The Oxford Latin Syntax, Volume II: the Complex Sentence and Discourse

The Oxford Latin Syntax, Volume II: The Complex Sentence and Discourse
Contents
Preface
Signs and other conventions
Abbreviations
14 Subordinate clauses: common properties and internal structure
14.1 Subordinate clauses and other forms of clause combining
14.2 Formal and semantic properties of subordinate clauses
14.3 Ambiguous or hybrid instances of clause combining
14.4 The levels at which subordinate clauses can be used
14.5 The internal properties of subordinate clauses
14.6 Finite subordinate clauses
14.7 Non-finite subordinate clauses
14.8 The internal structure of accusative and infinitive clauses
14.9 The nominative and infinitive construction
14.10 ‘Fused’ clauses
14.11 Prolative infinitive clauses
14.12 Gerundial clauses
14.13 Supine clauses
14.14 Participial, gerundival, and nominal clauses
14.15 Means of tightening and making more explicit the relationship between subordinate and superordinate clauses
14.16 Preparative elements in the main clause
14.17 Resumptive elements in the main clause
14.18 Particles and adverbs tightening or clarifying the relationship between subordinate and superordinate clauses
14.19 Forms of interlacing of superordinate and subordinate clauses
14.20 Subordinators
14.21 Subordinators used with both argument and satellite clauses
14.22 Subordinators and relative adverbs
14.23 Developments in the system of subordinating devices from Latin to the Romance languages
14.24 The period
14.25 Direct and indirect speech
15 Subordinate clauses filling an argument position
15.1 The functions of argument clauses
15.2 Types of argument clauses
15.3 Finite argument clauses
15.4 Finite declarative argument clauses
15.5 The use of quod in argument clauses
15.6 The use of quod clauses with the verb accedit ‘to be added to’ or ‘to constitute an addition to’
15.7 The use of quod clauses with verbs and expressions meaning ‘to leave unmentioned’
15.8 The use of quod clauses with verbs and expressions of emotion
15.9 The use of quod clauses with verbs and expressions of perception, cognition, and communication
15.10 The use of quod clauses with verbs and expressions of accusing and convicting and of blaming, excusing, praising, congratulating, and thanking
15.11 The use of quod clauses in combination with a subject or object complement
15.12 The use of quod clauses with a variety of other expressions
15.13 The use of quod clauses with verbs of happening
15.14 The use of quod clauses in combination with a preparative or interrogative pronoun or similar expressions
15.15 The use of quia in declarative argument clauses
15.16 The use of quia clauses with the verb accedit ‘to be added’, or ‘to constitute an addition to’
15.17 The use of quia clauses with verbs and expressions meaning ‘to leave unmentioned’
15.18 The use of quia clauses with verbs and expressions of emotion
15.19 The use of quia with verbs and expressions of perception, cognition, and communication
15.20 The use of quia clauses with verbs and expressions of blaming, praising, congratulating, and thanking
15.21 The use of quia clauses in combination with a preparative pronoun or determiner
15.22 The use of quoniam in declarative argument clauses
15.23 The use of cum (quom) in declarative argument clauses
15.24 The use of quomodo and quemadmodum in declarative argument clauses
15.25 The use of ut in declarative argument clauses
15.26 The use of ut clauses with the verb accedit ‘to be added to’ or ‘to constitute an addition to’
15.27 The use of ut clauses with verbs and expressions of happening and befalling
15.28 The use of ut clauses as subject with the verb sum
15.29 The use of ut clauses with verbs and expressions meaning ‘the conclusion is’, ‘it follows’
15.30 The use of ut clauses with verbs and expressions meaning ‘it remains to be done’, ‘it is sufficient’
15.31 The use of ut clauses with various third person singular verb forms (so-called impersonal verbs)
15.32 The use of ut clauses with expressions consisting of the copula and an adjective functioning as subject complement
15.33 The use of ut clauses with expressions consisting of the copula and a noun or noun phrase functioning as subject complement
15.34 The use of ut clauses with expressions consisting of the copula and other categories that function as subject complement
15.35 The use of ut clauses with verbs and expressions of perception, cognition, and communication
15.36 The use of ut clauses in ‘periphrastic’ constructions
15.37 The use of ne in declarative argument clauses with verbs and expressions of fearing and worrying
15.38 The use of quin in declarative argument clauses with a negative main clause
15.39 The use of si in declarative argument clauses
15.40 The use of si clauses with verbs and expressions of waiting in expectation and trying
15.41 The use of si clauses with verbs and expressions of surprise
15.42 The use of si clauses in combination with so-called impersonal expressions
15.43 The use of quasi in argument clauses with verbs and expressions of pretending
15.44 The use of tamquam (si) and quasi in argument clauses with verbs and expressions of accusing and of emotion and with verbs of communication
15.45 Finite interrogative argument clauses (indirect questions)
15.46 Verbs and expressions governing indirect questions
15.47 Types of interrogative argument clauses (indirect questions)
15.48 Simple interrogative argument clauses (indirect questions)
15.49 Indirect clausal questions
15.50 Indirect clausal questions without a question particle
15.51 Indirect clausal questions with a question particle
15.52 The use of -ne in indirect clausal questions
15.53 The use of nonne in indirect clausal questions
15.54 The use of num in indirect clausal questions
15.55 The use of utrum in indirect clausal questions
