Iran's heritage is as varied as it is complex, and the archaeological, philological, and linguisitc scholarship of the region has not been the focus of a a synoptic study for many decades. Thus, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran fills a longstanding gap in the literature of the ancient Near East, providing up-to-date, authoritative essays by leading specialists based both inside and outside of Iran on a wide range of topics extending from the earliest Paleolithic settlements in the Pleistocene era to the Islamic conquest in the 7th century AD. The volume is divided into sections covering prehstory, the Chalcolithic, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the Achaemenid period, the Seleucid and Arsacid periods, and the Sasanian period, concluding with the Arab conquest of Iran. In addition, more specialized chapters are included that treat numismatics (Elymaean, Arsacid, Persid and Sasanian), religion (the Avesta and Zoroastrianism), languages (proto-Elamite, Elamite, Akkadian, Old Persian, Greek, Aramaic, Parthian and Middle Persian), political ideology, calendrics, textiles, administrative seals and sealing, Sasanian silver and reliefs, and political relations with Rome and Byzantium. No other single volume covers as much of Iran's archaeology and history with the same degree of authority. This work will be of vast interest to a wide range of students and scholars, from archaeologists and art historians to philologists, Classicists, ancient historians, religious historians, and numismatists.
D. T. Potts is Professor of Ancient Near Eastern Archaeology and History at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University.
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(p. xi) Contributors
(p. xi) Contributors
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(p. xi) Contributors
(p. xi) Contributors
(p. xi) Contributors
(p. xi) Contributors
(p. xi) Contributors
(p. xi) Contributors
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(p. xv) Acknowledgments
(p. xv) Acknowledgments
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
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(p. xvii) Abbreviations
(p. xvii) Abbreviations
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
(p. xvii) Abbreviations
(p. xvii) Abbreviations
(p. xvii) Abbreviations
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(p. xvii) Abbreviations
(p. xvii) Abbreviations
(p. xvii) Abbreviations
(p. xvii) Abbreviations
(p. xvii) Abbreviations
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(p. xxvii) Introduction
(p. xxvii) Introduction
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(p. xxvii) Introduction
(p. xxvii) Introduction
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1
The History of Archaeological Research in Iran: A Brief Survey
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Ali Mousavi
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
The History of Archaeological Research in Iran: A Brief Survey
Early Explorations
The History of Archaeological Research in Iran: A Brief Survey
The History of Archaeological Research in Iran: A Brief Survey
(p. 6) The French ERA: 1884–1927
The History of Archaeological Research in Iran: A Brief Survey
The International ERA of Iranian Archaeology (1927–1979)
The History of Archaeological Research in Iran: A Brief Survey
The History of Archaeological Research in Iran: A Brief Survey
The History of Archaeological Research in Iran: A Brief Survey
The History of Archaeological Research in Iran: A Brief Survey
After 1979
The History of Archaeological Research in Iran: A Brief Survey
The History of Archaeological Research in Iran: A Brief Survey
References
The History of Archaeological Research in Iran: A Brief Survey
The History of Archaeological Research in Iran: A Brief Survey
The History of Archaeological Research in Iran: A Brief Survey
The History of Archaeological Research in Iran: A Brief Survey
2
Key Questions Regarding the Paleoenvironment of Iran
Abstract and Keywords
Matthew D. Jones
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Key Questions Regarding the Paleoenvironment of Iran
Introduction
What is the Temporal Variability of Paleoenvironmental Change in Iran?
Key Questions Regarding the Paleoenvironment of Iran
Key Questions Regarding the Paleoenvironment of Iran
Key Questions Regarding the Paleoenvironment of Iran
Key Questions Regarding the Paleoenvironment of Iran
What is the Spatial Variability of Palaeoenvironmental Change in Iran?
Key Questions Regarding the Paleoenvironment of Iran
Key Questions Regarding the Paleoenvironment of Iran
Key Questions Regarding the Paleoenvironment of Iran
Key Questions Regarding the Paleoenvironment of Iran
Key Questions Regarding the Paleoenvironment of Iran
Key Questions Regarding the Paleoenvironment of Iran
What is the Relationship Between People and the(ir) Environment?
