Sleep is the natural state of bodily rest, common to all mammals and birds and also seen in many reptiles, amphibians and fish. For most species, regular sleep is essential for survival, yet the specific purposes of sleep are still only partly clear and are the subject of intense research. This volume is comprised of the editors' selection of the most relevant articles on sleep from the Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, resulting in the first comprehensive collection of introductory articles on the neuroscience of sleep. Articles explore sleep's impact on neural functioning, sleep disorders, the relation between sleep and other clinical disorders, a look at sleep from a developmental perspective, and more. * Chapters offer impressive scope with topics addressing neural functioning, disorders, development, and more, carefully selected by one of the most preeminent sleep researchers * Richly illustrated in full color with over 100 figures * Contributors represent the most outstanding scholarship in the field, with each chapter providing fully vetted and reliable expert knowledge
Author(s): Robert Stickgold, Matthew P. Walker
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
Language: English
Pages: 375
The Neuroscience of Sleep......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
INTRODUCTION......Page 16
History of Sleep Research......Page 18
REM Behavior Disorder......Page 21
Further Reading......Page 22
DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SLEEP......Page 24
Sleep Architecture......Page 26
Neurophysiological Basis of Sleep Stage Changes......Page 29
Recent Discoveries Regarding the Brain in Sleep......Page 30
Summary......Page 31
Further Reading......Page 32
Confusional Arousals......Page 33
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder......Page 34
Conclusion......Page 35
Further Reading......Page 36
Slow-Wave and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep......Page 37
Three Major Oscillations Define Slow-Wave Sleep......Page 38
Fast Oscillations during REM Sleep and Wakefulness......Page 39
Synaptic Plasticity Induced by Sleep Oscillations......Page 41
Ponto-Geniculo-Occipital Waves......Page 42
Further Reading......Page 43
Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep......Page 45
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep......Page 47
Neuroimaging and Dreams......Page 49
Further Reading......Page 50
Introduction......Page 52
The Basics: A Two-Stage Model of Memory Trace Formation......Page 53
Hippocampal Replay of Waking Patterns during Sleep......Page 54
Interactions between Neocortex and Hippocampus during Sleep......Page 55
Conclusions......Page 57
Further Reading......Page 58
Feedback and Rhythms......Page 59
Network Reactivation Increases during Sleep......Page 60
Characterization of Reactivation Properties......Page 62
Reactivation at the Molecular Level......Page 63
Dreams, Waking, and Sleep Mentation......Page 65
Further Reading......Page 66
Hundreds of Genes in the Brain Change Their Expression between Sleep and Waking......Page 67
Three Functional Categories of Waking Genes Are Conserved from Flies to Mammals......Page 69
The Expression of Several Genes Changes after Chronic, but Not Acute, Sleep Loss......Page 71
Conclusions......Page 72
Further Reading......Page 73
ONTOGENY AND PHYLOGENY OF SLEEP......Page 74
Mammalian Sleep......Page 76
Aquatic Mammals......Page 77
Early Ontogeny of Mammalian Sleep......Page 78
Avian Sleep......Page 79
Early Ontogeny of Avian Sleep......Page 80
Corticocortical Connectivity and SWS......Page 81
Comparative Perspectives on the Functions of Sleep......Page 82
Sleep in Invertebrates......Page 83
Further Reading......Page 84
Adolescent Development and the Waking Electroencephalogram......Page 85
Adolescent Development and the Sleeping EEG......Page 86
Homeostatic Process (Process S)......Page 87
Circadian Timing (Process C)......Page 88
Interaction of Process S and Process C......Page 89
Sleep Habits and Adolescent Development......Page 90
Further Reading......Page 92
Treatment of Circadian Rhythm Disturbances......Page 93
Medical and Psychiatric Illness and Insomnia......Page 94
Pharmacological therapy......Page 95
Significance of SDB in development......Page 97
Conclusion......Page 98
Relevant Websites......Page 99
CONTROL OF SLEEP AND SLEEP STATES......Page 100
Thalamic Pacemakers for Sleep Spindle Oscillations......Page 102
Dialog between the Thalamus and Cortex: Emergence of Large-Scale Synchrony......Page 104
Further Reading......Page 105
Electrocortical and Behavioral Arousal: The Ascending Reticular Activating System......Page 106
New Perspective on the ARAS......Page 107
Sleep - Turning the Ascending Arousal System Off......Page 108
Flip-Flop Switch Stability and the Lateral Hypothalamic Area......Page 109