15.56 The use of an in indirect clausal questions
15.57 The use of si in indirect clausal questions
15.58 The use of nē (not clitic) in pseudo-indirect clausal questions
15.59 Indirect questions with indefinite pronouns, determiners, adjectives, adverbs, and particles formed with ec-
15.60 Indirect constituent questions
15.61 Overlap of indirect constituent questions and autonomous relative clauses
15.62 Multiple indirect questions
15.63 Minor combinations of particles in multiple indirect questions
15.64 Finite imperative argument clauses
15.65 Verbs and expressions governing imperative clauses
15.66 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of ordering and commanding (class (i) (a))
15.67 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of begging, requesting, etc. (class (i) (b))
15.68 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of advising, warning, exhorting, reminding, admonishing, etc. (class (i) (c))
15.69 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of inducing, persuading, etc. (class (i) (d))
15.70 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of permitting, granting, allowing (class (i) (e))
15.71 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of forcing (class (i) ( f))
15.72 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of hindering, preventing, etc. (class (i) (g))
15.73 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of wishing, desiring, preferring, etc. (class (ii) (a))
15.74 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of striving (class (ii) (b))
15.75 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs of causation (class (iii))
15.76 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of deciding, resolving, etc. (class (iv))
15.77 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of deserving (class (v))
15.78 The use of finite imperative clauses in combination with a neuter singular adjective or a comparable expression that functions as subject or object complement (class (vi))
15.79 The use of finite imperative clauses in combination with a noun functioning as subject or object complement (class (vii))
45.80 The use of finite imperative clauses with so-called impersonal expressions (class (viii))
15.81 The subordinating devices of finite imperative clauses
15.82 The use of ut, ut ne, and ne in imperative clauses
15.83 Imperative clauses with a simple subjunctive (without a subordinator)
15.84 The use of the subordinator ne in imperative clauses
15.85 The use of quin in imperative clauses
15.86 The use of quominus in imperative clauses
15.87 The use of quo in imperative clauses
15.88 The use of qui in imperative clauses
15.89 Exclamatory argument clauses
15.143 Relative clauses functioning as argument
15.144 Nominal (verbless) argument clauses
15.90 Non-finite argument clauses
15.91 Infinitival argument clauses
15.92 Accusative and infinitive clauses
15.93 The functions of accusative and infinitive clauses
15.94 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause as subject or object with verbs and expressions of happening and befalling or causing to happen
15.95 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause as subject with accedit ‘to be added to’ or ‘to constitute an addition to’
15.96 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause as subject or object with verbs and expressions meaning ‘to leave unmentioned’
15.97 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause with verbs and expressions of emotion
15.98 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause with verbs and expressions of perception, cognition, and communication
15.99 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause with verbs and expressions of praising, blaming, and thanking
15.100 The non-declarative use of the accusative and infinitive clause
15.101 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause as subject with one-place and so-called impersonal verbs
15.102 The use of accusative and infinitive clauses in combination with expressions that function as subject or object complement
15.103 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause with a preparative pronoun
15.104 Independent accusative and infinitive clauses
15.105 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause in interrogative clauses and sentences
15.106 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause in exclamations
15.107 The use of the accusative and infinitive in relative clauses
15.108 The use of the accusative and infinitive in correlative and comparative structures
15.109 The use of the accusative and infinitive in subordinate (especially satellite) clauses with a subordinator
15.110 The use of the accusative and infinitive as subject of passive two- and three-place verbs
15.111 The nominative and infinitive construction
15.112 Other personal constructions resembling the NcI construction
15.113 Diachronic developments of the accusative and infinitive
15.114 Prolative infinitive clauses
15.115 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of ordering and commanding (class (i) (a))
15.116 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of begging, requesting, etc. (class (i) (b))
15.117 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of advising, warning, exhorting, reminding, admonishing, etc. (class (i) (c))
15.118 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of inducing, persuading, etc. (class (i) (d))
15.119 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of permitting, granting, allowing, etc. (class (i) (e))
15.120 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of forcing (class (i) ( f))
15.121 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of hindering, preventing, etc. (class (i) (g))
15.122 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of wishing, desiring, preferring, etc. (class (ii) (a))