Key Questions Regarding the Paleoenvironment of Iran
Acknowledgments
Key Questions Regarding the Paleoenvironment of Iran
Further Reading
References
Key Questions Regarding the Paleoenvironment of Iran
Key Questions Regarding the Paleoenvironment of Iran
3
The Paleolithic of Iran
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction and History of Research
Nicholas J. Conard, Elham Ghasidian, and Saman Heydari–Guran
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
The Paleolithic of Iran
The Paleolithic of Iran
The Paleolithic of Iran
Lower Paleolithic
The Paleolithic of Iran
The Paleolithic of Iran
Middle Paleolithic
The Paleolithic of Iran
The Paleolithic of Iran
The Paleolithic of Iran
The Paleolithic of Iran
Upper Paleolithic
The Paleolithic of Iran
The Paleolithic of Iran
The Paleolithic of Iran
The Paleolithic of Iran
The Paleolithic of Iran
The Paleolithic of Iran
Further Reading
References
The Paleolithic of Iran
The Paleolithic of Iran
The Paleolithic of Iran
The Paleolithic of Iran
4
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
The Transition to Farming
Lloyd R. Weeks
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
(p. 54) The Expansion of Neolithic Lifeways: Pre-Pottery Neolithic Sites in Southern and Eastern Iran
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Pottery Neolithic Period and the “Soft-Ware Horizon”
The Central Zagros and Khuzestan
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
Northwestern Iran
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Iranian Plateau and Northeastern Iran
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Southern Zagros and Kerman
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Spread of Farming: Invention, Migration, Transmission
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
Further Reading
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
References
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
The Development and Expansion of a Neolithic Way of Life
5
The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Barbara Helwing
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran
Regional Setting
Archaeological Sources
Chronology
The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran
The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran
Incipient Complexity: the Transitional Chalcolithic (5200–4300 BC)
The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran
The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran
The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran
Established Complexity: The Chalcolithic (4300–3400 BC)
The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran
The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran
Outlook: Early Bronze Age—early Proto-Elamite
The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran
Further Reading
References
The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran
The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran
The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran
The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran
The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran
6
The Chalcolithic in the Central Zagros
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Abbas Moghaddam and Ardeshir Javanmardzadeh
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
The Chalcolithic in the Central Zagros
The Archaeological History of the Area
The Chalcolithic in the Central Zagros
Archaeological Data on the Central Zagros Chalcolithic
The Chalcolithic in the Central Zagros
Early Chalcolithic (5500–5000 BC)
The Chalcolithic in the Central Zagros
Middle Chalcolithic (5000–3800 BC)
Middle Chalcolithic I
The Chalcolithic in the Central Zagros
Middle Chalcolithic II
The Chalcolithic in the Central Zagros
Middle Chalcolithic III
The Chalcolithic in the Central Zagros
Late Chalcolithic (3800–3300 BC)
Godin VII
Godin VI
The Chalcolithic in the Central Zagros
The Chalcolithic in the Central Zagros
Further Reading
References
The Chalcolithic in the Central Zagros
The Chalcolithic in the Central Zagros
The Chalcolithic in the Central Zagros
7
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Abbas Moghaddam
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
(p. 106) Natural Setting
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
Searching for the Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
Susiana a (Early Susiana) Period
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
Susiana b and c (Middle Susiana) Period
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
Susiana d–e (Late Susiana) Period
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
References
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan
8
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Cameron A. Petrie
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
The Fifth Millennium BC
Southwestern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Basis of Knowledge
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Chronology
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Settlement Distribution
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Settlement Structure
Ceramics
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Socioeconomy
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Southeastern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Basis of Knowledge
Chronology
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Settlement Distribution
Settlement Structure
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Ceramic and Metal Production
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Socioeconomy
The Fourth Millennium BC
Southwestern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Basis of Knowledge
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Chronology
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Settlement Distribution
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
(p. 141) Ceramics
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
(p. 143) Socioeconomy
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
(p. 145) Southeastern Iran
Basis of Knowledge
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Chronology
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Settlement Distribution
