The Neuroscience of Traumatic Brain Injury, 2 Volume Set

9780323995757_WEB01
Front Cover
Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury: The Neuroscience of Traumatic Brain Injury
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Section A Setting the scene and introductory chapters
Chapter 1 Traumatic brain injury and in-hospital mortality- CT perfusion and beyond
Introduction
Neuroimaging for TBI
Plain head computed tomography (CT)
CT angiography (CTA)
CT perfusion
Magnetic resonance perfusion (MR perfusion)
Diffusion tensor imaging
CT perfusion and in-hospital mortality
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of TBI
Summary points
References
Chapter 2 Predictors of outcome in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Predictors and outcome measures
Acute predictors
Age
GCS
Abnormal pupillary response
Hypoxia and hypotension
CT findings
Sub-acute predictors
ICU neuromonitoring
Biomarkers
Pediatric TBI
Prognostic models
Epidemiological considerations: the importance of outcome prediction considering between-country differences
Approaches to predictive models in TBI: Discordance between clinical research and clinical management of TBI
Recommendation for developing a predictive model in TBI
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of potential strategies in TBI outcome research
Summary points
References
Chapter 3 Thirty years post-injury: Impact of traumatic brain injury on later Alzheimer’s disease
Introduction
Understanding traumatic brain injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease
Similarities in the long-term prognosis of mild repetitive and severe isolated traumatic brain injury
Post-traumatic brain injury Alzheimer’s disease
Amyloid-β pathology in traumatic brain injury
Tubulin-associated unit pathology in traumatic brain injury
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of post-traumatic brain injury delayed-onset cognitive and psychiatric disorders
Summary points
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Drug interventions and stem cells in traumatic brain injury: Translation from experimental model to bedside
Introduction
The pathophysiology of TBI
Possible treatments for TBI: Drug interventions
Introduction to stem cells and their therapeutic potential
Pre-clinical studies utilizing stem cells for the treatment of TBI
Clinical studies utilizing stem cells
Limitations of stem cells use
Application to other fields of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of stem cells
Summary points
References
Chapter 5 Management of traumatic brain injury from the aspect of emergency department and case studies
Introduction
Emergency department considerations
Management of mild brain injury (GCS score 13–15)
Management of moderate TBI
Management of sTBI
Airway
Rapid sequence intubation
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Medical treatment of brain injury
Intravenous fluids
Correction of anticoagulation
Tranexamic acid
Transfusion in TBI
Management of elevated ICP
Body positioning
Hyperosmolar agents
Hyperventilation
Temperature management
Sedation and analgesia
Seizure management
Corticosteroids
Calcium channel blockers
Conclusions and future directions
Case 1
Case 2
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of advanced trauma life support
Summary points
References
Chapter 6 Neuropsychiatric disorders after severe traumatic brain injury: An overview
Introduction
The role of brain injury severity and structural pathophysiologic changes
The role of post-injury variables
The role of pre-morbid variables
The role of environmental variables
Methodological issues related to the neuropsychiatric assessment
Classification of the main neuropsychiatric disorders
Agitation
Aggression
Irritability
Disinhibition
Substance abuse disorders
Depression and apathy
Anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Psychosis, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive symptoms
Sleep disturbances
A brief consideration of possible interventions
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of neuropsychiatric disorders after severe traumatic brain injury: An overview
Summary points
References
Section B Clinical features of traumatic brain injury
Chapter 7 Cerebral hemorrhages in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
The BBB and NVC after TBI
NVC, TBI, and aging
Vascular pathophysiology after TBI
TBI hemorrhage identification and localization
Differential etiology of TBI-related hemorrhages
Epi)genetic risk for hemorrhage after experimental TBI
Novel approaches for TBI CMB neuroimaging CMBs
TBI hemorrhages and AD
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of cerebral hemorrhages after traumatic brain injury
Summary points
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 Linking fibrinogen, coagulopathy prophylaxis, and traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Fibrinogen
TBI-induced coagulation/fibrinolysis cascade
Time course of fibrinogen concentration in the acute phase of TBI
Fibrinogen concentration and outcome in TBI
Therapeutic target level of fibrinogen
Measurements of fibrinogen
Correlation between fibrinogen and fibrinolytic parameters
Treatment by replenishment of fibrinogen
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts about fibrinogen
Summary points
References
Chapter 9 Linking traumatic brain injury and nosocomial infections
Introduction
Post-traumatic immunosuppression
Post-traumatic critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency
Post-traumatic dysbiosis
Glucocorticoids: A therapeutic avenue in the prevention of nosocomial infections after trauma
Application to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of ventilatory-associated pneumonia
Summary points
References
Chapter 10 Long-term sequelae of mild-repetitive and severe traumatic brain injury: Clinical manifestations, neuropatholog ...