15.123 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of striving (class (ii) (b))
15.124 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs of causation (class (iii))
15.125 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of deciding, resolving, etc. (class (iv))
15.126 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of deserving (class (v))
15.127 The use of the prolative infinitive in combination with a neuter singular adjective that functions as subject or object complement (class (vi))
15.128 The use of the prolative infinitive in combination with other expressions that function as subject or object complement (class (vii))
15.129 The use of the prolative infinitive with so-called impersonal expressions (class (viii))
15.130 The use of the infinitive with verbs of accusing and convicting
15.131 The use of the (present) infinitive with auxiliary verbs and verbs with a related meaning
15.132 Participial argument clauses (dominant participles)
15.133 The use of the dominant participle construction as subject
15.134 The use of the dominant participle construction as object or as third argument
15.135 Gerundial argument clauses
15.136 The use of gerundial clauses as argument with verbs
15.137 The use of gerundial clauses as second or third argument
15.138 The use of gerundial clauses instead of prolative infinitives
15.139 The use of gerundial clauses with two-place adjectives that function as subject or object complement
15.140 Gerundival argument clauses
15.141 The use of gerundival clauses as arguments with verbs
15.142 The use of gerundival clauses with adjectives that function as subject or object complement
16 Subordinate clauses filling a satellite position
16.1 Verbal and nominal satellite clauses
16.2 Finite satellite clauses
16.3 Classes of finite satellite clauses
16.4 The role of subordinators in satellite clauses
16.5 Satellite clauses (seemingly) filling an argument position
16.6 Space clauses (adjuncts)
16.7 Time clauses (adjuncts)
16.8 Time clauses denoting an event that is simultaneous with the event in the main clause
16.9 Time clauses that locate the event of the main clause in time (cum, dum, quando, quoniam, quotiens)
16.10 Time clauses with cum (quom)
16.11 So-called cum inversum clauses
16.12 The temporal use of quoniam
16.13 Time clauses with quando, quandoque, and quandocumque
16.14 Time clauses with dum locating the event of the main clause in time
16.15 Time clauses indicating the extent of time of the event in the main clause
16.16 Time clauses indicating a co-extensive event
16.17 Dum clauses indicating an event that lasts longer than the event of the main clause
16.18 Time clauses indicating an event that concludes the event of the main clause
16.19 Time clauses denoting anterior events
16.20 Time clauses with cum
16.21 Time clauses with postquam
16.22 Time clauses with simul
16.23 Time clauses with ubi
16.24 Time clauses with ut
16.25 Time clauses with mox, primum, and statim
16.26 Time clauses with ex quo
16.27 Time clauses denoting a posterior event
16.28 Non-temporal interpretations of time clauses
16.29 The interpretation of cum (quom) clauses as indicating the reason for the content of the main clause
16.30 The interpretation of dum clauses as indicating the reason for the content of the main clause
16.31 The concessive (or: ‘adversative’) interpretation of cum (quom) clauses
16.32 The concessive and reason interpretations of postquam clauses
16.33 Manner clauses
16.34 Manner adjunct clauses
16.35 Attitudinal manner clauses (disjuncts)
16.36 Illocutionary manner clauses (disjuncts)
16.37 Degree clauses (adjuncts)
16.38 Respect clauses (disjuncts)
16.39 Reason (causal) clauses
16.40 Reason clauses with quia (adjuncts)
16.41 Reason clauses with quod (adjuncts)
16.42 Reason clauses with quoniam (disjuncts)
16.43 Reason clauses with quando(quidem) (disjuncts)
16.44 Reason clauses with quandoque (disjuncts)
16.45 Reason clauses with quatenus (disjuncts)
16.46 Reason clauses with quin (adjuncts)
16.47 Reason clauses with quo (adjuncts)
16.48 Later developments
16.49 Purpose (final) clauses
16.50 Purpose clauses with ut and (ut) ne
16.51 Purpose clauses with quo (adjuncts)
16.52 Purpose clauses with quī (adjuncts)
16.53 Stipulative clauses
16.54 Result (consecutive) clauses
16.55 Conditional clauses
16.56 Negation of conditional clauses
16.57 Conditional clauses functioning as adjunct
16.58 ‘Abbreviated’ conditional periods
16.59 Purpose si clauses
16.60 Adversative, concessive, and causal interpretations of conditional clauses
16.61 So-called temporal si clauses
61.62 Ni/Nisi ‘de rupture’
16.63 Conditional clauses functioning as attitudinal disjunct
16.64 Conditional clauses functioning as illocutionary disjunct
16.65 Alternative conditional clauses with sive/seu
16.66 Conditional comparative clauses
16.67 Nisi clauses of exception
16.68 Concessive clauses
16.69 So-called concessive conditional clauses
16.70 Concessive and concessive conditional clauses functioning as adjunct
16.71 Concessive clauses functioning as attitudinal disjunct
16.72 Concessive clauses functioning as illocutionary disjunct
16.73 The individual concessive subordinators: quamquam, quamvis, the si compounds, and licet
16.74 Concessive clauses with quamquam
16.75 Concessive clauses with quamvis
16.76 Concessive clauses with etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, and tamenetsi
16.77 Concessive clauses with etsi
16.78 Concessive clauses with tametsi (and tam etsi)
16.79 Concessive clauses with etiamsi (and etiam si)
16.80 Concessive clauses with tamenetsi (and tamen etsi)
16.81 Concessive clauses with licet
16.82 The concessive interpretation of ut clauses
16.83 Quod and quantum clauses of qualification (disjuncts)
16.84 Satellite clauses introduced by complex subordinators
16.85 Non-finite satellite clauses