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Settlement Structure
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Ceramics
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Socioeconomy
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
Further Reading
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
References
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran
9
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
Abstract and Keywords
Geographic and Cultural Parameters
Geoffrey D. Summers
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
Brief History of Investigation in Northwestern Iran
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
(p. 164) Defining the Early Transcaucasian Culture
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
Other Early Bronze Age Ceramic Assemblages
Painted Orange Ware
Hassan ‘Ali Ware
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
Chronology
Periodization
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
Stratigraphy
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
Absolute Dating
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
Chronological Summary
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
Key Sites
Yanik Tepe
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
Haftavan Tepe
Geoy Tepe
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
Tepe Giljar
Ravaz
Hasanlu Tepe
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
(p. 177) Acknowledgments
References
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
The Early Bronze Age in Northwestern Iran
10
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Christopher P. Thornton
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
(p. 181) Cultural Geography
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
History of Excavation
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
Typological and Chronological Sequence
(p. 186) Khorasan (East of the Social Boundary)
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
Semnan, Mazandaran, Golestan, and western Khorasan (West of the Social Boundary)
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
References
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
The Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran
11
Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Daniel T. Potts
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age
Brief History of Bronze Age Research
Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age
Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age
Early Bronze I
Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age
Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age
Early Bronze II
Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age
Early Bronze II–III
Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age
Early Bronze IV
Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age
Middle Bronze Age
Late Bronze Age
Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age
Nomadism and Sedentism
References
Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age
Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age
Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age
Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age
Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age
12
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Javier Alvarez-Mon
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
From Village to State (c. 3700–2675 BC)
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
Susiana and the Emergence of Elam, Awan, and Shimashki (c. 2675–1900 BC)
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
The Old Elamite period: The Grand Viziers of Elam (c. 1900–1500 BC)
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
The Middle Elamite period: The Golden Age (c.1500–1100 BC)
Kabnak (Haft Tepe)
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
Al Untash-Napirisha (Chogha Zanbil)
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
Susa
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
Further Reading
References
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
Khuzestan in the Bronze Age
13
Early Writing in Iran
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Jacob L. Dahl
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Early Writing in Iran
Early Writing in Iran
History of Publication and Decipherment
Early Writing in Iran
Publications in the MDP Series and the Work of Morgan, Scheil, and Mecquenem
MDP 6 (Scheil 1905) and 26 Supplement (Scheil 1935)
Early Writing in Iran
MDP 17
Early Writing in Iran
(p. 238) MDP 26, MDP 31, and Minor Publications
Early Writing in Iran
Texts from Sites other than Susa
History of Decipherment
Early Writing in Iran
Invention of Writing
Early Writing in Iran
Early Writing in Iran
The Split between Mesopotamian and Iranian Writing
Early Writing in Iran
The structure of Proto-Elamite Texts
Early Writing in Iran
Early Writing in Iran
(p. 246) Seals and Scribal Designs
Early Writing in Iran
The Signary
Early Writing in Iran
Early Writing in Iran
Early Writing in Iran
Early Writing in Iran
The Date of the Texts
Early Writing in Iran
The Content of the Proto-Elamite Texts
Early Writing in Iran
Early Writing in Iran
Early Writing in Iran
Early Writing in Iran
The Disappearance of Proto-Elamite
Early Writing in Iran
Linear-Elamite
Early Writing in Iran
Early Writing in Iran
Further Reading
References
Early Writing in Iran
Early Writing in Iran
Early Writing in Iran
Early Writing in Iran
Early Writing in Iran
14
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Katrien de Graef
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
Old Akkadian Domination (Old Elamite Period IB, c.2200–2020 BC)
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
2. Freedom from Mesopotamia: Puzur-Inšušinak (?–c.2015 BC)
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
Ur III domination (Old Elamite period II, c.2015–1930 BC)
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
The Šimaškian Kingdom and Sukkalmah Regime (Old Elamite Period III, c.1930–1450 BC)
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
(p. 270) Sources
Royal Inscriptions
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