Introduction
Clinical symptoms and neuropathology of chronic states of TBI
Growing need for neuroimaging biomarkers of chronic pathologies of TBI
PET imaging of TBI with first-generation tau PET tracers
Challenges for quantification of tau load in TBI by tau PET imaging
Development of second-generation tau PET tracer
PET imaging of TBI with second-generation tau PET tracer
Future directions of research
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Key facts of neurodegenerative diseases following TBI
Key facts of tau PET imaging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11 Evaluating the integrity of white matter after traumatic brain injury and the utility of diffusion tensor imaging
Introduction
The vulnerable white matter tracts in TBI
Clinical and neurophysiological evaluation of injury to white matter
Key facts of clinical and neurophysiological assessment after TBI
DTI: A primer
DTI and the white matter integrity
Key facts of DTI
DTI sequences and analysis tools: Strengths and weaknesses
Moderate-to-severe TBI: DTI Study
DTI in special populations: Mild TBI and blast-induced TBI
Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) in patients with TBI
Limitation of DTI as a clinical tool
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 12 Cerebral activation of attention and working memory in traumatic brain injury
Introduction: Executive dysfunction in traumatic brain injury
The neural basis of attention and working memory
The dual-network model of attention
Inhibitory control
Measuring inhibition
Working memory
Developmental changes in brain networks
Maturation of attention networks
Maturation of inhibition
Maturation of working memory
Disruptions following TBI
Brain network disruption following TBI
Deficits in attention and inhibition following TBI
Inhibition and the default mode network
Deficits in working memory following TBI
Structural and functional changes following TBI
Cortical thickness
Cortical-striatal loop
Modulating cortical activations in TBI using non-invasive brain stimulation
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of working memory and attention
Summary points
References
Chapter 13 Traumatic brain injury: Linking intracranial pressure, arterial pressure, and the pressure reactivity index
Introduction
Cerebral autoregulation
Development of the pressure reactivity index (PRx)
Association of PRx with outcomes
Global outcomes following TBI
PRx thresholds
PRx and imaging findings
PRx and cerebral oxygen metabolism
PRx in targeted therapy
Limitation of PRx
Future of cerebrovascular reactivity
Application to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of cerebrovascular reactivity in TBI
Summary points
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14 Cerebral perfusion pressure thresholds in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Defining cerebral perfusion pressure
Cerebral autoregulation
CBF variability in TBI
CPP targets in TBI
Global CPP targeted therapy
Personalized CPP targets
ARDS in TBI
Future directions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of CPP thresholds in TBI
Summary points
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15 Brain swelling in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Historical background
Overview on the blood–brain barrier
The pathogenesis of brain edema
Cytotoxic edema
Vasogenic edema
Primary vasogenic edema
Delayed vasogenic edema
Clinical translation
Clinical classification
Focal/perifocal traumatic brain swelling
Diffuse/global traumatic brain swelling
Mild/moderate TBI (GCS > 8)
Severe TBI (GCS ≤ 8)
Conclusion(s)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of cerebral edema
Summary points
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 16 Post-coma syndrome in the context of severe acquired brain injury: Traumatic brain injury and beyond
Definition issues
Severe acquired brain injury
Disorders of consciousness
Coma
Vegetative State/Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome
Minimally Conscious State (MCS)
Functional Locked-in Syndrome
Covert cognition
Prognostic indicators
Clinical predictive factors
Evaluation scales
Instrumental diagnostic and prognostic indicators
Neurophysiology
Neuroimaging
Sequelae of severe Acquired BRAIN Injury (sABI)
Post-traumatic amnesia
Neuropsychological disorders
Neuromotor disorders
Intervention—A multidisciplinary approach
Pharmacotherapeutic approach
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Neurophysiology and neuroimaging
Neuropsychology
Neurorehabilitation
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of post-coma syndrome
Summary points
References
Section C Diagnosis and evaluation
Chapter 17 Features of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 and its applications for traumatic ...
Introduction
ICF framework
WHODAS 2.0
Reliability
Validity
Current research on the use of the WHODAS 2.0 in TBI care
Comparison of disability in spinal cord injury and TBI, as assessed using the WHODAS 2.0
Evaluation of post-concussion syndrome in patients with mild TBI
Association between history of lifetime TBI and disabling functional restrictions
Assessment of chronic TBI with the WHODAS 2.0
Psychometric properties of the WHODAS 2.0
Prediction of institutionalization among patients with TBI
Conclusion
Applications to other neuroscience fields
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0
Summary points
References
Chapter 18 Biomarkers in pediatric traumatic injury: The brain and beyond
Introduction
Biomarkers in traumatic brain injury
Biomarkers in pediatric traumatic brain injury
Biomarkers and neuroimaging
Biomarkers as predictors of severity and prognosis of TBI
Biomarkers predicting late sequalae of TBI in children
Recognizing abusive trauma
Applications to other areas of neurosciences
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of traumatic brain injury
Key facts of biomarkers
Summary points
References
Chapter 19 Brain injury biomarkers: Proteins and autoantibodies interplay
Introduction
The immunological cascade of events post-TBI
Innate immune response in TBI: A tug of war between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators
Astrocyte-derived immunomodulatory mechanisms post-TBI
Adaptive immune response in TBI: The role of T- and B-lymphocytes
The glymphatic system disruption: A source of biomarkers in TBI
Autoantibodies as biomarkers in TBI: An overview
A list of identified autoantibodies post-TBI
Myelin basic protein (MBP)
S100B protein
Acetylcholine receptor (AChR)
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
Peroxiredoxin 6
Glutamate receptor
Evaluation of the prospective power of autoantibodies as prognostic markers in TBI
B-lymphocytes as a therapeutic target post-TBI
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience: The efficacy of GFAP in assessing the diagnostic power of different neuroimag ...
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key-facts of TBI biomarkers
Key facts of the glymphatic system (GS)
Summary points
References
Chapter 20 Chitinase-3-like protein 1: Features and applications as a biomarker in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Preclinical studies of YKL-40 in TBI
Pericontusional astrocytic YKL-40 transcription is driven by cytokines released from macrophages infiltrating the necrotic ...
CHI3L1: Friend or foe following TBI?
CHI3L1 is not involved in the ultrastructural characteristics of TBI lesions
YKL-40 may play a role in immune cell trafficking into the injured brain
CHI3L1 is a potential pathological fingerprint of blast-induced neurotrauma
Clinical studies of YKL-40 in TBI
Release patterns of CSF YKL-40 are related to the trauma-induced pro-inflammatory response that negatively impacts patient ...
CSF YKL-40 levels as a reflection of post-concussion syndrome severity
YKL-40 concentration as an objective and complementary assessment of impairment of consciousness levels and radiologic lesi ...