16.86 Infinitival satellite clauses
16.87 Participial satellite clauses
16.88 Participial ablative absolute clauses
16.89 The semantic relationship between the participial ablative absolute clause and the main clause
16.90 The relationship between arguments of the participial ablative absolute and the main clause
16.91 The internal complexity of the participial ablative absolute clause
16.92 Ablative participles without a subject noun (phrase)
16.93 Ablative absolute clauses of one-place verbs
16.94 Participial absolute clauses in other case forms
16.95 Participial nominative absolute clauses
16.96 Participial genitive absolute clauses
16.97 Participial accusative absolute clauses
16.98 Prepositional participial satellite clauses
16.99 Gerundial satellite clauses
16.100 Gerundial purpose adjunct clauses
16.101 Gerundial instrument/manner adjunct clauses
16.102 Gerundial temporal adjunct clauses
16.103 Gerundial reason adjunct clauses
16.104 Gerundial adjuncts in other semantic relations (ablative and prepositional expressions)
16.105 Gerundival satellite clauses
16.106 Gerundival purpose adjunct clauses
16.107 Gerundival instrument/manner adjunct clauses
16.108 Gerundival temporal/circumstantial adjunct clauses
16.109 Gerundival reason adjunct clauses
16.110 Gerundival adjunct clauses in other semantic functions (mostly prepositional phrases)
16.111 Supine satellite clauses
16.112 The use of the first supine (in -um) as a purpose adjunct
16.113 The so-called second supine in -u
16.114 Nominal (verbless) satellite clauses
16.115 Nominal ablative absolute clauses
16.116 Substantival ablative absolute clauses
16.117 Adjectival ablative absolute clauses
16.118 Nominal absolute clauses in cases other than the ablative
16.119 Prepositional nominal absolute clauses
17 Subordinate clauses with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs
17.1 Introductory remarks
17.2 Subordinate clauses at the noun phrase level
17.3 Finite subordinate clauses functioning as attribute at the noun phrase level
17.4 Declarative subordinate clauses functioning as attribute at the noun phrase level
17.5 Declarative clauses with quod and quia at the noun phrase level
17.6 Declarative clauses with ut at the noun phrase level
17.7 Declarative clauses depending on nouns of fearing and worrying
17.8 Declarative clauses with quin at the noun phrase level
17.9 The use of tamquam and quasi clauses with nouns of emotion, cognition, and communication
17.10 Interrogative subordinate clauses functioning as attribute at the noun phrase level
17.11 Imperative subordinate clauses functioning as attribute at the noun phrase level
17.12 Non-finite subordinate clauses functioning as attribute at the noun phrase level
17.13 Infinitival subordinate clauses functioning as attribute at the noun phrase level
17.14 Accusative and infinitive clauses functioning as attribute at the noun phrase level
17.15 Prolative infinitive clauses functioning as attribute at the noun phrase level
17.16 Participial clauses functioning as attribute at the noun phrase level
17.17 Gerundial and gerundival clauses functioning as attribute at the noun phrase level
17.18 Gerundial clauses functioning as attribute at the noun phrase level
17.19 Gerundival clauses functioning as attribute at the noun phrase level
17.20 Optional gerundial and gerundival clauses at the noun phrase level
17.21 Subordinate clauses at the adjective phrase level
17.22 Finite subordinate clauses functioning at the adjective phrase level
17.23 Declarative finite subordinate clauses functioning at the adjective phrase level
17.24 Interrogative finite subordinate clauses functioning at the adjective phrase level
17.25 Imperative finite subordinate clauses functioning at the adjective phrase level
17.26 Non-finite subordinate clauses functioning at the adjective phrase level
17.27 Infinitival clauses functioning at the adjective phrase level
17.28 Accusative and infinitive clauses functioning at the adjectivep hrase level
17.29 Prolative infinitive clauses functioning at the adjective phrase level
17.30 Participial clauses functioning at the adjective phrase level
17.31 Gerundial and gerundival clauses functioning at the adjective phrase level
17.32 Gerundial clauses functioning at the adjective phrase level
17.33 Gerundival clauses functioning at the adjective phrase level
17.34 Gerundial and gerundival clauses functioning as optional constituents at the adjective phrase level
17.35 Subordinate clauses at the adverb phrase level
18 Relative clauses
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Types of relative clauses
18.3 Adnominal relative clauses
18.4 Semantic types of adnominal relative clauses
18.5 Restrictive relative clauses
18.6 Non-restrictive relative clauses
18.7 The function of the relative expression in the relative clause
18.8 Exceptional case marking of relative expressions
18.9 The syntactic functions of heads with an adnominal relative clause
18.10 Interlacing of adnominal clauses with other subordinate clauses
18.11 Reduction of inferrable elements in adnominal relative clauses
18.12 The relative order of the adnominal relative clause and its head
18.13 Multiple adnominal relative clauses
18.14 Adjectives and other constituents related to the relative expression instead of to the head
18.15 Autonomous relative clauses
18.16 The syntactic functions of autonomous relative clauses and their formal expression
18.17 Complex autonomous relative clauses
18.18 The presence of the same noun (phrase) in the relative and superordinate clause
18.19 Autonomous relative clauses at the adjective phrase level
18.20 Some observations on the use of the tenses in relative clauses
18.21 The use of the tenses in relative clauses with a future indicative
18.22 The use of the tenses in relative clauses with a subjunctive
18.23 The use of the moods in relative clauses
