The Oxford Turkish Grammar

Cover
The Oxford Turkish Grammar
Copyright
Short contents
Detailed contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations and symbols
Conventions
1 Introduction
1.1 On Turks, Turkey, Turkic peoples, and their languages *
1.2 Basic linguistic terminology
PART I SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION
2 The alphabet *
2.1 Letters and sounds
2.2 Particulars
3 On stress *
3.1 Primary stress
3.2 Secondary stress
4 Phonological variation *
4.1 Vowel reduction
4.2 Short or long
4.3 Contraction
4.4 Expansion
4.5 Soft or hard
4.6 Consonant assimilation
5 Morphological variation *
5.1 Vowel harmony
5.1.1 Twofold vowel harmony
5.1.2 Fourfold vowel harmony
5.2 Variation in word stems *
5.2.1 Consonantal variation: voiceless—voiced
5.2.2 Consonantal variation: k / g—zero
5.2.3 Stem variation: short—long
5.2.4 Consonantal variation: doubling
5.2.5 Glottal stop
5.2.6 Variation in verb stems
5.2.7 Grammatical rules
5.3 Variation in suffixes
5.3.1 Buffer sound
5.3.2 Consonants
5.3.3 Overview
5.4 Morphemes versus syllables
5.4.1 Morphemes: hyphens
5.4.2 Syllables: dashes
5.4.3 More basic structures
5.4.4 On hyphenating
5.4.5 Comparison
PART II THE NOUN PHRASE
6 Nouns
6.1 Dictionary form and textual form
6.2 Nominal suffix sequences
6.3 Plural forms
6.4 Possessive forms
6.5 Case markers *
6.5.1 Nominative
6.5.2 Genitive
6.5.3 Dative
6.5.4 Accusative
6.5.5 Locative
6.5.6 Ablative
6.5.7 Instrumental
6.6 Combinations
6.7 Speaking of case marking
6.7.1 Genitive
6.7.2 Dative
6.7.3 Accusative
6.7.4 Locative
6.7.5 Ablative
6.7.6 Instrumental
6.8 Case-marked proper names
7 Pronouns
7.1 Interrogative pronouns
7.2 Personal pronouns
7.3 Demonstrative pronouns *
7.4 Some points of interest
7.4.1 Question word ne
7.4.2 Echo questions
7.4.3 Plural of pronouns
7.4.4 Deviant pronominal forms
7.4.5 Pronominal stem forms
7.4.6 Double forms
7.4.7 Proximity and remoteness
7.4.8 Scolding and calling names
7.4.9 Expressing affection and respect
7.4.10 Modes of address
7.5 Indefinite pronouns
7.6 Reflexive pronouns
7.7 Reciprocal pronouns
7.7.1 Standard form
7.7.2 Pluralizing
7.7.3 Individualizing
7.7.4 Reciprocal postpositional complements
7.8 Genitive + –ki(n)
8 Adjectives
8.1 Properties
8.2 Comparable positions
8.2.1 Indefinite article
8.2.2 Demonstrative pronoun
8.2.3 Possessive pronoun
8.2.4 Demonstrative and possessive combined
8.2.5 Reflexive pronoun
8.2.6 Indefinite quantity
8.2.7 Numbers
8.3 Word order in the noun phrase
8.4 Comparative and superlative
8.5 Adverbs applied to adjectives
8.6 Locative + –ki(n)
8.7 Adjectives used as nouns *
8.8 Adjectives with complements
8.8.1 Dative complement
8.8.2 Ablative complement
8.8.3 Instrumental complement
8.8.4 Adverbial complement
9 Functions of the noun phrase
9.1 Noun phrases in nominal sentences
9.2 Noun phrases in verbal sentences
9.2.1 Subject
9.2.2 Objects
9.2.3 Direct object
9.2.4 Dative object
9.2.5 Locative object
9.2.6 Ablative object
9.2.7 Instrumental object
9.2.8 Homonymy
9.3 Noun phrases in genitive-possessive constructions
9.4 Noun phrases in existential sentences
PART III ADJUNCTS AND MODIFIERS
10 Spatial orientations
10.1 Deictic pronouns: where, here, and there
10.2 Orientations with the genitive-possessive construction
10.2.1 Place nouns
10.2.2 Metaphoric usage
10.2.3 Adjectival usage