Circadian Regulation of Sleep......Page 110
Hypothalamic Circadian Integrator for Sleep-Wake Regulation......Page 111
Further Reading......Page 112
Physiology of Histaminergic Neurons......Page 114
Amines......Page 115
Purines......Page 116
H1 Receptors......Page 117
H2 Receptors......Page 118
H3 Receptors......Page 119
Histamine and Synaptic Plasticity......Page 120
Control of Waking and Arousal......Page 121
Conclusion......Page 122
Further Reading......Page 123
TNF-alpha in Sleep Regulation......Page 124
TNF Cell Biology......Page 126
Brain Organization of Sleep and TNF-alpha......Page 127
Regulation of REMS by Prolactin and Related Molecules......Page 128
A Proposed Mechanism for PRL-Enhanced REMS......Page 129
Further Reading......Page 130
Projections and Role of Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus Neurons in Arousal......Page 131
Projections and Role of Serotonergic Raphe Neurons in Waking and Sleeping......Page 134
Further Reading......Page 135
Cholinergic Systems in the Brain......Page 136
Cholinergic Systems and Cortical Activation of Waking......Page 137
Cholinergic Systems and REM Sleep......Page 138
Further Reading......Page 139
Sleep Regulation: Wake-Active Dopamine Neurons......Page 140
Dopaminergic Disorders and Sleep: PD......Page 142
Dopamine and Stimulant-Induced Arousal......Page 143
Further Reading......Page 144
SLEEP AND AROUSAL STATES......Page 146
Wiring Diagram......Page 148
Intrinsic Properties......Page 149
Slow-Wave Sleep......Page 150
Muscle Tone and Locomotion......Page 151
Stimulants......Page 152
Arousal and Sleep Disorders......Page 153
Further Reading......Page 154
Etiology......Page 155
Nightmare Frequency versus Nightmare Distress......Page 156
Nightmares and Sleep Physiology......Page 157
Case Report - Adult......Page 158
Conclusion and Future Directions......Page 159
Further Reading......Page 160
Brain Death......Page 161
Coma......Page 162
MCS......Page 163
Coma......Page 164
Brain Death......Page 165
VS......Page 166
LIS......Page 169
Further Reading......Page 170
CIRCADIAN......Page 172
Hierarchy and Cell-Autonomous Nature of Circadian Clocks in Mammals......Page 174
Functional Differences between Circadian Clocks in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Peripheral Tissues, and Fibroblasts......Page 175
The Search for Critical Output Signals of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus......Page 177
Further Reading......Page 179
Three Stages of Sleep Development......Page 180
Sleep Regulation......Page 181
Development of the Circadian System......Page 182
Sleep and Circadian Development Continues throughout Life......Page 183
Further Reading......Page 184
Hundreds of Genes in the Brain Change Their Expression between Sleep and Waking......Page 185
Three Functional Categories of Waking Genes Are Conserved from Flies to Mammals......Page 187
The Expression of Several Genes Changes after Chronic, but Not Acute Sleep Loss......Page 189
Conclusions......Page 190
Further Reading......Page 191
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders......Page 192
Diagnosis......Page 193
Pathophysiology......Page 194
Summary......Page 196
Further Reading......Page 197
Subjective Measures of Fatigue and Alertness......Page 198
Electroencephalographic and Ocular Measures......Page 199
Interindividual and Intraindividual Variability......Page 200
Forced Desynchrony......Page 201
Accident Risk......Page 202
Further Reading......Page 203
PHARMACOLOGY OF SLEEP......Page 204
Modafinil Pharmacology......Page 206
Amphetamine Pharmacology......Page 207
Caffeine......Page 208
Further Reading......Page 210
General Pharmacology of Sleep......Page 212
Adenosine as a Potential Target of Hypnotics......Page 214
Adenosine Receptors as Therapeutic Targets......Page 216
Nucleoside Transporters as Therapeutic Targets......Page 217
Allosteric Modulators as Therapeutic Agents......Page 218
Allosteric Modulators of the A3 Adenosine Receptor Subtype......Page 219
Adenosine as a Therapeutic Agent for Other Diseases......Page 220
Further Reading......Page 221
SLEEP FUNCTION......Page 222
Key Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary......Page 224
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone......Page 226
Further Reading......Page 227
Human Models......Page 228
Animal Models......Page 229
Sleep Deprivation in Humans......Page 230
Further Reading......Page 232
Thermoregulatory Responses to Thermal Challenge Are Influenced by Sleep......Page 233
Temperature-Sensing Neurons in the Hypothalamus Control Body Temperature......Page 234
Acute Sleep Deprivation: Interactions with Circadian Control of Body Temperature......Page 235
Thermoregulatory Changes Influence Sleep Onset and Sleep Maintenance......Page 236
Further Reading......Page 237
Dreaming......Page 238