18.24 The use of the moods in non-restrictive adnominal relative clauses
18.25 The use of the moods in restrictive adnominal clauses
18.26 The use of the moods in autonomous relative clauses
18.27 Autonomous relative clauses functioning as clausal appositions
18.28 Relative connexion
18.29 The use of the connective relative in ablative absolute clauses
18.30 Coordination of relative clauses
18.31 Indefinite relative clauses
18.32 Indefinite adnominal relative clauses
18.33 Indefinite autonomous relative clauses
18.34 Relative adjectives and adverbs
18.35 Relative adjectives
18.36 Relative adverbs
18.37 Relative clauses containing a space adverb
18.38 Adnominal relative clauses with cum (quom)
18.39 Relative clauses with adverbs of reason (quamobrem, quapropter, and quare)
19 Coordination
19.1 Introductory remarks
19.2 Syndetic coordination
19.3 Syndetic coordination of clauses
19.4 Syndetic coordination of constituents at the clause level
19.5 Syndetic coordination of verbs sharing the same subject
19.6 Syndetic coordination of verbs sharing the same object
19.7 Syndetic coordination of verbs with different argument marking that share an object or a comparable constituent
19.8 Syndetic coordination of verbs sharing a third argument or a satellite
19.9 Syndetic coordination of arguments and satellites at the clause level
19.10 Syndetic coordination of constituents below the clause level
19.11 Syndetic coordination of constituents at the noun phrase level
19.12 Syndetic coordination of constituents at the adjective phrase level
19.13 Syndetic coordination of prepositions and of prepositional phrases
19.14 Asyndetic coordination
19.15 Asyndetic coordination of clauses
19.16 Asyndetic coordination of verbs sharing the same subject
19.17 Asyndetic coordination of verbs sharing the same object, indirect object, or satellite
19.18 Asyndetic coordination of arguments and satellites at the clause level
19.19 Asyndetic coordination of constituents below the clause level
19.20 Asyndetic coordination of modifiers at the noun phrase level
19.21 Asyndetic coordination of constituents at the adjective phrase level
19.22 Asyndetic coordination of nouns and noun phrases in prepositional phrases
19.23 Conjunctive (or: copulative) coordinators
19.24 Simple conjunctive coordination
19.25 The simple use of the conjunctive coordinator -que
19.26 The simple use of the conjunctive coordinator ac/atque
19.27 The simple use of the conjunctive coordinator et
19.28 The single use of the negative conjunctive coordinator nec/neque
19.29 Correlative conjunctive coordination
19.30 The correlative use of the conjunctive coordinator -que
19.31 The correlative use of the conjunctive coordinator ac/atque
19.32 The correlative use of the conjunctive coordinator et
19.33 The correlative use of the negative conjunctive coordinator nec/neque
19.34 The correlative use of different conjunctive coordinators
19.35 Correlative combinations of -que with another conjunctive coordinator
19.36 Correlative combination of et and ac/atque
19.37 Correlative combinations of nec/neque with another conjunctive coordinator
19.38 Multiple conjunctive coordination
19.39 Multiple syndetic conjunctive coordination
19.40 Multiple mixed (syndetic and asyndetic) conjunctive coordination
19.41 The semantic relation between conjunctively linked conjoins
19.42 The use of cum resembling a comitative coordinator
19.43 Disjunctive (or: alternative) coordinators
19.44 Simple disjunctive coordination
19.45 The simple use of the disjunctive coordinator aut
19.46 The simple use of the disjunctive coordinator vel
19.47 The simple use of the disjunctive coordinator -ve
19.48 The simple use of the disjunctive coordinator sive/seu
19.49 The simple use of an as a disjunctive coordinator
19.50 Correlative disjunctive coordination
19.51 The correlative use of the disjunctive coordinator aut
19.52 The correlative use of the disjunctive coordinator vel
19.53 The correlative use of the disjunctive coordinator -ve
19.54 The correlative use of the disjunctive coordinator sive/seu
19.55 The correlative use of the negative disjunctive coordinator neve
19.56 The correlative use of different disjunctive coordinators
19.57 Multiple disjunctive coordination
19.58 Multiple syndetic disjunctive coordination
19.59 Multiple mixed (syndetic and asyndetic) disjunctive coordination
19.60 The semantic relation between disjunctively linked conjoins
19.61 Adversative coordination
19.62 The use of the adversative coordinator sed
19.63 The use of the adversative coordinator verum
19.64 The use of the adversative coordinator ceterum
19.65 The correlative use of the adversative coordinators
19.66 Hierarchical ordering of sequences of conjoins
19.67 Epitactic coordination
19.68 Conjunctive epitactic coordination
19.69 Adversative epitactic coordination
19.70 Asyndetic epitactic coordination
19.71 Quasi-coordinators
19.72 The quasi-coordinating use of nedum
19.73 The use of the combination cum . . . tum as a correlative conjunctive quasi-coordinator
19.74 The use of the combination ut . . . ita (sic) as a correlative coordinator
19.75 Less common types of coordination
19.76 Coordination of two or more functionally equivalent conjoins belonging to different lexical categories
19.77 Coordination of nouns and noun phrases with constituents that belong to other lexical categories
19.78 Coordination of adjectives with constituents that belong to other lexical categories
19.79 Coordination of adverbs with constituents that belong to other lexical categories
19.80 Coordination of two or more functionally unequivalent conjoins
19.81 Other noteworthy types of coordination
19.82 Hysteron Proteron
19.83 Zeugma
19.84 Hendiadys
20 Comparison
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Comparison between two terms with respect to a certain standard