Assessment of neurologic status
Identification of CT-positive findings
Classification of extra-axial mass lesions
Discrimination of intra-axial mass lesions
The relationship between YKL-40 and other neurotrauma biomarkers
Future directions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of CHI3L1: Features and applications as a biomarker in TBI
Summary points
References
Chapter 21 microRNA biomarkers in traumatic brain injury: A new narrative
Introduction
Characteristics of the ideal biomarker
Unique properties of micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs)
Measurement of miRNAs
The response of miRNAs to TBI
Use of miRNAs for mTBI diagnosis
Predicting TBI outcomes with miRNAs
Clinical management of mTBI
Top miRNA candidates
Future directions for miRNA research in TBI
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs)
Summary points
Conflicts of interest
References
Chapter 22 Pediatric minor head injury imaging
Introduction
Epidemiology of pediatric traumatic brain injury (pTBI)
Types of injury in the pediatric population
Minor pTBI features
Imaging
Imaging techniques available in pTBI
Conventional imaging techniques
X-rays
Computed tomography (CT scan)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scan)
Advanced imaging techniques
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of concussions
Summary points
References
Chapter 23 Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in acute traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Physical basis for transcranial Doppler ultrasound
Technical features and ultrasound neurovascular anatomy
Cerebrovascular disorders in severe traumatic brain injury
Hypoperfusion
Vasospasm
Hyperemia
TCD peculiarities in certain clinical forms of traumatic brain injury
TCD-patterns at cerebral contusions
TCD-patterns at traumatic ICH
TCD-patterns after surgical removal of ICH
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of transcranial Doppler ultrasound
Summary points
References
Chapter 24 Computed tomography assessment of brain swelling
Introduction
Parameters to evaluate brain swelling in computed tomography
Marshall scale
Rotterdam scale
Criteria to guide practical management
Special conditions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Key facts of brain swelling and computed tomography
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 25 Machine learning and prediction of traumatic brain injury mortality
Introduction
TBI mortality
Predicting TBI mortality
Predictors of outcome
Admission characteristics
Clinical course
Outcomes
Prognostic models
Building a prognostic model
Important prognostic models
Machine learning
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of quality of life of patients after TBI
Key facts of Glasgow coma scale score
Key facts of pupillary abnormalities
Key facts of abbreviated injury score (AIS)
Key facts of CT Marshall classification
Summary points
References
Chapter 26 Pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: A focus on screening, diagnosis, and treatment
Introduction
Screening of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injuries
Predictive factors of post-TBI pituitary dysfunction
Screening algorithms of pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injuries
Diagnosis of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injuries
Central adrenal insufficiency
Growth hormone deficiency
Central hypogonadism
Central hypothyroidism
Central diabetes insipidus
Treatment of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injuries
Central adrenal insufficiency
Growth hormone deficiency
Central hypogonadism
Central hypothyroidism
Central diabetes insipidus
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of screening strategies, diagnostic and treatment modalities of pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injur ...
Summary points
References
Section D Treatments: Experimental and clinical
Chapter 27 European aspects of guidelines used in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Current data update and analysis
Other areas of neuroscience
Discussion
Mini dictionary terms
Key facts of adherence of guidelines for treatment of severe head injury
Summary points
References
Further reading
Chapter 28 Anesthesia in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Preoperative management
Pathophysiology
Airway management
Systemic complications of brain injury
Anesthetic management
Neuropharmacology of commonly used anesthetic agents
Autoregulation and anesthetic agents
Hemodynamic management
Management of intraoperative intracranial hypertension ( Fig. 2)
Intraoperative monitoring
Postoperative sequelae
Anesthetic agents and neuronal injury
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of anesthetics for injured brain
Summary points
References
Chapter 29 Treatment of raised intracranial pressure in traumatic head injury
Introduction
Analysis of the treatment during the so called “brain decade”
Recommendations
Intracranial pressure monitoring
Current data update and analysis
Role of the cranial decompression
Corticosteroids
Progesterone
Erythropoietin
Amantadine
Tranexamic acid
Citicoline
Anti-inflammatory therapies
Role of the ultrasound. Transcranial Doppler TCD
Hypothermia
Discussion
Applications in other areas of neuroscience
Mini dictionary terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Further reading
Chapter 30 Seizures after traumatic brain injury and their treatment
Introduction
Pathophysiology of TBI-induced epileptogenesis
Epidemiological and clinical presentation
Translational considerations of PTE mechanisms
Pre-clinical studies in animal models of PTE
Early intervention after TBI to prevent PTS and PTE
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Kay facts of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE)
Summary points
References
Chapter 31 Neurosurgical treatment of critical brain damage: The early post-surgical period and algorithms
Introduction
Critical damage: Physiological features and surgical treatment nuances
Damage control”: A path between the Scylla and the Charybdis
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of the surgical treatment of polytraumazed patient with TBI
Summary points
References
Chapter 32 Hypertonic saline usage in traumatic brain injury: A focus on pediatrics
Introduction
Overview of traumatic brain injury and hyperosmolar therapy
Cerebral edema
Traumatic brain injury-associated cerebral edema
Use of hyperosmolar therapy in TBI
History and evolution of the use of HTS for TBI
Pathophysiology/mechanism of HTS use for TBI
Current use of HTS in the pediatric clinical setting
Indications
Contraindications
Dosing
Monitoring
Potential adverse effects
Literature review
