peace Research
Synonyms
Definition of Reflexivity
Introduction
Reflexivity in Feminist Research on Peace and Conflict
Reflexivity in Practice
Entering the Field: Decisions and Reflections on Identity
In the Field: Encountering Vulnerabilities
In the Field: Navigating Political and Emotional Topographies
Leaving the Field: Impact and Expertise
Conclusion/Summary
Cross-References
References
Reflexivity in the Study of Security and Conflict
Introduction
Definition: Reflexivity and Disciplinarily in International Relations and the Study of Conflict
The Personal, the Political, and the Reflexive
Reflexive ``Turns´´: The Narrative, the Vernacular, and the Local
The Narrative
The Vernacular
The Local
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Reforms
Refugee Voting
Refugees
Regional Organizations
Relationality
Relationship-Building
Rent-a-Judges
Research Ethics
Resilience
Resilience and Peace
Definition/Description
Synonyms
Introduction
Origins and Operationalization of Resilience
Operationalizing Resilience
Theoretical Notions of Resilience in Peacebuilding
The Transformation of Peacebuilding
Resilience and Peacebuilding, Definitions?
Resilience in Practice
The Resilience Controversy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Responsibility
Responsibility to Protect
Restorative Justice
Restraints on War
Results
Revolution, Violence, and the Pursuit of Peace
Introduction
Revolutions and Violence
Nonviolent Revolutions?
Summary
Cross-References
Bibliography
Right to Have Rights
Rise of China
Risk Reduction
Risks
Role of State and Non-state Terrorism in Peace Processes, The
Description
Introduction
Terrorism: State and Non-state
Spoiling
Key Issues
Why Is Terrorist Violence Used to Spoil Peace Processes and when Does Terrorism Become a Tactic of Spoiling?
Does Terrorism ``Spoil´´ Peace Processes More than Other Types of Violence?
Summary
Cross-References
References
Roles of Victims in Peacebuilding
Synonyms
Description
Peacebuilding and Victims
Defining Victims for Peacebuilding
Epitomes of Suffering and National Identities
Witnesses of Crimes and Universal Moral Beacons
Active Influencers of Justice and Peace
Summary
Cross-References
References
Rule of Law
Rule of Law as a Component of Peace Operations
Definition
Introduction
Defining the Rule of Law
Sovereignty and Protection
Joined-Up Thinking
Coordinating Rule of Law Programming in UN Peace Operations
Conclusions and Challenges
Cross-References
References
UN Security Council Resolutions and Reports
Laws, Regulations, and Cases
Russia and Frozen Conflicts in the Post-Soviet Space
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Russia´s Presence in the Frozen Conflicts: Similarity and Difference
Realist and Ideational Interpretations
Critical Approach and Reconceptualization
Summary
Cross-References
References
S
Safety Perceptions
Search for Peace, the
Synonyms
Definition
Pacifism
Nonviolence
Arms Control
Peace Through Strength
Peace Through Prosperity
Diplomacy
Track II Diplomacy
Balance of Power
World Government
Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding
Reconciliation and Restorative Justice
Summary: Is Mankind Becoming More Peaceful?
Cross-References
References
Secession
Secession and Self-Determination
Introduction
Definition
Key Issues and International Perspectives
Secession Under International Law
Self-Determination and a Right to Secession
The Principle of ``Effectiveness´´: Secession as a Political Fact
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Secessionism
Secessionist Conflicts
Security
Security of Being
Security of the Self
Security Sector Reform After Armed Conflict
Synonyms
Definition/Description
Introduction
Research on SSR
Linking the Elements of SSR
Security Sector Reform on the Ground
Context Matters: Decolonizing SSR as a Next Step on the Agenda
Cross-References
References
Security-Development Nexus
Security-Development Nexus in Peacebuilding
Conceptualizing Security and Development
The Evolution of the Security-Development Nexus
Challenges to the Implementation of the Nexus on the Ground
The Future of the Security-Development Nexus
Cross-References
References
Self-Defense
Self-Organization
Separation
Separatist Conflicts
Settlement
Sexual
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence
Sexuality
Shared Sovereignty
Sierra Leone
Synonymys
Definition
Introduction
A Brutal Civil War
Causes of the Crisis
The Quest for Peace in Sierra Leone
International Peacebuilding in Sierra Leone
Statebuilding and Peacebuilding Emphasizing the State and Its Institutions
Prioritizing the Special Court over the TRC
UNIPSIL and the Prioritization of State Institutions
Summary
Cross-References
References