20.3 Comparison of non-equivalence
20.4 The comparative particles of non-equivalence
20.5 The comparative particle quam ‘than’
20.6 The use of ac/atque and et in comparison of non-equivalence
20.7 The ablative of comparison (ablativus comparationis)
20.8 Minor alternative expressions for the basis of comparison in comparisons of non-equivalence
20.9 The comparative element used with expressions of quantity, extent of space or time, age, etc.
20.10 Expressions specifying the measure of difference in comparisons of non-equivalence
20.11 Comparison of equivalence
20.12 Comparison between two properties
20.13 Comparison of non-equivalence between two properties
20.14 Comparison of equivalence between two properties
20.15 Similarity and dissimilarity
20.16 The use of coordinators in expressions of similarity and dissimilarity
20.17 The use of ac/atque in expressions of similarity and dissimilarity
20.18 The use of et in expressions of similarity and dissimilarity
20.19 The use of quam in expressions of similarity and dissimilarity
20.20 The use of the ablative in expressions of similarity and dissimilarity
20.21 The use of relative adverbs of manner and conditional comparative subordinators in expressions of similarity
20.22 The use of prepositions and nisi in expressions of dissimilarity
20.23 Expressions specifying the degree of dissimilarity
20.24 Comparative expressions of quality
20.25 Ut clauses characterizing a quality of a constituent in the main clause
20.26 Ut and related phrases functioning as secondary predicate
20.27 Ut phrases of qualification
20.28 Proportional comparison
20.29 The proportional pattern with a comparative
20.30 The proportional pattern with a superlative
20.31 The absolute use of comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs
20.32 The superlative and related expressions
21 Secondary predicates
21.1 Secondary predicates: introductory remarks
21.2 Categories of constituents functioning as secondary predicate
21.3 Adjectives functioning as secondary predicate
21.4 The use of adjectives as secondary predicate in poetry and poeticizing prose
21.5 Adjective phrases functioning as secondary predicate
21.6 Nouns and noun phrases (showing agreement) functioning as secondary predicate
21.7 Participles functioning as secondary predicate
21.8 Accusative and participle construction with perception verbs
21.9 Gerundives functioning as secondary predicate
21.10 Noun phrases in the genitive functioning as secondary predicate
21.11 Nouns in the dative functioning as secondary predicate
21.12 Noun phrases in the ablative functioning as secondary predicate
21.13 Prepositional phrases functioning as secondary predicate
21.14 The gerund developing into an alternative for the present participle
21.15 Autonomous relative clauses functioning as secondary predicates
21.16 The distribution of secondary predicates
21.17 The semantic relationship between a secondary predicate and its clause
21.18 Explicit marking of the semantic relation between a secondary predicate and the clause to which it belongs
21.19 Secondary predicates and related constructions
21.20 The difference between an adjective functioning as secondary predicate and a related adverb
21.21 Potential ambiguity: secondary predicate or apposition?
21.22 Pragmatic considerations
21.23 Quantifiers and related expressions seemingly functioning as secondary predicate
21.24 Ipse and idem
21.25 Co-occurrence of various secondary predicates and related expressions in the same clause
22 Information structure and extraclausal expressions
22.1 The information structure of clauses
22.2 Topic
22.3 Topic and subject
22.4 Eligibility of constituents for the function of topic
22.5 Types of constituents that function as topic
22.6 Formal properties of topics
22.7 Focus
22.8 What makes a constituent of a clause focus?
22.9 Complex focus
22.10 How can we identify focus constituents?
22.11 Presentative sentences
22.12 Cleft sentences
22.13 The extraclausal functions theme, setting, and tail
22.14 Theme constituents
22.15 Setting constituents
22.16 Tail constituents
22.17 Contrast and emphasis
22.18 Contrast
22.19 Emphasis
22.20 Emphasizing particles
22.21 Additive emphasizing particles
22.22 Scalar additive particles
22.23 Exclusive particles
22.24 Particularizing particles
22.25 Quidem and equidem
22.26 Quidem
22.27 Equidem
22.28 Saltem and related expressions