10.3 From noun to locative postposition *
10.4 From postposition to adverbial phrase
11 Counting and quantities
11.1 Cardinal numbers
11.1.1 The basics
11.1.2 Arithmetic
11.2 Ordinal numbers
11.3 Distributive numbers
11.4 Special formations
11.4.1 Adverbial usage
11.4.2 Nominal usage
11.4.3 Possessive numbers
11.4.4 Derived nouns
11.4.5 Derived adjectives
11.4.6 Multiplicity
11.4.7 Distributive adjectives
11.4.8 School classes
11.4.9 Game numbers
11.5 Quantities
11.5.1 Absolute quantity
11.5.2 Units
11.5.3 Relative quantity
11.5.4 Quantifying adjectives
11.6 Fractions
11.7 Partitive constructions *
11.7.1 A part is equal to one
11.7.2 A part is greater than one
11.7.3 Non-numerical part
11.7.4 Inferrable whole
11.7.5 Indefinite quantifiers
11.8 On age
12 Times and dates
12.1 The clock
12.1.1 The basics
12.1.2 Location in time
12.2 Days, months, years, centuries
12.2.1 Temporal expressions
12.2.2 Sequence
12.2.3 Calendar
12.2.4 Seasons
12.3 Dates
12.4 Special forms
12.5 Combinations
12.5.1 Daily periods and the clock
12.5.2 Today’s day
12.5.3 Today’s date
12.6 Temporal phrase + –ki(n)
12.7 More on –ki(n)
13 Postpositions
13.1 Direction
13.2 Time
13.3 Other postpositions
13.4 Some points of interest *
13.4.1 Postposition or noun?
13.4.2 Postposition or adverb?
13.4.3 Other deviant postpositions
13.4.4 Adjective or postposition?
13.4.5 Forms with baş ‘head’
14 Adverbs and their like
14.1 Levels of usage
14.2 Adverbs for place
14.2.1 Directions
14.2.2 Targets
14.3 Indeterminate adverbials
14.4 The formation of adverbial phrases
14.4.1 Adjective as adverb
14.4.2 Lexical adverb
14.4.3 Formation by –CE
14.4.4 Reduplication
14.4.5 Formation by –(y)E
14.4.6 Result adverbial
14.4.7 Quality adverbial
14.4.8 Circumstance adverbial
14.4.9 Secondary predicate
14.5 With or without instrument, company, or transportation
14.6 A peculiar suffix ordering
14.6.1 Reverse order 1: possessive plus adjectival –lI / –sIz
14.6.2 Reverse order 2: possessive plus –lEr
14.6.3 Reverse order 3: possessive plus –lIk
14.6.4 Reverse order 4: possessive plus –CE
PART IV VERBS
15 Infinitival forms
15.1 The full infinitive: –mEk
15.2 The short infinitive: –mE
16 Imperative forms
16.1 Short and sweet requests
16.2 Polite requests
16.3 Compelling requests: –sEnE and –sEnIzE
16.4 Paraphrased requests
16.5 Other forms
17 On negation
17.1 Verbal negation: –mE
17.2 Other forms of negation
18 Indirect imperative forms
18.1 Third person: –sIn and –sIn-lEr
18.2 Questioned forms
18.3 A special form
19 Optative forms *
19.1 First person: –(y)E-yIm and –(y)E-lIm
19.2 Second person: –(y)E-sIn and –(y)E-sInIz
19.3 Third person: –(y)E and –(y)E-lEr
20 Present, past, and future *
20.1 Present-1: –(I)yor
20.2 Future: –(y)EcEK
20.3 Past-1: –mIş
20.4 Past-2: –TI
20.5 Present-2: –(I/E)r and –mE-z
20.6 Present-3: –mEk-tE
20.7 More on infinitives
20.7.1 Bare infinitives
20.7.2 Case-marked infinitives
20.7.3 Transitions
20.7.4 Purpose by dative
20.7.5 Other environments
20.7.6 Idiomatic forms
20.8 Meaning and interpretation
20.8.1 Present-1
20.8.2 Present-2
20.8.3 Past-1 / Past-2
21 Abilitative forms *
21.1 Being able and being allowed
21.1.1 Basic forms
21.1.2 A specious contradiction
21.1.3 Modality types
21.1.4 Optative of abilitative
21.2 Other forms with bilmek
21.2.1 Expertise
21.2.2 Durative
21.2.3 Adjectival forms