Silence and Peacebuilding
Synonyms
Definition/Description
Introduction
Silences That Disable Peace
Silences That Enable Peace
Implications for Peacebuilding
Summary
Cross-References
References
Slums
Social Capital and Peace
Definition
Introduction
Types of Social Capital
How Social Capital Interacts with Conflict
Summary
Cross-References
References
Social Cohesion
Social Contract
Socioeconomic Justice and Peacebuilding
Definition
Introduction
Conceptualizing Socioeconomic Justice
Socioeconomic, Transitional, and Transformative Justice
Socioeconomic Justice and Peacebuilding
Socioeconomic Justice and Peacebuilding in Practice
Summary
Cross-References
References
Sources of Peace in a Developing Island State
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Pacific Islands Region
Social Economy
Kastom, Chiefs, and Community
Governance, Justice, Social Peace
Some Examples
The Challenge of Linking Across Modes of Governance
Conclusion
Summary
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
South Africa
South Sudan
Southeast Europe
Southeast European Studies
Southern Africa
Sovereignty Conflicts
Soviet
Space, Place, and Peacebuilding
Spatial Agency
Spatial Analysis
Spoilers
Sri Lankan Peace Process
SSR
Stability Analysis
Stabilization Operations and Their Relationship to Liberal Peacebuilding Missions
Introduction
Definitional Issues
Conceptual and Theoretical Aspects
Stabilization and Peacebuilding
The Antinomies of Stabilization
Conclusions
References
Stalled Peacebuilding: Dealing with the Violence of Colonization and Its Legacy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Short Account of First Nations History and Social and Political Philosophy
Colonization
The Colonial Legacy
Peacebuilding and the Colonial Relationship
Makarrata and Treaty
Conclusion
Summary
Cross-References
References
Standpoint Theory
Starvation
State Repression
(State-)security
Statebuilding
State-Building
Statebuilding in Afghanistan: Inertia and Ambiguity
Introduction
A Brief History of the Afghan State
Statebuilding After 2001
Problems and Pitfalls of the Statebuilding Project
Orders of Violence
State Finance
Legitimacy
Summary
References
Statehood Conflict
Statehood Conflicts
Synonyms
Definition/Description
Introduction
Secession and Conflict over Statehood
Unpacking the Concept of Statehood Conflicts
Birth and Death of Conflict
Where Next for the Study of Statehood Conflicts
Summary
Cross-References
References
Strategic Peacebuilding
Street Art and Peace
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Street Art and Peace
Yemen
Pakistan
Palestine
Colombia
Everyday, Street, and Art
Summary
Cross-References
References
Street-Art
Structural Violence
Successful Peacekeeping Outcome - Political Solution to Conflicts
Sudan
Summary Jury Trials
Sweden
Symbolic Reparations
System of Government
System Thinking
T
Technology and Peace
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Bottom-Up Uses of ICTs for Peace
Crowdsourcing
Social Media
Top-Down Uses of ICTs for Peace
Blockchain
Drones
Summary
Cross-References
References
Territorial Conflicts
Terrorism
Textile-Making as Research Method
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Textile-Making as Specific Arts-Based Research Method
Embroidering with Ex-Guerrillas in Colombia: A Research Example
Summary
Cross-References
References
Textiles Making Peace
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Textiles and Peace: Theoretical Approaches
Peace Through Textiles: Empirical Examples
Summary
Cross-References
References
The Balkans
The Korean Peace Process
Theatre
Theatre and Peacebuilding
Synonyms
Description
Introduction
Theatre Forms
Contributions to Peacebuilding
Summary and Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Third-Party Intervention
Thomas Aquinas
Timor Lorosa´e
Track II Diplomacy
Track Two Diplomacy
Traditional Peace Approaches
Transdisciplinary
Transformation of Conflict
Transitional International Order
Transitional Justice
Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding
Definition
Introduction
From ``Peace Versus Justice´´ to Integration and Coordination
Commonalities and Critiques
Liberal Peace Assumptions
Socioeconomic Issues
Imported and Top-Down Approaches to Peace and Justice
Local Turns and Participation
Looking Forward: Transformation and Emancipation
Structural Violence and Root Causes
Social and Economic Development
Supporting Local Agencies
Summary
Cross-References
References
Transitional Justice in Croatia
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Context
Key Issues
War Crimes Legacy
International Relations
Civil Society
Minority Rights
Existing Research
Direction of Future Research
Summary
Cross-References