Economic and Juridical Texts
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
Literary and Religious Texts
Writing and Orthography
Akkadian and Elamite
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
Spoils of War
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
(p. 275) Kidinuid, Igihalkid, and Šutrukid Dynasties (Middle Elamite Period c.1450–1050 BC)
Kidinuids (c.1450–1400 BC)
Royal Inscriptions
Economic and Juridical Documents
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
Igihalkids (1400–1210 BC)
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
The Šutrukids (c.1210–1050 BC)
Royal Inscriptions
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
Economic and Juridical Documents
Neo-Elamite Period (1050–539 BC)
Spoils of War Again
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
(p. 279) Achaemenid Period (c.539–331 BC)
Royal Inscriptions
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
(p. 280) Economic and Administrative Texts
Further Reading
References
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
The Use of Akkadian in Iran
15
Bronze Age Fars
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Bernadette McCall
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Bronze Age Fars
Bronze Age Fars
Bronze Age Fars
Geographical and Archaeological Background
Kur River Basin and Surrounds
Bronze Age Fars
Mamasani Valleys
Fasa and Darab
Bronze Age Fars
Bronze Age Chronology and Regional Sequences
Chronology
Bronze Age Fars
Bronze Age Fars
Bronze Age Regional Assemblages
Late Banesh Phase
Bronze Age Fars
Bronze Age Fars
Bronze Age Fars
(p. 291) Banesh–Kaftari Transitional Phase
Kaftari Period
Bronze Age Fars
Bronze Age Fars
(p. 293) Qaleh or Middle Elamite Wares
Bronze Age Fars
Issues and Recurrent Themes: Population Dynamics, Settlement Strategies, and Regional Politics
Bronze Age Fars
(p. 295) Population Decline and the Role of Pastoralism
Bronze Age Fars
Kaftari Growth and Regional Interaction
Bronze Age Fars
Bronze Age Fars
Bronze Age Fars
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
References
Bronze Age Fars
Bronze Age Fars
Bronze Age Fars
Bronze Age Fars
Bronze Age Fars
16
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Holly Pittman
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
The Halil River Basin: Iblis V–VI, KSS, Tepe Yahya IVC–B
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Yahya IVA and KSN
Khinaman and Shahdad
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
(p. 313) The Bampur River Complex: Bampur, Damin, Khurab
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
(p. 314) Shahr-e Sokhta
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Further Reading
References
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
Eastern Iran in the Early Bronze Age
17
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Michael D. Danti
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The region
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
Early Definitions of the Iron Age
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
MBIII (1600–1450 BC)
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze Age (1450–1250 BC)
Built Environment
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
(p. 339) Mortuary Patterns
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
Material Culture
Ceramics
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
Iron I (1250–1050 BC)
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
Built Environment
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
Mortuary Patterns
Material Culture
Ceramics
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
(p. 352) Iron II (1050–800 BC)
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
Built environment
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
Mortuary patterns
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
Material Culture
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
Ceramics
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
Iron III (800–550 BC)
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
Further Reading
References
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran
18
Luristan During the Iron Age
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Bruno Overlaet
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Luristan During the Iron Age
Luristan During the Iron Age
Chronology and Lifestyle
Luristan During the Iron Age
Luristan During the Iron Age
Luristan During the Iron Age
Luristan During the Iron Age
Luristan During the Iron Age
The Canonical Luristan Style
Luristan During the Iron Age
Luristan During the Iron Age
Luristan During the Iron Age
Luristan During the Iron Age
Further Reading
Luristan During the Iron Age
References
Luristan During the Iron Age
Luristan During the Iron Age
19
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
Abstract and Keywords
Sites to the South of the Alborz Mountains
Ali Mousavi
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
Sites Around the Caspian Sea
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
Architecture
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
Pottery
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
Metal Objects
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
Seals and Bricks with Impressions
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
Burial Types
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
References
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
The Central Alborz Region in the Iron Age
20
Linguistic Groups in Iran
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Elamites
Ran Zadok
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Linguistic Groups in Iran
Linguistic Groups in Iran
Linguistic Groups in Iran
(p. 410) Kassites
Linguistic Groups in Iran
Linguistic Groups in Iran
(p. 412) Lullubians
Linguistic Groups in Iran
Linguistic Groups in Iran
Gutians
Linguistic Groups in Iran
Manneans
Linguistic Groups in Iran
Hurrians
Indo-Iranians
Linguistic Groups in Iran
Linguistic Groups in Iran
Linguistic Groups in Iran
Others
Further Reading
Linguistic Groups in Iran
References
Linguistic Groups in Iran
Linguistic Groups in Iran
Linguistic Groups in Iran
21
Iranian Migration
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Michael Witzel