22 Necessity and hypothesis
22.1 Necessity: Need to, must, have to, and need not
22.1.1 Subjective modality
22.1.2 Other forms expressing modality
22.1.3 Objective modality
22.1.4 Modal adjectives
22.1.5 Collocations
22.1.6 Modal verbs
22.1.7 Enforcement
22.1.8 Obligation
22.1.9 Negational forms
22.1.10 Injunctions
22.2 Hypothesis: If . . .
PART V SENTENCE STRUCTURE
23 Simple sentences
23.1 Nominal sentences
23.1.1 Noun phrase
23.1.2 Negation
23.1.3 Interrogative
23.1.4 Constituent order
23.1.5 On transparency
23.1.6 Embedded clauses
23.2 Existential sentences: to be and to have
23.2.1 Presence and absence
23.2.2 Possession: genitive
23.2.3 Possession: locative
23.2.4 Tail constructions
23.2.5 Personal presence
23.3 Verbal sentences
23.3.1 Verbal predicate
23.3.2 Constituent order
24 Projections
24.1 Past
24.1.1 Nominal sentences
24.1.2 Existential sentences
24.1.3 Verbal sentences
24.1.4 Indirect imperatives
24.2 Reportative and inferential
24.2.1 Scope
24.2.2 Meanings
24.2.3 Irrealis
24.2.4 Optative
24.2.5 Indirect imperative
24.3 Hypothetical affairs
24.4 Suffix combinations: tense and projection
24.5 Suffix combinations: tense and multiple projections
24.6 Suffix combinations with a fixed meaning
24.6.1 Rhetorical questions
24.6.2 Hypothetical past
24.6.3 Questioned hypothesis
24.7 Assumptions and statements of general validity
24.7.1 General validity
24.7.2 Emphasis and positivity
24.7.3 Assumptions and expectations
24.7.4 Special constructions
24.8 Meaning and interpretation in projections
24.8.1 Present-1 + Past
24.8.2 Present-2 + Past
25 On plurality
25.1 Agreement / concord
25.2 Postponed suffixation
25.3 The order of –lEr*
25.3.1 Types of statement
25.3.2 Property attribution
25.3.3 Class inclusion
25.3.4 Intermezzo
25.3.5 Identifying statements
25.3.5.1 Predicate is pronoun
25.3.5.2 Noun–lEr–Ø–person
25.3.5.3 Noun–lEr–projection–person
25.3.5.4 Noun–lEr değil–lEr–projection
25.3.6 Summary
25.3.6 Summary
26 Sundry particles
26.1 Joining things
26.2 Choosing things
26.3 Other small fry
26.3.1 Particles bile / dahi
26.3.2 Particles da / de
26.3.3 Particle ise
26.3.4 Particle ya
26.3.5 Particle yoksa
26.3.6 Particle değil
26.3.7 Conjunction bilemedin
26.3.8 Initial hem de
27 Clause linking
27.1 Coordination
27.1.1 Simple conjunctions
27.1.2 Suffix –(y)Ip
27.1.3 Combination V–(y)Ip + V–(y)Ip
27.1.4 Combination V1–(y)Ip + V2
27.1.5 More applications
27.1.6 Alternatives
27.2 Conditions
27.2.1 Realis
27.2.2 Irrealis
27.2.3 Contrastive conditionals
27.2.4 Projection
27.2.5 Evocation
27.3 Simultaneous events
27.3.1 Suffix –(y)ken
27.3.2 Suffix –(y)ErEk
27.3.3 Means–Purpose relation
27.3.4 Means–Result relation
27.3.5 Adversative
27.4 Other temporal aspects
27.4.1 Suffix –(y)ElI
27.4.2 Suffix –(y)IncE
27.4.3 Combination V-(I/E)r V-mEz
27.4.4 Momentaneous actions
27.4.5 Combination –TIK + possessive + –TE
27.4.6 Suffix –mEdEn
27.4.7 Suffix –mEksIzIn
27.4.8 Suffix –mEktEnsE
27.4.9 Substitution
27.4.10 Renunciation
27.4.11 Inchoative
27.5 Reason and degree
27.5.1 Reason / cause
27.5.2 Conjunction diye
27.5.3 Combination –TIK + possessive + –TEn
27.5.4 Combination –TIK + possessive + için
27.5.5 Concessive
27.5.6 Contrastive
27.5.7 Suffix –TIkçE
27.5.8 Proportion
27.5.9 Combination –TIğInce
27.5.10 Degree
27.6 Similative constructions
27.6.1 Suffix –CEsInE