References
Transnational
Transnationalism
Transversal Politics
Trauma
Treaty
Tribalism
Triple Nexus
Troubles, The: The Northern Ireland Conflict
Synonyms
Definition
Background: A Place Apart
The Troubles
Why Conflict Endured
Exiting the Violence
Reasons for the Breakthrough
Decommissioning, Demilitarization, and Policing
Tradeoffs
Brexit
Conclusion
Summary
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions
Truth Commissions
U
Ubuntu system
UN
UN Intervention
UN Missions in Ex-Yugoslavia
Synonyms
Definition
The UN Missions in Light of the Yugoslavian Dissolution
The UN Missions in Croatia
UN in Croatia After UNPROFOR
UN Missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina
UN in Postwar BiH
UN Missions in North Macedonia
The UN Mission in Kosovo
Summary
Cross-References
References
UN Missions in Sudan and South Sudan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Context
Missions Overview
Defining Peace Missions
Eight Missions in Two Decades
Sudan, up to July 2011
Contested Area: Abyei
South Sudan, After Independence
Sudan, After the 2019 Revolution
Themes
Consent Management
Civilian Protection
Regional Cooperation and Sequencing
Summary
Cross-References
References
UN Peacebuilding in Timor-Leste
The Setting
1999-2002: UNAMET and UNTAET
2002-2005: UNMISET
2006-2012: UNMIT
2012 and Beyond
Cross-References
References
UN Security Council and International Interventions
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conflicting Principles of Maintaining International Peace and Security
Preventing Intervention
Conducting Intervention
Reframing Intervention
Justifying Intervention
Summary
Cross-References
References
Unarmed Bodyguards
Unarmed Civilian Peacekeeping
Unarmed Civilian Protection
Unarmed Civilian Protection/Peacekeeping
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Understanding the Place of UCP Within Peace Studies
Delineating Unarmed Civilian Protection/Peacekeeping
How UCP Works
Three Examples of UCP in Practice
International Protective Accompaniment in Colombia
Unarmed Civilian Peacekeeping in Mindanao, the Philippines
UCP and Local Women Protection Teams in South Sudan
Summary
Cross-References
References
Unarmed Resistance
Uncertainty
Unexpected
Unintended
Unintended Consequences of Peace Operations/Sexual Abuse and Exploitation by Peacekeepers
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Are ``Unintended Consequences´´?
The Unintended Consequences of Constructing Peace in the Context of Contemporary Conflicts
The Possible Collateral Effects of United Nations Peace Operations
Sexual Misconduct by Peacekeepers: A Complex and Challenging Unintended Consequence
A Brief Overview of Sexual Abuse in Peace Operations
Are ``Unintended Consequences´´ Really Unpredictable?
Summary
Cross-References
References
United Kingdom
United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)
Definition
Introduction
Key Issues
Background to the Kosovo Conflict
UNMIK´s Mandate
Kosovo´s Self-Government Under UNMIK
UNMIK and Kosovo´s Declaration of Independence
Assessing the Effectiveness and Impact of Transitional Administration
International Territorial Administration
UNMIK´s Political Impact
UNMIK Accountability and Human Rights
Summary
Cross-References
References
United Nations Missions in Haiti
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Emergence of a Prodemocracy Movement
Context of the UN Involvement in Haiti
Governor Islands Agreement
United Nations Mission in Haiti (September 1993 to June 1996)
United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (July 1996 to July 1997)
United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (August to November 1997)
United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (December 1997 to March 2000)
International Civilian Support Mission in Haiti (March 2000 to February 2001)
The Destabilization of Haiti´s Nascent Democracy
United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (June 2004 to October 2017)
MINUSTAH´s Response to Armed Groups
Security Sector Reform
Controversies and Criticism of MINUSTAH
Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
The Costs of Cholera
The Direct Costs of Cholera
Indirect Costs of Cholera on Haitian Households
United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti (October 2017 to October 2019)
Peyi Lok: From Football to Fuel
Progress Toward Mission Mandates
HeadingsSec153-123
Summary
Cross-References
References
UNMIH
Unrecognised State
UNSCR 1325
UNSCR1325
UNSMIH
UNTMIH
Urban Gangs
Urban Peacebuilding
Introduction
Emplacing Peace and Peacebuilding in the Urban
The Urban
Urban Peacebuilding
Urban Peace
What Lessons Can Be Learned from Urban Peacebuilding in Nicosia?