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Iranian Migration
Sources: Languages, Texts, Archaeology, Genetics
Language
Iranian Migration
Archaeology
Iranian Migration
Genetics
Iranian Migration
Patterns of Iranian Migrations
The Indo-Iranian Parent, an “offspring” of Indo-Europeans in the Steppe Belt
Iranian Migration
Iranian Migration
Iranian Migration
Early Indo-Iranian Migrations
Iranian Migration
Iranian Migration
Iranian Migrations
Iranian Migration
Preexisting Populations
Iranian Migration
Iranian Migration
(p. 435) First Appearances of Iranians in History
Western Iranian
Eastern Iranians
Iranian Migration
Movements of Eastern and Western Iranians, Again
Iranian Migration
Further Reading
References
Iranian Migration
Iranian Migration
Iranian Migration
Iranian Migration
Iranian Migration
22
Assyria and the Medes
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Karen Radner
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Assyria and the Medes
(p. 443) The first Assyrian Provinces in Iran: Bit-Hamban and Parsua
Assyria and the Medes
Median Centers Turned Assyrian Strongholds: Kišessim and Harhar
Assyria and the Medes
Assyria and the Medes
Assyria and the Medes
A family of Medes at Assur
Assyria and the Medes
Assyria and the Medes
The Assyrian Administration of the Iranian Provinces
Assyria and the Medes
Assyria and the Medes
The Archaeology of Media
Assyria and the Medes
Assyria and the Medes
Instead of Conclusions
Assyria and the Medes
References
Assyria and the Medes
Assyria and the Medes
Assyria and the Medes
23
Elam in the Iron Age
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Javier Alvarez-Mon
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Elam in the Iron Age
Susiana: Susa
(p. 459) NE I (c.1000–725 BC)
Elam in the Iron Age
Assemblage I: Pottery
Assemblage II: Vitreous Industries
Elam in the Iron Age
NE II (c.730–520 BC)
Assemblage I: Pottery
Elam in the Iron Age
Assemblage II: Metalwork
Assemblage III: Vitreous Industries
Elam in the Iron Age
Assemblage IV: Monumental Sculpture
Elam in the Iron Age
Assemblage V: Cylinder Seals and Sealings
Elam in the Iron Age
Assemblage VI: Texts
The Elamite Highlands: Kul-e Farah
Elam in the Iron Age
Elam in the Iron Age
Ram Hormuz Plain
Elam in the Iron Age
Behbahan Plain: Arjan
Elam in the Iron Age
Mamasani Region
Marv-Dasht Plain
Elam in the Iron Age
Summary and Conclusions
Elam in the Iron Age
Elam in the Iron Age
Further Reading
Elam in the Iron Age
References
Elam in the Iron Age
Elam in the Iron Age
Elam in the Iron Age
Elam in the Iron Age
Elam in the Iron Age
24
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Matthew Waters
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Neo-Elamite (NE) Periodization
The NE II Period
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Elam and Assyria: The Middle Zagros and the Babylonian Frontier during the NE II Period
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
The NE III Period
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Further Reading
References
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC
25
Iron Age Southeastern Iran
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Peter Magee
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Iron Age Southeastern Iran
The Bronze to Iron Age Transition
Iron Age Southeastern Iran
Iron Age Southeastern Iran
Reemergence of Iron Age Settlement
Iron Age Southeastern Iran
The Expansion of Iron Age Settlement
Iron Age Southeastern Iran
Further Reading
References
Iron Age Southeastern Iran
Iron Age Southeastern Iran
26
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Rémy Boucharlat
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
The Beginnings of the Empire: Cyrus and Pasargadae
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Cambyses
Darius
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Persepolis
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Naqsh-e Rustam
Susa
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Xerxes and his Successors
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Elite Residences and Roads in Fars
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Places of Worship and Burial Practices
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Daily Life
Further Reading
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
References
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Southwestern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
27
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Wouter F.M. Henkelman
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
(p. 530) The Persepolis Fortification Archive
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
(p. 534) The Persepolis Treasury Archive (PTA)
The Mountain Fortification
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Territory, Procedure, and Contents
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Archives and Archaeology
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Further Reading
References
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
Administrative Realities: The Persepolis Archives and the Archaeology of the Achaemenid Heartland
28
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
Abstract and Keywords
Zoroastrianism
Prods Oktor Skjærvø
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
Iranians, Persians, and Achaemenids
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
(p. 549) The Textual Sources
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
Iranian Dualism
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
Divine and Demonic Entities
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
Calendars and Festivals
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
Kingship in the Achaemenid Inscriptions
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
The Parthians (Arsacids)
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
Kerdīr’s Inscriptions
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
Rituals
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
(p. 561) Death and Pollution
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
Ethics
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
Were the Achaemenids Zoroastrian or Not?