27.6.2 Negational forms
27.6.3 Complex forms
27.6.4 Purpose / intention
27.6.5 Pronominal forms
28 Postpositional complements
28.1 Person-bound adjuncts
28.2 Temporal phrases
28.3 Purpose phrases
28.3.1 Purpose / intention
28.3.2 Conjunction diye
28.3.3 Suffix combination –mE-mE-cEsInE
28.4 Phrases specifying circumstance or detail
28.5 Postpositions in predicate position
28.6 Postpositions used attributively?
29 Ordering patterns
29.1 Suffix order in nouns and verbs
29.1.1 Nouns
29.1.2 Verbs
29.2 Word order in noun phrases
29.3 Constituent order in main clauses
29.3.1 Nominal sentences
29.3.2 Existential sentences
29.3.3 Verbal sentences
29.4 The order of dependent clauses
29.5 Special constituent orders *
PART VI WORD FORMATION
30 Formation of verbs
30.1 With auxiliary verbs
30.1.1 Auxiliary etmek
30.1.2 Auxiliary olmak
30.1.3 Auxiliary çıkmak
30.2 With nouns
30.2.1 Suffix –lE
30.2.2 Suffix –lEn
30.2.3 Suffix –lEş
30.2.4 Unproductive formations
30.2.5 Equal stems
30.3 Causatives *
30.3.1 Suffix –TIr, –t, –Ir, –It, –Er
30.3.2 Ditransitives
30.3.3 Subject to object
30.3.4 Double causatives
30.4 Passives *
30.4.1 Suffix –(I)n, –Il, –n-Il
30.4.2 Passive of transitive
30.4.3 Passive of causative
30.4.4 Passive of intransitive
30.4.5 Uncontrolled process / event
30.4.6 Pseudo-passives
30.4.7 Objects of passives
30.4.8 Agent phrases
30.5 Reflexives *
30.5.1 Unproductive formation
30.5.2 Ambiguity
30.5.3 Disambiguation
30.6 Summarizing
30.7 Unproductive formations
30.7.1 Orphaned verb stems
30.7.2 Reciprocal –(I)ş
30.7.3 Collective –(I)ş
30.7.4 Intensifying –(I)ş
30.7.5 Deceptive formations
30.8 Combinations and constraints
30.8.1 Reciprocal + causative
30.8.2 Causative + passive
30.8.3 Passive + causative
30.9 Imperative and optative of causative and passive verbs
30.9.1 Causative + imperative / optative
30.9.2 Passive + imperative / optative
30.9.3 Reflexive + imperative / optative
30.9.4 Causative + passive + imperative / optative
30.10 Verbal couplings with –(y)Ip
30.10.1 Consecutive actions
30.10.2 Compound verbs
30.10.3 Lexicalization
30.10.4 Intensification / finalization
30.11 Fixed word combinations
30.11.1 Totality 1: –TI + personal suffix + gitti
30.11.2 Totality 2: –mIş gitmişti + personal suffix
30.11.3 Totality 3: –TI + personal suffix + attı
30.11.4 Totality 4: –TI geçti
30.11.5 Idiomatic formations
30.11.6 Inclination 1: –(y)EcEK + possessive + gel-
30.11.7 Inclination 2: –(y)EsI + possessive + gel-
30.11.8 Inclination 3: –(y)EcEK + possessive + tut-
30.11.9 Collocations
31 Formation of adjectives and nouns
31.1 Adjectives
31.1.1 Suffix –sIz
31.1.2 Suffix –lI
31.1.3 Suffix –lIk(1)
31.1.4 Suffix –sEl
31.1.5 Suffix –î
31.1.6 Suffix–(I)msI (1)
31.1.7 Suffix –(y)IcI (1)
31.1.8 Participles
31.1.9 Suffix –I
31.1.10 Suffix –CE
31.1.11 Suffix –CIk (1)
31.1.12 Suffix –(I)mtrak
31.1.13 Suffix –(I)msI (2)
31.1.14 Reduplication 1: doubling the adjective
31.1.15 Reduplication 2: N1-lI N2-lI
31.1.16 Reduplication 3: N1-sIz N2-sIz
31.1.17 Reduplication 4: N1-lI N2-sIz
31.1.18 Syllable reduplication
31.2 Nouns
31.2.1 Suffix –CI
31.2.2 Suffix –lIk (2)
31.2.3 Suffix –CIk (2)
31.2.4 Suffix –CEğIz
31.2.5 Suffix –lIk (3)
31.2.6 Suffix –lIk (4)
31.2.7 Suffix –lEr
31.2.8 Suffix –(y)IcI (2)
31.3 Other formations
31.3.1 Verb to noun
31.3.2 Verb to adjective
31.3.3 Verb to noun / adjective