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of TBI in children
Summary points
References
Chapter 33 Treatment of vascular lesions in traumatic brain injury
Arterial lesions: Dissections and pseudoaneurysms
Endovascular treatment of traumatic aneurysms
Therapeutic arterial occlusion
Mechanical thrombectomy
Stenting
Carotid-cavernous fistula
Treatment
Conservative
Surgical management
Radiosurgery
Endovascular management
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts: Treatment of vascular lesions in traumatic head injury
Summary points
References
Further reading
Chapter 34 Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Airway pressure release ventilation
Positive end expiratory pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure
APRV in traumatic brain injury
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of APRV in traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 35 Linking death, the paranasal sinuses, and traumatic head trauma
Key points
Introduction
The significance of the paranasal sinuses
Anatomy of paranasal sinuses
Frontal sinus
Management: A change in surgical paradigm
Sphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
Cribiform plate fractures
History and physical examination
Imaging of paranasal sinus trauma
Pathogenesis
Cerebral perfusion pressure
Oxidative stress
Blood–brain barrier disruption
The debate about the protective effect of the paranasal sinuses
Music and paranasal sinus
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of paranasal sinuses
Key facts of crumple zone
Summary points
References
Chapter 36 Cannabidiol in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Cannabidiol targets
Phytocannabinoids
Neuroprotective role of cannabidiol
Cannabidiol in TBI-related anxiety and depression
Cannabidiol in TBI and post-traumatic stress disorder-related aggression
Cannabidiol in TBI-related gut microbiota dysfunctions
Cannabidiol and clinical trials
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of cannabidiol
Summary points
References
Chapter 37 Valproic acid: A new narrative on its features and effects in traumatic brain injury
Background
Epigenetic changes following TBI
Valproic acid: A histone deacetylase inhibitor
Effects of valproic acid in pre-clinical models of traumatic brain injury
Underlying mechanisms of VPA-neuroprotection
Dosing, safety, and future work
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of traumatic brain injury and valproic acid
Summary points
References
Chapter 38 Dietary supplementation for traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Omega-3 fatty acids
Creatine
Vitamins
Zinc
Magnesium
Other dietary supplements for TBI
Promising dietary supplements for TBI
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of dietary supplementation for traumatic brain injury: Omega-3 fatty acids
Key facts of dietary supplementation for traumatic brain injury: Sports induced TBI
Summary points
References
Section E Rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury
Chapter 39 Virtual reality and cognitive rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury
Introduction
CR strategies
Virtual reality
VR advantages and application in CR
VR in TBI CR: Current knowledge
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of virtual reality
Key fact for cognitive rehabilitation
Summary points
References
Chapter 40 How the elderly and young compare in response to traumatic brain injury rehabilitation
Introduction
Characteristics of young and elderly patients with TBI
Assessment of young and elderly patients with TBI
International classification of functioning, disability, and health model for TBI
Initial assessment of young and elderly patients with TBI
Assessment of functional impairments in young and elderly patients with TBI
Assessment of physical function in young and elderly patients with TBI
Assessment of cognitive and language functions in young and elderly patients with TBI
Assessment of ADL in young and elderly patients with TBI
Comparison of responses to rehabilitation in the elderly and young patients with TBI
Application to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts on DTI
Key facts on fMRI
Summary points
References
Chapter 41 Rehabilitation of social cognition after traumatic brain injury
Introduction
First historical programs: Rehabilitation of social cognition in other pathologies
Rehabilitation of social cognition in traumatic patients with brain injury
Rehabilitation programs targeting one domain of social cognition
Treatment of emotion perception
Bornhofen and McDonald (2008a, 2008b): Facial emotion recognition
Radice-Neumann et al. (2009) and Neumann et al. (2015): Face intervention program
McDonald et al. (2013): Emotional prosody recognition
Guercio et al. (2004): Facial emotion recognition
Williamson and Isaki (2015): Modified facial affect recognition
Treatment of theory of mind (ToM)
Lundgren, Brownell, Cayer-Meade, and Spitzer (2007): Decoding first and second order beliefs and intentional deception
Rehabilitation programs of interpersonal and communication skills of theory of mind
Helffenstein and Wechsler (1982): Interpersonal process recall remediation (IPR)
Dahlberg et al. (2007): Social communication skills treatment in group design
Finch et al. (2017): Remediation of social communication program with group or individual design
Winegardner et al. (2016): Perspective group training
Gabbatore et al. (2015): Cognitive pragmatic treatment
Multi-component rehabilitation programs of social cognition
Westerhof-Evers et al. (2017): T-SCEmo program
McDonald et al. (2008): Social skills treatment-perception of emotions, emotional regulation and social behavior
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of rehabilitation in social cognition
References
Chapter 42 Psycho-educational intervention on caregivers within the rehabilitation process: From the post-acute to the hom ...
Introduction
Caregivers as primary resources within the neuro-rehabilitation process
Caregiver as victims themselves of the brain injury occurred to their loved one
Caregivers’ burden
Caregivers’ concerns and needs across the different stages post-TBI
Caregivers’ coping strategies
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of psycho-educational intervention
Summary points
References
Chapter 43 Recommended resources and sites for the neuroscience of traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Resources
Other resources
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of traumatic brain injury
Summary points
Acknowledgments
References
Index
Back Cover
9780323995757_WEB02
Front Cover
Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury: The Neuroscience of Traumatic Brain ...