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
Further Reading
References
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians
29
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Mark B. Garrison
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Predecessors and Precedents for Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Early Royal Achaemenid Art: Bisotun
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Classical Royal Achaemenid Art: Naqsh-e Rustam, Persepolis, and Susa
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Seated or Standing King with Attendants
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
King Standing before an Altar or Tower-Like Structure
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
(p. 582) King Controlling or in Combat With Animals and Fantastical Creatures
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
(p. 583) King Shooting a Bow and Arrow
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Antithetical Compositions Involving Humans, Animals, and/or Fantastical Creatures
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Lion and Bull Group
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Other Design Elements
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
(p. 589) Rosettes, Date Palms, and Palmettes
Inscriptions
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
(p. 590) Summation
Further Reading
References
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
Royal Achaemenid Iconography
30
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Alexander Nagel
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
(p. 597) Analytical Methods
On the Concept of Polychromy and Some Theoretical Remarks
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Questions of Terminology in Elamite and Old Persian
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Ancient Texts
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Early Modern Observations on Polychromy
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Case Study I. The Façade of the Tomb of Darius I at Naqsh-e Rustam
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
(p. 610) Case Study II. The Pigment Bowls from the Apadana
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
On Find Contexts and Symbolic Meanings
(p. 612) Pigment and Empire: Supplying the Courts with Material
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
On Color, Materiality, and Surface at Persepolis
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Concluding Remarks: Toward an Archaeology of Paint at Persepolis?
Further Reading
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
References
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
Color and Gilding in Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture
31
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Bruno Genito
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Iran
Parthava
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Drangiana
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Karmania
Maka
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
(p. 627) Central Asia
Margiana
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Areia
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Arachosia
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Bactriana
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
(p. 632) Other Eastern Provinces
Further Reading
References
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
Eastern Iran in the Achaemenid Period
32
Old Persian
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Jan Tavernier
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Old Persian
Old Persian
History of Decipherment
Proto-Research: Classical Antiquity
Old Persian
Old Persian
Pre-Research (1320–1765)
Old Persian
The Decipherment of the Old Persian Script (1765–1851)
Old Persian
The Old Persian Writing System
Old Persian
Old Persian
Old Persian
Old Persian
Old Persian
Old Persian
Old Persian
When and by Whom Was Old Persian Used?
Old Persian as a Court Language
Old Persian
Old Persian as a Nonwritten Administrative Language
Old Persian
(p. 653) Epilogue
Old Persian
Further Reading
References
Old Persian
Old Persian
Old Persian
Old Persian
Old Persian
33
Greek Sources on Achaemenid Iran
Abstract and Keywords
Maria Brosius
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Greek Sources on Achaemenid Iran
Greek Sources on Achaemenid Iran
Greek Sources on Achaemenid Iran
Greek Sources on Achaemenid Iran
Greek Sources on Achaemenid Iran
Greek Sources on Achaemenid Iran
Greek Sources on Achaemenid Iran
Greek Sources on Achaemenid Iran
Greek Sources on Achaemenid Iran
Further Reading
References
Greek Sources on Achaemenid Iran
Greek Sources on Achaemenid Iran
34
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Paul J. Kosmin
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
The Macedonian Conquest
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
The Wars of Succession
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
The Seleucid Empire in Iran
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Further Reading
References
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran
35
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Pierfrancesco Callieri and Alireza Askari-Chaverdi
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Khuzestan
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Fars
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Further Reading
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
References
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
Media, Khuzestan, and Fars Between the End of the Achaemenids and the Rise of the Sasanians
36
Fratarakā and Seleucids
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Fratarakā Rule
Josef Wiesehöfer
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Fratarakā and Seleucids
Fratarakā and Seleucids
Fratarakā and Seleucids
Fratarakā and Seleucids
Fratarakā and Seleucids
Fratarakā and Seleucids
Fratarakā and Seleucids
Fratarakā and Seleucids
Further Reading
Fratarakā and Seleucids
References
Fratarakā and Seleucids
Fratarakā and Seleucids
37
The Arsacids (Parthians)
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Stefan R. Hauser
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
The Arsacids (Parthians)
Sources and Modern Conceptions of the Arsacid Empire in Iran
The Arsacids (Parthians)
The Arsacids (Parthians)
(p. 731) The Arsacid Empire and “nomadic Heritage”
Nomads and the Early Arsacid State
The Arsacids (Parthians)
Nomads and Empire
The Arsacids (Parthians)
Dress and Weaponry
On the Fringes of Empire
The Arsacids (Parthians)
Organization of Empire
The Arsacids (Parthians)
Coins and Autonomy
Central Planning: Irrigation
The Arsacids (Parthians)
Trade
The Arsacids (Parthians)
Regionalization in Material Culture
Burial Patterns
The Arsacids (Parthians)
Decentralization and Weakness?