Summary
Cross-References
References
Urban Violence
Urban Violence and Crime
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Urban Violence and Crime in Post-Conflict Societies
El Salvador Case
Urban Violence and Crime in Democratic Societies
Summary
Cross-References
References
Use of Force
Use of Force in Peace Operations
Definition
Introduction
The Long Journey to the Use of Force
The Protection of Civilians
Stabilization Missions
Summary
Cross-References
References
V
Vanuatu
Violence
Violence in Poor Neighborhoods
Violent Conflict
Violent Conflicts in South America
Definition
Historical Background
Social Violence and Conflict in Today´s South America
Non-war Neither Peace Societies: The Cases of Colombia, Brazil, and Venezuela
Summary
Cross-References
References
Visual Peace and Conflict Research
Voting Methods
Voting Systems
Synonyms
Definition
Electoral Manipulation and Its Prevention
Elections in War-Torn Countries
Summary
Cross-References
References
Vote Counting Methods (All Accessed January 2019)
W
Waithood
War
War and Peace in Somalia
Synonyms
Definition/Description
Introduction
Key Peacemaking Efforts in Somalia
Djibouti Peace Conference (1991)
The Addis Ababa Peace Conference (1993)
The Cairo Peace Conference (1997)
The Arta Peace Conference (2000)
The Mbagathi Peace Conference (2004)
The Promise of Traditional Peacemaking Approaches in Somalia
The Configuration of Somali Traditional Structure
The Xeer System
Summary
Cross-References
References
War and Peace in Yemen
War Crimes
War Crimes Trials
War on Terror
War Veterans
Ways of Knowing
Weapons Governance
Western Interventions
Win-Lose Negotiation (see Distributive Negotiation)
Win-Win Negotiation (see Integrative Negotiation)
Women
Women and Peace Negotiations in Cyprus
Synonyms
Introduction/Definition
Women and the Conflict in Cyprus
Women and Peacebuilding
Women´s Participation in Politics and the Negotiations
Women´s Inclusion in the Peace Process and the Negotiations
Summary
Cross-References
References
Women in War
Women, Peace and Security Agenda
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Resolutions on Women, Peace and Security
The Pillars
Researching Women, Peace and Security
Critically Examining the Resolutions
The Challenges of Implementation
The ``Global´´ and the ``Local´´ in WPS
Translating WPS into Security Institutions and Practices
Summary and Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Women´s Community Peacebuilding in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT)
Synonyms
Description
Introduction
Definitions
Historical and Political Violence Context
Peacebuilding Education
Participatory Approach
Local Criticism
Conclusion
References
Women´s Engagement
Women´s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF)
Description
Introduction
The Beginnings
The Postwar World: From a Hot to a Cold War
The UN Women´s Conferences
The New Millennium
Summary
Cross-References
References
Women´s Organizations in Post-Conflict Contexts
Synonyms
Description
Introduction
Gendered Dynamics and Women´s Experiences in Post-conflict Contexts
International Interventions as Gendered Encounters
The Emergence, Contributions, and Struggles of Women´s Organizations in Post-conflict Spaces
Funding for Women´s Organizations: Between Dependence and Autonomy
Summary
Cross-References
References
Women´s Participation in Peace Processes
Women´s Participation in Transitional Justice
World Government
X
Xeer
Y
Yemen Conflict
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Six Wars and Beyond: The Houthis from Sa´adah to Sana´a
Yemen: No Gray Zone Forward
The Arab Spring: From an Uprising to a Political Crisis
Pitfalls in the Agreement
Hurdles During Implementation
Domestic Hurdles
External Issues
The Houthi Coup d´État: A Gateway to Military Intervention and Beyond
The Arab Coalition
Issues Within the Arab Coalition
The Southern Question and Fall of Aden
Crisis Management or Conflict Resolution Efforts?
Toward Piecemeal, Fragmentary Peace Efforts
Summary
Cross-References
References
Youth and Peacebuilding
Description
Introduction
Considering Youth: Classifications and Intersections
Understanding Youth in Literature and Practice
Children and Youth as Categories of Concern
Participation and Partnership
Thematic Consideration for Youth in Peacebuilding
Gendered Challenges
Securitization of Youth
Meaningful Participation
Summary
Cross-References
References
Youth Bulge and Conflict
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
What Is Youth?
Youth Bulge as Demographic Gift
Crisis of Youth Bulge
Key Empirical Examples
Youth Bulge and Political Violence
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Youth Gang Violence
Youth Gang Violence in Honduras
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptual Approaches to Understanding Youth Gang Violence
Society-Wide Approaches to Understanding Youth Gang Violence in Honduras
Community Approaches to Understanding Youth Gang Presence
Future Possibilities
Summary
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
(Youth) Gangs
Youthquake
Yugoslavia
Z
Zones of Peace
Synonyms
Definition/Description
History and Current Uses
Defining Characteristics/Key Features
Current Uses
Cultural Elements
Negotiating and Interventions to Prevent Violence
Tools for Empowering Marginalized Groups
Processes for Engendering Agency
Importance to Peacebuilding
Contributions to Peacebuilding
Cross-References
References