31.3.4 Sentence to noun / adjective
31.4 Compounds *
31.4.1 Nominal compounds without a formal element
31.4.2 Nominal compounds with a formal element
31.4.3 Noun phrase as complement
31.4.4 Recursion
31.4.5 Productivity and lexical storage
31.4.6 Order of formation rules
31.5 Some points of interest
31.5.1 Nationality and language
31.5.2 Names of countries and regions
31.5.3 Proper names in compounds
31.5.4 Summarizing
31.6 Ezafe-forms
31.7 Forms in –mE
31.7.1 Derived nouns
31.7.2 Derived adjectives
31.8 Forms in –(y)Iş *
31.8.1 Pure nouns
31.8.2 Addition of complements
31.9 Forms in –mE-lIk, –mEk-lIk, –mIş-lIk, and –mEz-lIk
31.9.1 Purpose adjectives
31.9.2 Fact / circumstance
31.9.3 Abstract nouns
PART VII NOMINALIZATIONS
32 Relative clauses
32.1 The subject participle –(y)En *
32.1.1 Verbal relative clauses
32.1.2 Existential relative clauses
32.1.3 Nominal relative clauses
32.1.4 Passives and reflexive participles
32.1.5 Impersonal passives
32.2 The Başı-Bozuk construction *
32.2.1 Adjectival clause
32.2.2 Existential clause
32.2.3 Relative clause
32.2.4 Adverbial clause
32.3 The Focus-Locus construction *
32.3.1 Possessive absent
32.3.2 Possessive present
32.3.3 Internal make-up
32.3.4 Comparable structures
32.4 The object participle –TIK
32.4.1 Direct objects
32.4.2 Dative objects
32.4.3 Locative objects
32.4.4 Ablative objects
32.4.5 Instrumental objects
32.4.6 Relativization of the second object
32.4.7 Syntactic differences
32.4.8 Possessive objects
32.4.9 Embedded objects
32.4.10 Embedded subjects
32.5 Relativization of adverbial phrases
32.6 Temporal aspects *
32.6.1 Imperfect(ive)
32.6.2 Perfect(ive)
32.6.3 Similarities and differences
32.6.4 Future
32.6.5 Regularity / duration
32.6.6 No necessitative
32.7 Independently used participles
32.7.1 Subject participles
32.7.2 Possessive subject participles
32.7.3 Subject participles plus ablative
32.7.4 Object participles
32.8 Pseudo-relative clauses
32.9 Complex structures
32.10 Lexicalized participles *
32.10.1 Nouns in –(y)EcEK
32.10.2 Nouns in –mIş
32.10.3 Nouns in –(I/E)r
32.10.4 Adjectives in –(y)EcEK
32.10.5 Adjectives in –(I/E)r and –mE-z
32.10.6 Adjectives in –mIş
32.10.7 Adjectives compared
32.10.8 Nouns in –mIş-lIk
32.10.9 Nouns in –mEz-lIk
32.10.10 Collocations
33 Subordination and embedding
33.1 Subordination with the particle ki *
33.1.1 Prelude to direct speech
33.1.2 Topical ki
33.1.3 Conjunction indicating effect or result
33.1.4 Intensification
33.1.5 Purpose and intention
33.1.6 Comment clauses
33.1.7 Remainders
33.1.8 An atypical structure
33.2 Sentential predicates
33.2.1 Infinitive
33.2.2 Predicate
33.2.3 Verb or noun
33.2.4 Verbal constructs
33.3 Sentential subjects
33.3.1 Impersonal
33.3.2 Personal
33.3.3 Ambiguity
33.3.4 Passive
33.3.5 Always suffix –mE
33.4 Direct and indirect speech
33.4.1 Direct speech
33.4.2 Indirect speech
33.4.3 Non-future
33.4.4 Remote past
33.4.5 Whether or not
33.4.6 Other functions
33.4.7 Simplification 1: direct speech plus verb
33.4.8 Simplification 2: optative / indirect imperative plus istemek
33.4.9 Simplification 3: söyle plus indirect imperative
33.4.10 Indirect commands
33.5 Sentential direct objects
33.5.1 Transitive verbs
33.5.2 Nominal and existential embedding
33.5.3 Form differences
33.5.4 Suffix selection
33.5.5 Unique type of complement