The Arsacids (Parthians)
Hellenization and “Parthian Art”
Architecture
The Arsacids (Parthians)
Minor Arts
Sculpture
The Arsacids (Parthians)
(p. 742) Religion
The Arsacids (Parthians)
Hellenized Iran?
Arsacid Iran, a Reevaluation
The Arsacids (Parthians)
Further Reading
References
The Arsacids (Parthians)
The Arsacids (Parthians)
The Arsacids (Parthians)
The Arsacids (Parthians)
The Arsacids (Parthians)
The Arsacids (Parthians)
The Arsacids (Parthians)
The Arsacids (Parthians)
The Arsacids (Parthians)
The Arsacids (Parthians)
38
Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Trudy S. Kawami
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs
Kermanshah Region
Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs
Bisotun
Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs
Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs
Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs
Sar-e Pol-e Zohab
The Mountains of Khuzestan (Ancient Elymais)
Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs
Tang-e Sarvak
Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs
Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs
Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs
Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs
Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs
Izeh
Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs
Shimbar and Environs
Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs
Further Reading
References
Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs
Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs
39
Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
The Arsacid Empire
Khodadad Rezakhani
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage
Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage
Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage
Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage
Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage
Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage
The Kingdom of Elymais
Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage
Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage
Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage
(p. 775) Kingdom of Persis
Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage
Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage
Further Reading
Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage
References
Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage
Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage
40
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Seiro Haruta
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
(p. 780) Before and Under the Achaemenids
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
Hellenistic and Parthian Times
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
Sasanian Times
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
Further Reading
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
References
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
Aramaic, Parthian, and Middle Persian
41
The Use of Greek in Pre-Sasanian Iran
Abstract and Keywords
Available Sources
Georges Rougemont
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
The Use of Greek in Pre-Sasanian Iran
The Achaemenid Period
The Seleucid Period
The Use of Greek in Pre-Sasanian Iran
The Use of Greek in Pre-Sasanian Iran
The Arsacid Period
The Use of Greek in Pre-Sasanian Iran
The Use of Greek in Pre-Sasanian Iran
The Sasanian Period
Further Reading
References
The Use of Greek in Pre-Sasanian Iran
42
Sasanian Political Ideology
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
M. Rahim Shayegan
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Sasanian Political Ideology
Royal Ideologies Throughout the Ages
The Age of Political Realism
Sasanian Political Ideology
The Heroic (Kayānid) Age
Sasanian Political Ideology
Sasanian Political Ideology
Turmoil and Recovery
Sasanian Political Ideology
The Last Age
Sasanian Political Ideology
Sasanian Political Ideology
References
Sasanian Political Ideology
Sasanian Political Ideology
43
Sasanian Coinage
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Nikolaus Schindel
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Sasanian Coinage
(p. 815) Rulers
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
(p. 817) Coinage Technique, Administrative Basis
Sasanian Coinage
Mints and Mint Signatures
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
(p. 824) Denominations
General Remarks
(p. 825) The Main Denomination: The Drachm
Sasanian Coinage
Silver Fractions (Half Drachm, Sixth Drachm)
Sasanian Coinage
Gold Coinage (“old” Dinar, “new” Dinar, Fractions)
Sasanian Coinage
Base-Metal Coinage (Copper, Lead)
Sasanian Coinage
(p. 829) Typology
General Remarks
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Obverses
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Reverses
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Legends
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
Further Reading
Sasanian Coinage
References
Sasanian Coinage
Sasanian Coinage
44
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Peter Edwell
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
(p. 841) Sources
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
Ardašīr’s Wars with Rome
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
The Impact of Šābuhr I’s Invasions
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
Šābuhr II and Rome
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
After Šābuhr II: Cooperation and détente?