22.29 Saltem
22.30 Certe
22.31 Utique
22.32 Dumtaxat
22.33 Praesertim and related expressions
22.34 Praesertim
22.35 Praecipue
22.36 Imprimis
22.37 Maxime
22.38 Potissimum
22.39 Demum
22.40 Iam
22.41 Suffixes of personal pronouns and possessive adjectives
22.42 Preparative expressions as emphasizers
22.43 Parenthetical clauses and other types of extraclausal constituents
22.44 Parenthetical constituents
22.45 Parenthetical clauses and sentences
22.46 Parenthetical use of verbs and expressions of perception, cognition, and communication
22.47 Curses and swear words
22.48 Interjections
22.49 Sound-reproducing interjections
22.50 Summonses
22.51 Introductory interjections
22.52 Expressive interjections
22.53 Address
22.54 The functions of address
22.55 The forms of address
22.56 The syntax of address
23 Word order
23.1 Methodological preliminaries
23.2 Roman ideas about word order
23.3 Factors that determine the linear order of words and larger constituents
23.4 Sentence type
23.5 Text type
23.6 Categorial factors
23.7 Domain integrity
23.8 Semantic factors
23.9 Syntactic factors
23.10 Pragmatic factors
23.11 Euphonic and rhythmic factors
23.12 Complexity
23.13 Iconicity
23.14 Artistic factors
23.15 Typological considerations
23.16 Syntactic structure and intonation structure
23.17 Pause and the determination of sense boundaries
23.18 Clausulae
23.19 The order of constituents at the clause and sentence levels
20.20 Categories of constituents with a more or less fixed position
23.21 Connectors and interactional particles
23.22 Anaphoric constituents
23.23 Subordinating devices
23.24 Subordinators
23.25 Relative pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and determiners
23.26 Question words
23.27 Interrogative particles
23.28 Interrogative pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and determiners
23.29 Categories of constituents that tend to be placed after another constituent
23.30 Indefinite determiners and pronouns
23.31 Personal pronouns and forms of the verb sum
23.32 The position of personal pronouns
23.33 The position of forms of the verb sum
23.34 Emphasizing particles
23.35 Bound clitics
23.36 The position of the coordinators -que and -ve
23.37 The position of the interrogative particle -ne
23.38 The position of negation adverbs
23.39 The relative position of arguments, satellites, secondary predicates, and (finite) verbs
23.40 The position of arguments, satellites, secondary predicates, and ( finite) verbs in declarative sentences
23.41 The first position in declarative sentences
23.42 Arguments in first position in declarative sentences
23.43 Satellites in first position in declarative sentences
23.44 Secondary predicates in first position in declarative sentences
23.45 Finite verbs in first position in declarative sentences
23.46 The last position in declarative sentences
23.47 Arguments in final position in declarative sentences
23.48 Satellites in final position in declarative sentences
23.49 Finite verbs in final position in declarative sentences
23.50 Intermediate positions in simple declarative sentences
23.51 Word order in interrogative sentences
23.52 Word order in sentence questions
23.53 Word order in constituent questions
23.54 Word order in multiple questions
23.55 Word order in imperative sentences
23.56 Word order in imperative sentences with a directive illocutionary force
23.57 Word order in imperative sentences with an optative illocutionary force
23.58 Word order in imperative sentences with a concessive illocutionary force
23.59 Word order in superordinate (main) clauses
23.60 Word order in subordinate clauses
23.61 Word order in finite subordinate clauses
23.62 Word order in accusative and infinitive clauses
23.63 Word order in ablative absolute clauses
23.64 The order of superordinate and subordinateclauses in complex sentences
23.65 The relative order of finite superordinate and subordinate clauses in sentences with two clauses
23.66 The relative order of superordinate and accusative and infinitive clauses in sentences with two clauses
23.67 The relative order of superordinate and ablative absolute clauses in sentences with two clauses
23.98 The relative order of superordinate and subordinate clauses in multi-clausal sentences
23.69 Word order at the noun phrase level
23.70 The relative order of head and attribute
23.71 The position of attributes that agree with their head