33.5.6 Summary
33.5.7 Fact or object
33.5.8 Act–fact test
33.5.9 Subordination and negation
33.5.10 Different subjects
33.6 Secondary predicates and raising *
33.6.1 Secondary predicates
33.6.2 Raising
33.6.3 Other verbs, similar forms
33.6.4 Direct speech complement
33.6.5 Some peculiarities
33.7 More on –mE
33.8 More on complementation *
33.8.1 Group 1: Proposition—Fact
33.8.2 Group 2: Predication—Act-2
33.8.3 Group 3: Predication—Act-1
33.8.4 Group 4: Act-1 versus Act-2
33.8.4.1 Group 4A—directive verbs
33.8.4.2 Group 4B—manipulative verbs
33.8.4.3 Group 4C—facilitative verbs
33.8.4.4 Group 4D—volitional verbs
33.8.4.5 Group 4E—emotive verbs
33.8.4.6 Group 4F—implicative verbs
33.8.4.7 Group 4G—impersonal verbs
33.8.5 Group 5: Fact versus Act-2
33.8.5.1 Group 5A—Verbs with a modal meaning for Type II
33.8.5.2 Group 5B—Verbs with non-modal meaning for Type II
33.8.6 Group 6: Fact versus Act-1
33.8.7 Group 7: Fact versus Act-2 versus Act-1
33.9 Overview of complementation
33.9.1 Type of complement
33.9.2 Number of arguments
33.9.3 Control
33.9.4 Modality
33.9.5 Overview
33.9.6 Homonymy
33.10 Stacking of passive embeddings
33.10.1 Verb 1: başlamak
33.10.2 Verb 2: çalışmak
33.10.3 Verb 3: istemek
33.10.4 Verb 4: beklemek
33.11 Other types of embedding
33.11.1 Simultaneity
33.11.2 Temporal aspects
33.11.3 Reason / degree
33.11.4 Comparative expressions
33.11.5 Postpositional embeddings
33.11.6 Quantifying embeddings
33.12 Cleft sentences: object participles as subject
PART VIII COMPLEX SENTENCES
34 Stacking embedded sentences
35 Sentential complements
35.1 Complements of adjectives
35.2 Complements of nouns and nominal compounds
35.3 Complements of possibilities and probabilities
35.3.1 Modal adjectives
35.3.2 Subordination
35.3.3 Modal nouns
35.3.4 Alternatives
35.3.5 Other modal nouns
35.4 Complements of must, may, and being forbidden
35.5 Complements of postpositions
35.6 A special case: gibi *
35.6.1 Notion like
35.6.2 Notions as if and such as
35.6.3 Different subjects
35.6.4 Independent gibi
36 Postposition-like constructions
36.1 Adverbial phrases
36.2 Expressions for moments, periods, and duration
36.3 Person-bound postpositions in predicate position
36.3.1 Mental state
36.3.2 Intention / decision / obligation
36.3.3 Mental content
37 Verbal complexes *
37.1 The basic functions of olmak
37.1.1 Olmak ‘to become’
37.1.2 Olmak ‘to happen’
37.1.3 Olmak as auxiliary (1)
37.1.4 Olmak as auxiliary (2)
37.1.5 Optatives of olmak
37.1.6 Constructions with oluş and olmayış
37.2 The aspectual functions of olmak
37.2.1 Foregrounding
37.2.2 Hypothesis
37.2.3 Assumption
37.2.4 Conclusion / deduction
37.2.5 Result
37.2.6 Expectation
37.2.7 Possibility
37.2.8 Desirability
37.2.9 Hypotheses
37.2.10 Interruption
37.2.11 Decrease
37.2.12 Increase
37.3 Other aspectual forms
37.3.1 Continuity
37.3.2 Transition
37.3.3 Brevity / speed
37.3.4 Completion
37.3.5 Propinquity
37.3.6 Lexicalized forms
37.3.7 Negation
37.3.8 Passives
37.3.9 Special formations
37.4 Verbal negation with değil
37.5 Verbal negation with yok
37.5.1 Finite forms
37.5.2 Infinitival forms
37.6 The combination yok değil
Glossary of grammatical terms
Selected bibliography
General publications
Other publications
Index of suffixes and combinations
Index of inflections
Index of derivations
Index of subjects