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Section A: Setting the scene: The spectrum of traumatic brain injuries
Chapter 1 Fall-related traumatic brain injuries in older adults: The role of the neck
Introduction
Role of neck muscles in TBI prevention
Effects of aging on neck muscles
Potential rehabilitation strategies
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Key facts of fall-related traumatic brain injuries
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 2 The implications of sex and gender in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Conceptual considerations
Sex and gender
Methodological consideration
Sex/gender difference in the nervous system
Basic science and preclinical research
Neuroprotection: Sex hormones
Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration
Emotional regulation and cognitive outcomes
Physical performance
Clinical and population-based research
Research involvement
Sleep and wakefulness pathology
Stress and coping
Defense and aggression
Social cognition
Population-based research
Exposure to TBI of specific mechanisms
Mechanism of injury and comorbidity
Violence and social inequity
Functional outcomes
Implications for translational research and medicine
Application to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of sex/gender influences in traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 3 Sport-related concussion: The role of repetitive head impact exposure
Sport-related concussion
Monitoring head impact exposure in contact sports
Concussion and head impact exposure in soccer
Concussion and head impact exposure in ice hockey
Concussion and head impact exposure in American football
Summary
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of sport-related concussion: The role of repetitive head impact exposure
Summary points
References
Further reading
Chapter 4 Traumatic brain injury and molecular biology: A new narrative
Introduction
Excitatory mechanisms post TBI
Glutamate excitotoxicity
Calcium homeostasis
Na   + -K   + -2Cl-(NKCC) co-transporter
Neuroinflammation
The role of microglia
The consequences of increased inflammatory mediators
Mitochondrial injury post TBI
Calcium mediated production of reactive oxygen species
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore—The point of no return
Lipid peroxidation
Cell death mechanisms post TBI
Necrotic cell death
Caspase-dependent apoptosis
Caspase-independent apoptosis
Autophagy and necroptosis
Long-term sequelae of TBI
Post-TBI contributors to neurodegeneration
Clinical implications of understanding the molecular mechanisms of TBI
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of pCaMKII
Summary points
References
Chapter 5 Features of decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: History, effects, management, and new trends
Introduction
History of decompressive craniectomy
Effect of decompressive craniectomy on intra-cranial pressure and brain perfusion
Decompressive craniectomy: Surgical techniques
Evidences on decompressive craniectomy for management of intra-cranial hypertension in TBI. The randomized controlled trial ...
New trends in management of post-traumatic intra-cranial hypertension: Hinge/floating craniotomy and cisternostomy
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of decompressive craniectomy
Summary points
References
Chapter 6 Management of traumatic brain injury in accordance with contemporary guidelines: Treatment, monitoring, and thre ...
Introduction
Decompressive craniectomy
Prophylactic hypothermia
Hyperosmolar therapy
Cerebrospinal fluid drainage
Thresholds and monitoring in TBI
Blood pressure
Intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure
Cerebral oxygenation
Brain tissue partial oxygen pressure (PbtO 2)
Jugular bulb monitoring of arteriovenous oxygen content difference (AVDO 2)
Cerebral microdialysis
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary
Summary points
References
Further reading
Section B: Cellular and molecular aspects of traumatic brain injury
Chapter 7 Insights into the pathological role of neuroinflammatory responses in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Secondary cellular injury
Excitotoxicity
Oxidative stress
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Neuroinflammation
Microglia cells
Astrocytes
Acute neuroinflammation
Role of inflammatory mediators in neuroinflammation
Interleukin-1
Tumor necrosis factor
Interferon-γ
Chemokines
Interleukin-10: Anti-inflammatory cytokine
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A and VEGF-B)
Platelet-activating factor (PAF)
Role of complement system
Active upregulators
Proteases
Inflammasomes
Decreased BBB permeability
Immune system
Microglial phenotypes
Future direction of anti‑inflammation as a therapy for traumatic brain injury
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Key facts of oxidative stress
Summary points
References
Chapter 8 Seizures in traumatic brain injury: A focus on cellular aspects
Introduction
Incidence of seizure following TBI
Pathogenesis of seizure following TBI
Acute phase
Blood–brain barrier disruption
Inflammatory responses in the acute phase
Microglial activation
Glutamate excitotoxicity
Oxidative stress in the acute phase
Sub-acute phase
Inflammatory responses in the sub-acute phase
Tau aggregation
Chronic/latent phase
Neuro circuit reorganization
Chronic microglial activation and inflammatory
Oxidative stress in chronic phase
Gene expression and epigenetic changes
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of seizure in traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 9 Linking traumatic brain injury, neural stem, and progenitor cells
Introduction
Description and significance of clinical TBI
Pathophysiology of TBI
NSPC activity
Neural stem and progenitor cells and neurogenesis in development
Adult neurogenesis and TBI
Discovery of adult neurogenesis
Adult NSPCs and TBI
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect neurogenesis
Functional implications of changes in neurogenesis
Development of therapeutics: Standard care, challenges and prospective treatments
Current standard of care and challenges of TBI
NSPC-based therapy
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs)
Summary points
References
Chapter 10 Microglia in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Microglia-resident immune cells in the brain with various morphologies
Microglial polarization (M1-like vs M2-like)
Heterogeneity of M1-like and M2-like polarization following TBI
Potential implications of microglia-mediated chronic neuroinflammation following TBI
Post-traumatic epilepsy
Chronic neurodegeneration
Psychosocial problems
Microglial priming after TBI
Areas for future investigation
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of microglia in TBI
Summary points
References
Chapter 11 Dendritic spine plasticity and traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Synapse structure and function
Electrical synaptic changes in TBI
Dendritic spine degeneration and loss after TBI
Dendritic spine changes in mild TBI
Dendritic spine changes in moderate/severe TBI
Potential mechanisms underlying dendritic spine damage after TBI
Treatments for dendritic spine dysfunction after TBI
Future directions of research for treatment of TBI
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of dendritic spine plasticity and traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 12 Aging, the immune response, and traumatic brain injury
Introduction
The burden of TBI in geriatric populations
How aging affects the central nervous system
Aging influences the immune system
Microglia priming
Morphology alterations of microglia
Immunosenescence beyond the CNS
Vascular aging and inflammation
Neuroinflammation is an influential secondary injury mechanism in TBI