23.72 The position of determiners
23.73 The position of anaphoric and demonstrative determiners
23.74 The position of indefinite determiners
23.75 The position of relative and interrogative determiners
23.76 The position of attributive possessive adjectives
23.77 The position of identifiers
23.78 The position of attributive quantifiers
23.79 The position of attributive adjectives
23.80 The position of attributive adjective phrases
23.81 Comparatives and superlatives
23.82 The position of modifiers of attributes
23.83 The position of nouns and noun phrases functioning as attribute
23.84 The position of attributive noun phrases of description (or quality) (genetivus and ablativus qualitatis)
23.85 The position of adnominal arguments
23.86 Word order in complex noun phrases
23.87 Discontinuity (or: hyperbaton) of noun phrases
23.88 Constituents causing hyperbaton of noun phrases
23.89 Word order in prepositional phrases
23.90 The order of constituents in continuous prepositional phrases
23.91 The position of prepositions in prepositional phrases without a modifier
23.92 The position of prepositions in prepositional phrases with a modifier
23.93 The pattern modifier—preposition—noun
23.94 The pattern noun—preposition—modifier
23.95 The position of prepositions in restrictive appositive phrases
23.96 Discontinuous prepositional phrases
23.97 The relative order of constituents in phrases with the auxiliary sum ‘to be’ and other auxiliaries
23.98 The relative order in complex verb forms with the auxiliary sum ‘to be’
23.99 The position of the auxiliary iri
23.100 The relative order of infinitives and the verbs that govern them
23.101 Discontinuity of coordinated constituents
23.102 Tmesis
23.103 Tmesis created by the coordinator -que
23.104 Diachronic developments
24 Discourse
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Sentence and discourse
24.3 Text types (or: discourse modes)
24.4 Discourse coherence
24.5 Anaphoric reference to participants
24.6 Lexical repetition and variation
24.7 Lexical repetition in combination with anaphoric determiners
24.8 Zero-anaphora: the absence of explicit subject and other obligatory constituents
24.9 Anaphoric(ally used) pronouns and adverbs
24.10 Anaphoric reference to states of affairs and to segments of discourse
24.11 Nouns used to refer to preceding states of affairs or segments of discourse
24.12 Anaphoric(ally used) pronouns and adverbs used to refer to preceding states of affairs or segments of discourse
24.13 Preparative (cataphoric) reference to following states of affairs and segments of discourse
24.14 Cohesive devices linking sentences
24.15 Syndetic connexion of sentences
24.16 Conjunctive connexion of sentences
24.17 The conjunctive connector -que
24.18 The conjunctive connector ac/atque
24.19 The conjunctive connector et
24.20 The conjunctive connector nec/neque
24.21 Disjunctive connexion of sentences
24.22 Adversative connexion of sentences
24.23 The adversative connector ast
24.24 The adversative connector at
24.25 The adversative connector atqui
24.26 The adversative connector autem
24.27 The adversative connector ceterum
24.28 The adversative connector sed
24.29 The adversative connector verum
24.30 The adverb contra
24.31 The adverb tamen
24.32 The adverb nihilominus
24.33 The adverb/connector vero
24.34 The use of etsi, tametsi, and quamquam as connectors
24.35 Explanatory and justificatory connexion of sentences
24.36 The connector nam
24.37 The connector namque
24.38 The connector etenim
24.39 The connector quippe
24.40 The interactional particle enim
24.41 The interactional particle nempe
24.42 Consecutive connexion of sentences
24.43 The connector igitur
24.44 The connector itaque
24.45 The interactional particle ergo
24.46 Sequential connexion of sentences
24.47 The semantic relation between asyndetically connected sentences
24.48 The use of connectors and interactional particles to connect paragraphs
24.49 Grammatical devices contributing to discourse coherence
24.50 Opening and concluding a conversation or letter
Addenda and corrigenda to Volume I
Missing commentaries (pp. 1359–60)
Additional bibliography (publications which are not cited in the bibliography of Volume I)
Bibliography
A. Abbreviated references
B. Linguistic Studies
C. Commentaries and editions
Index locorum
Index of grammatical terms and Latin words