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
Increased Conflict Under Kawād and Xosrow I
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
Xosrow II’s Conflicts with Rome and the End of the Sasanian Dynasty
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
References
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
Sasanian Interactions with Rome and Byzantium
45
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Matthew P. Canepa
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Overview
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Important Themes and Important Patrons
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Controversies
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Further Reading
References
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
Sasanian Rock Reliefs
46
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Abstract and Keywords
Soroor Ghanimati
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Setting
History of Research
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
The Sacred Precinct
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Construction Techniques
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
(p. 886) Ornamentation
Reliefs
In the Central Courtyard
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
At the Fire Sanctuary
(p. 887) Paintings
At the South Gate
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
In the Painted Gallery
(p. 888) On the Ceiling
On the Window Wall
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
On the Window Recesses
On the Back Wall
At the North Gate
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Chronology
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Pre-Islamic Religious Architecture of Iran
Fire Temples
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Architectural Comparisons
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Summation
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
A New Interpretation
Veneration of the Creations
Function
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Significance
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Further Reading
References
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
Kuh-E Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran
47
Sasanian Administration and Sealing Practices
Abstract and Keywords
Seals and Sealings
Negin Miri
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Sasanian Administration and Sealing Practices
Sasanian Administration
Sasanian Administration and Sealing Practices
Sasanian Administration and Sealing Practices
Sasanian Administration and Sealing Practices
Sasanian Administration and Sealing Practices
Sasanian Administration and Sealing Practices
Sasanian Administration and Sealing Practices
Further Reading
References
Sasanian Administration and Sealing Practices
Sasanian Administration and Sealing Practices
Sasanian Administration and Sealing Practices
Sasanian Administration and Sealing Practices
Sasanian Administration and Sealing Practices
Sasanian Administration and Sealing Practices
48
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Kate Masia-Radford
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Bowls
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
High-footed Bowls
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
A Silver Cup
Plates
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Rhyta
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Vases and Ewers
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Elliptical Bowls
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Artisans and Vessel Manufacture
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Further Reading
References
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
Luxury Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period
49
Sasanian Textiles
Abstract and Keywords
Carol Bier
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Sasanian Textiles
Sasanian Textiles
Sasanian Textiles
Sasanian Textiles
Sasanian Textiles
Sasanian Textiles
Sasanian Textiles
Further Reading
References
Sasanian Textiles
Sasanian Textiles
Sasanian Textiles
Sasanian Textiles
50
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Abstract and Keywords
Astral Sciences and Celestial Lore in Ancient Iran
Antonio C. D. Panaino
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
The Iranian Calendars in the Pre-Islamic Context
The Old Persian Calendar
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
The Origin and Background of the Zoroastrian Calendar
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
The Sasanian “civil” Calendar and the Problem of the Religious Intercalatory Calendrical System
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Later Developments
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Other Calendrical Systems
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Further Reading
References
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
Pre-Islamic Iranian Calendrical Systems in the Context of Iranian Religious and Scientific History
51
The Islamic Conquest of Sasanian Iran
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Michael G. Morony
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
The Islamic Conquest of Sasanian Iran
The Islamic Conquest of Sasanian Iran
Individual Sites
The Islamic Conquest of Sasanian Iran
The Islamic Conquest of Sasanian Iran
The Islamic Conquest of Sasanian Iran
Regional Surveys
The Islamic Conquest of Sasanian Iran
The Islamic Conquest of Sasanian Iran
The Islamic Conquest of Sasanian Iran
Further Reading
References
The Islamic Conquest of Sasanian Iran
The Islamic Conquest of Sasanian Iran
The Islamic Conquest of Sasanian Iran
The Islamic Conquest of Sasanian Iran
52
(p. 987) Index
(p. 987) Index
Edited by Daniel T. Potts
(p. 987) Index
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