Microglia are central mediators of neuroinflammation
Astrocytes participate in neuroinflammation
Periphery immune factors participate in neuroinflammation
Aging affects TBI through neuroinflammation
Aged microglia are primed and dysregulated
The influence from the circulating system
Immune system changes and affects TBI across whole lifespan
Aging may influence TBI through other mechanisms
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of immunosenescence
Summary points
References
Chapter 13 The adaptive immune system in traumatic brain injury: A focus on T and B lymphocytes
Introduction
Innate and adaptive immunity
Acute and chronic lymphocytic response in TBI
Consequence of a persistent adaptive immune response after injury
B cells and antibodies
CD4 T helper subsets
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Therapeutic avenues
Systemic immunosuppression in TBI
Auto-reactivity following CNS injury
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of the adaptive immune system in traumatic brain injury
Key facts of TBI
Key facts of adaptive immunity in TBI
Summary points
References
Chapter 14 The role of regulatory T cells in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
The number of Tregs correlates with clinical outcome of TBI
Frequency and regulation of Tregs in animal models of TBI
Tregs attenuate immune responses in the acute phase of experimental TBI
Cell therapeutic approaches for increasing Tregs in experimental TBI
Pharmacological approaches for increasing Tregs in experimental TBI
Clinical studies evaluating effects of EPO and atorvastatin in TBI
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of “The role of regulatory T cells in traumatic brain injury”
Key facts of T cells
Key facts of Tregs
Key facts of cytokines
Summary points
References
Chapter 15 The role of the chemokine prokineticin 2 in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
PK2 is upregulated after traumatic brain injury
Enhanced expression of PK2 is part of the response to traumatic brain injury
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Summary points
References
Chapter 16 The role of Na+,K+-ATPase on TBI-induced physiopathology
Introduction
Structural characteristics of Na+,K+-ATPase in the central nervous system
Structural features
Role of Na+,K+-ATPase in the mobility and synaptic transmission
Interaction with neurotransmitter receptors
TBI progress and Na+,K+-ATPase activity
Concluding remarks and perspectives
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Na+,K+-ATPase
Summary points
References
Chapter 17 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, metabolic enzymes, and energy derangement in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Structure, function and regulation
PDHC in human pathologies
PDHC in TBI
Changes in gene and protein expressions of PDHC, PDP, PDK and TCA cycle enzymes after graded TBI
Post-traumatic dynamics of cellular energetics
Clinical implications and therapeutic targeting
Concluding remarks
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of “pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, metabolic enzymes and energy derangement in traumatic brain injury”
Summary points
References
Chapter 18 Angiopoietin-1/Tie-2 signaling in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Ang-1 and Tie-2 in the vascular system
Overview
Regulation of Angiopoietin expression
Role of Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling in the brain
Expression of Ang-1 and Tie-2 in the brain
Neuroprotection and neurogenesis
Protective effects on BBB function
Roles of Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling in TBI
Candidate drugs for TBI that activate the Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling pathway in the brain
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Angiopoietin
Key facts of Tie-2
Key facts of the blood-brain barrier
Summary points
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 19 Brain microdialysis and applications to drug therapy in severe traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Main text
The central nervous system compartments and barriers
Transportation across brain barriers
Pharmacokinetics
Brain microdialysis
Application of brain microdialysis in CNS drug therapy
Pharmacokinetic modeling
Pharmacodynamics
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of brain microdialysis and applications to drug therapy in traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 20 Comparing radiation and traumatic brain injuries: New insights
Introduction
Different subsections of the main text
Structural changes in brain parenchyma resulting from TBI and radiation-induced brain injury
Structural changes in the vascular endothelium resulting from TBI or RBI
Activation of inflammatory responses following TBI and RBI
Inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response
Renin-angiotensin system, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ACE I, and angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers
Diagnostics for TBI and RBI: Neural proteins released into blood compartment following brain injuries
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 21 Sodium dysregulation in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Review of axon structure
Cellular models of axon stretch injury and sodium handling
Sodium interaction with cellular-level calcium
Voltage-gated sodium channels and spectrin
Longer term ionic effects of injury: Altered Nav expression and distribution in TBI
Multiple injuries and the effects on sodium
Interaction with and role of potassium
In vivo evidence of sodium derangement from sodium magnetic resonance imaging in human TBI subjects
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of sodium dysregulation in traumatic brain injury
Summary points
Funding
References
Chapter 22 WNT genes and their roles in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Diagnosis, treatment and current challenges
Role of the WNT signaling in the regeneration of injured CNS neurons
WNT signaling in the nervous system
Expression of WNTs during regeneration of injured CNS
The epigenome during regeneration of the nervous system
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of transcription
Summary points
References
Section C: Physiological and metabolic effects
Chapter 23 Circuit reorganization after diffuse axonal injury: Utility of the whisker barrel circuit
Introduction
Circuit damage and recovery: Adaptive and maladaptive responses
Neuroplasticity
Whisker barrel circuit (WBC)
Chronic post-traumatic morbidity in the WBC
Rehabilitation and recovery
Conclusions, outlook, and challenges
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of brain injury circuit reorganization
Summary points
Acknowledgments
Competing interests
References
Chapter 24 Neuroendocrine abnormalities following traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Pituitary gland physiology
Pathophysiology
Prevalence
Risk factors
Associations
Clinical course
Signs and symptoms
Corticotropin deficiency
Thyrotropin deficiency
Gonadotropin deficiency
Hyperprolactinemia
Growth hormone deficiency
DI and SIADH
Neuroimaging
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of confounding symptoms in traumatic brain injury with post-traumatic hypopituitarism
Summary points
References
Chapter 25 Thyroid hormone actions in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the brain
Thyroid hormone metabolism in the brain
Thyroid hormones and brain functioning
Neuroprotective actions of thyroid hormones in TBI
Thyroid hormones in TBI patients
Mechanisms of thyroid hormone impairment in TBI patients
Acute phase of TBI
Remote phase
Diagnosis of endocrine dysfunction in TBI patients
Future perspectives
Should thyroid hormone replacement be considered in TBI patients?