Cardiovascular Reflexes Mediating Autonomic Activity......Page 239
Measures of Autonomic Cardiovascular Regulation......Page 240
REM Sleep and Heart Rate/Rhythm......Page 241
REM Sleep and Autonomics in the Setting of Cardiovascular Disease......Page 242
Further Reading......Page 243
Memory Categories......Page 245
Memory Stages......Page 246
Sleep and Memory Encoding......Page 247
Declarative Memory......Page 248
Motor learning......Page 250
Procedural memory and daytime naps......Page 251
Overnight Reorganization of Memory Representations......Page 253
Further Reading......Page 255
History of Sleep Research......Page 256
Sleep Deprivation and the Propensity to Fall Asleep......Page 257
Sleep Deprivation and Basic Cognitive and Psychomotor Performance......Page 258
Sleep Deprivation, Mood, and Emotion......Page 259
Polysomnography and Waking EEG and Electrooculography Effects of Chronic Sleep Restriction......Page 260
Differential Neurobehavioral Vulnerability to Sleep Loss......Page 262
Further Reading......Page 263
Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Sleep Deprivation......Page 264
Learning Tasks......Page 265
Working Memory......Page 266
Compensatory Recruitment Hypothesis......Page 267
Further Reading......Page 268
Changes in Napping Behaviors across the Life Span......Page 269
Physiological Evidence for 'Nap Zone'......Page 270
Behavioral Markers for the 'Nap' Zone......Page 271
Napping in Sleep-Deprived Conditions......Page 272
Summary......Page 273
Relevant Website......Page 274
SLEEP DISORDERS......Page 276
Sleep Apneas Are Neurally Mediated......Page 278
Obstructive Sleep Apnea......Page 279
Obstructive Sleep Apnea......Page 280
Central Sleep Apnea......Page 281
Obstructive Sleep Apnea......Page 282
Future Directions......Page 283
Further Reading......Page 284
Dissociated REM Sleep in Narcolepsy......Page 285
Neurobiology of the Hypocretin Systems and Relevance to Narcolepsy......Page 286
Is Narcolepsy an Autoimmune Disorder?......Page 289
Narcolepsy without Cataplexy......Page 290
Therapies for Narcolepsy......Page 291
Further Reading......Page 292
Clinical Features of Cataplexy......Page 293
Physiological and Pathophysiological Aspects of Cataplexy......Page 295
Cataplexy and Hypocretin/Orexin Deficiency......Page 296
Relevant Website......Page 299
Historical Notes and Current Prevalence......Page 300
Stages of Sleeping Sickness, Treatment, and Neurological Signs......Page 301
Neuropathological Findings......Page 302
Neuroinflammation in Trypanosoma brucei-Infected Rodents......Page 303
Involvement of Neural Centers That Regulate Circadian Rhythms and Sleep......Page 304
The Blood-Brain Barrier and Implications for Treatment......Page 305
Further Reading......Page 306
DREAMING......Page 308
Carryover Effects of REM Dreaming......Page 310
Sleep paralysis episodes......Page 311
Effects of REM deprivation on consolidation......Page 312
Dream Content and Memory Consolidation......Page 313
REM deprivation and depression......Page 314
Conclusion......Page 315
Further Reading......Page 316
Changes in the Brain and in the Body during Sleep; Changes in Consciousness......Page 317
Formal Analysis of Dream Content......Page 318
Input-Output Gating......Page 320
Efferent Copy Generation......Page 321
Convergence of Physiology, Psychology, and Philosophy......Page 322
AIM: An Integrated Model of the Human Brain Mind......Page 323
Further Reading......Page 324
The Activation-Synthesis Model......Page 325
Hallucinatory Quality......Page 326
Personal Motives, Values, and Emotions......Page 327
Circadian Influences on Sleep Mentation......Page 328
Sleep State Ambiguity and Mentation Features......Page 329
Further Reading......Page 330
Dream Recall and Nightmare-Related PTSD......Page 331
Victims of War and Violence......Page 332
Sensitization Hypothesis of PTSD Nightmares......Page 333
Potential Psychophysiological and Neurobiological Underpinnings of PTSD-Related Nightmares......Page 334
Imagery Rescripting and Rehearsal......Page 335
Other Pharmacological Agents......Page 336
Relevant Websites......Page 337
Nightmare Prevalence and Correlates......Page 338
Boundary permeability......Page 339
Threat simulation......Page 340
REM sleep desomatization......Page 341
Affective network dysfunction......Page 342
Further Reading......Page 344
Manipulation of Presleep Experience in the Sleep Laboratory......Page 345
Incorporation of Presleep Experience into Sleep Onset Dreaming......Page 346
Form of Waking Experience Incorporations......Page 347
Emotional Value and Waking Experience Incorporation......Page 348
Recent Memories, Dreaming, and Memory Consolidation......Page 349
Neural Basis for Dream Incorporation of Recent Events: Connection to Declarative Memory Consolidation?......Page 350
Further Reading......Page 351
Subject Index......Page 352