Genetic polymorphisms of deiodinase genes
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of thyroid hormone actions in the setting of traumatic brain injury
Key facts of thyroid hormones in TBI
Summary points
References
Chapter 26 Testosterone: Features and role in treating traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Traumatic brain injury: From epidemiology to pituitary dysfunction
Testosterone synthesis, metabolism and signal transduction
Testosterone implications for brain trauma
Conclusion
Testosterone applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of testosterone use in traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 27 The rate of empty sella (ES) in traumatic brain injury: Links with endocrine profiles
Introduction
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced hypopituitarism
Empty sella syndrome secondary to TBI and associated hypopituitarism
Treatment
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of “The rate of empty sella (ES) in traumatic brain injury: Links with endocrine profiles”
Key facts of empty sella
Key facts of post-traumatic hypopituitarism
Summary points
References
Chapter 28 Traumatic brain injury: Inter-relationship with sleep
Introduction
Sleep physiology
Types of sleep disturbance associated with TBI
TBI-induced damage to sleep associated brain regions
TBI-induced inflammation can affect sleep
Severity and circumstance of injury can affect the patient’s sleep
Conclusion/future directions
Application to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 29 Puberty and traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Endocrine disruptions in juveniles following TBI
Puberty
Delayed puberty
Precocious puberty
HPG axis
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and kisspeptin
Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
Testosterone and estrogen
Growth hormone
Timing of brain injury on puberty
Possible mechanisms of TBI-induced damage leading to pubertal dysfunction
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of puberty and traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 30 Role of endocannabinoids in the escalation of alcohol use following traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Initial pathophysiology of TBI: Mechanical injury exacerbated by neuroinflammation
TBI-induced synaptic hyperexcitability
TBI and alcohol consumption
Possible mechanisms of post-TBI escalation of alcohol drinking
Neuroinflammation
Activation of brain stress systems including the amygdala
Targeting the endocannabinoid system to treat the biobehavioral consequences of TBI
Endocannabinoid system pharmacology
Endocannabinoid system physiology and plasticity in CNS injury
The endocannabinoid system in psychiatric disorders
Regulation of the endocannabinoid system by alcohol
Anti-inflammatory actions of endocannabinoids in the context of TBI
Reduction of synaptic hyperexcitability via eCBs following TBI
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Key facts of traumatic brain injury
Key facts of cannabis and the endogenous cannabinoid system
Summary points
References
Chapter 31 Imaging connectivity and functional brain networks in mild traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Resting state fMRI—The basics
Data acquisition and processing
Analytical approaches to functional connectivity through rsfMRI
Seed-based analyses
Independent component analysis
Clustering algorithms
Graph methods
RsfMRI changes in early phase of injury
Changes in default mode network
Changes in other networks
RsfMRI changes in sub-acute phase of injury
RsfMRI changes in chronic phase of injury
Challenges related to rsfMRI evaluation of TBI data
Future prospects
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 32 Multi-shell diffusion MR imaging and brain microstructure after mild traumatic brain injury: A focus on working ...
Introduction
dMRI and MTBI
Single-shell dMRI and MTBI
Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and MTBI
DTI and MTBI
Multi-shell diffusion MRI and MTBI
DKI and MTBI
WMTI and MTBI
NODDI and MTBI
Working memory and dMRI
Working memory and dMRI in healthy subjects
Working memory and dMRI in MTBI
Summary
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI)
Summary points
Funding
References
Chapter 33 Monitoring real-time changes in physiology: Multi-modality neurologic monitoring for pediatric traumatic brain ...
Introduction
Neuromonitoring techniques
Intracranial pressure
Brain tissue oxygenation
Cerebral blood flow
Cerebral metabolism
Electroencephalography
Pupillometry
Pediatric TBI guidelines
Data integration
Integration and visualization of multi-modal neurologic monitoring systems
Clinical decision support
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of monitoring real-time changes in physiology: Multi-modality neurologic monitoring for pediatric traumatic brain ...
Summary points of monitoring real-time changes in physiology: Multi-modality neurologic monitoring for pediatric traumatic ...
References
Chapter 34 Blood gas, arterial, and end-tidal carbon dioxide in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
The importance of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in cerebral blood flow regulation
Clinical concerns related to hypocapnia
Basics of capnography
Current recommendations of ventilation therapies from Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines for sever TBI management
Capnography monitoring in adult severe TBI care
Utility and reliability of capnography monitoring in pre-hospital TBI care
Capnography monitoring in pediatric TBI care
Reliability of EtCO 2 as a surrogate for PaCO 2 in PICU
Agreement between PaCO 2 and EtCO 2 in hospitalized pediatric TBI
Future direction: Role of transcutaneous PCO 2 to estimate PaCO 2
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of how CO 2 change brain blood flow and how we measure it
Summary points
References
Chapter 35 Disturbances of cerebral microcirculation in traumatic brain injury: The role of changes in microcirculatory bi ...
Introduction
Blood viscosity impairment
Glia-mediated edema and capillary compression
Pericyte dysfunction
Vasoactive blood derivatives
Neurovascular coupling disorder
Intracranial hypertension and vascular wall tonus
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of cerebral microcirculation
Key facts of human blood
Summary points
References
Section D: Behavioral and psychological aspects
Chapter 36 Social cognition in traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Theoretical model of Cassel et al. (2016)
Social cognition components
Empathy
Anatomy
Empathy deficits in traumatic brain injury
Theory of mind
Anatomy
Theory of mind impairments in traumatic brain injury
Emotion perception
Anatomy
Emotion perception impairments in traumatic brain injury
Emotional self-awareness and self-regulation
Anatomy
Emotional self-awareness and self-regulation impairment in traumatic brain injury
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
References
Chapter 37 Physical exercise: Effects on cognitive function after traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Effects of physical exercise on the brain after a traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury induces primary and secondary injuries
Traumatic brain injury triggers endogenous compensation mechanisms
Exercise has neuroprotective and neuroreparative effects
Traumatic brain injury, physical exercise and cognition: Lessons from animal research
Physical exercise after traumatic brain injury: Influence of parameters of application
Delay from injury
Duration, amount, and intensity of physical exercise
Physical exercise prior to injury: Can it protect against post-TBI cognitive deficits?
Cognitive effects of physical exercise after traumatic brain injury: Clinical studies
Can specific exercise recommendations be prescribed for the cognitive rehabilitation of patients?
How to improve effective crosstalk between animal research and the clinical setting?
Final remark
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Key facts of cognitive sequelae of traumatic brain injury
Key facts of exercise effects on the brain and cognition after traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 38 Traumatic axonal injury as a key driver of the relationship between traumatic brain injury, cognitive dysfuncti ...
Defining traumatic brain injury: Severity and type of precipitating injury
Detecting traumatic axonal injury
Mechanisms of injury in TAI: Primary versus secondary axotomy
Degenerative changes in axons persist long-term following injury
TAI and cognitive dysfunction
Increased dementia risk following TBI: The role of TAI
Accumulation of amyloid beta within axons following TAI
Accumulation of tau within axons following TAI
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts about traumatic axonal injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 39 Neuropsychological functioning of children and youth after traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Definition and epidemiology
Pathophysiology and classification
Cognitive functioning after pediatric TBI
Intellectual ability
Attention
Processing speed
Memory
Executive functions
Language
Visuospatial abilities
Motor
Emotional and behavioral functioning after pediatric TBI
Behavioral functioning
Emotional functioning
Adaptive functioning
Long-term sequelae of pediatric TBI
Current limitations of existing research
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of neuropsychological functioning of children and youth after traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 40 Behavioral effects of traumatic brain injury: Use of guanosine
Introduction
Guanosine as a potential therapy on traumatic brain injury
TBI pathophysiology
Guanosine effects on acute neurochemical changes and early behavior impairments following TBI
Glutamate uptake and recycling
Mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal death, inflammation, and brain edema
Early behavior impairments following TBI
Guanosine effects on the long-term behavior, molecular, and morphological changes following TBI
Cellular targets in neuroprotection of guanosine
Modulation of glutamatergic system
Involvement of purinergic system as target of guanosine
Perspectives and conclusions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of behavioral effects of traumatic brain injury: Use of guanosine
Key facts of purinergic system
Summary points
References
Chapter 41 Recognizing emotions and effects of traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Emotion perception in TBI
Emotion recognition: Different stimuli and tasks
Multiple sensory channels
The valence’s effect
The physiological responsivity
Neural correlates of facial recognition impairment in TBI patients
The effects of emotion’s perception deficit on social cognition
Emotion perception deficits predict functional outcome
Interaction between emotion recognition, social cognition, and non-social cognition
Conclusion
Application to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of emotion perception
Summary points
References
Chapter 42 Cognitive communication connections and higher-level language with traumatic brain-injured population
TBI and higher-level language introduction
Figurative language skills, inferencing, proverbs, and TBI
Framework and language deficits connections
Prosody and TBI
Working memory and traumatic brain injury
Attention and TBI
Working memory and language
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of higher-level language
Summary points
References
Chapter 43 Self-awareness after severe traumatic brain injury: From impairment of self-awareness to psychological adjustment
Introduction
Theoretical frameworks and explanatory models of ISA
Theoretical frameworks on ISA
Explanatory models for ISA
The assessment of ISA
Clinical observation
Structured/semi-structured interviews
Comparison between patients’ self-assessment and their performance on neuropsychological of functional tests
Comparison between patient’s self-report and clinician/relative’s report
Some critical issues related to the assessment of ISA
The dual aspect of reporting a functional problem after sTBI: From ISA to denial
The neuro-rehabilitation of ISA
Preliminary issues
From compensation to experience-based approach on ISA
The holistic approach: The neuro-rehabilitation team and the family system
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of impairment in self-awareness after severe traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 44 Disentangling antecedents from consequences of traumatic brain injury: The need for prospective longitudinal st ...
Introduction
Aggressive behavior and criminal offending observed in samples of TBI patients
Comparing TBI patients and healthy individuals within birth or population cohorts
TBIs in samples of criminal offenders
The development of those who become criminals
Do TBIs sustained in early childhood increase the risk of subsequent conduct problems?
Childhood conduct problems and accidents
Do conduct problems and inattention-hyperactivity in middle childhood increase the risk of subsequent TBIs?
Why or how would childhood CP increase the risk of accidents and TBIs?
Could treatments for CP and inattention reduce the risk of TBIs?
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts about TBIs
Key facts about childhood conduct problems and inattention
Summary points
References
Chapter 45 The link between sleep and quality of life in childhood traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Prevalence and assessment of sleep–wake disturbances in child TBI
Proposed causes of SWD in child TBI
Primary causes of SWD in child TBI
Secondary causes of SWD in child TBI
Sleep outcomes in childhood TBI
Factors associated with SWD in child TBI
Injury-related factors associated with SWD
Demographic and psychosocial factors associated with SWD
Quality of life in childhood TBI
Sleep and QoL in childhood TBI: Gaps in the literature
Conclusion
Application to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts about sleep and quality of life in children with TBI
Summary points
References
Index
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