The Migration Turn and Eastern Europe: A Global Historical Sociological Analysis

Titles Published
Titles Forthcoming
Acknowledgements
Praise for The Migration Turn and Eastern Europe
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction: Trillion-Dollar Bill or a Nightmare?
1.1 A Polarizing Debate on Migration
1.2 Formulating the Problem; Overview of the Analysis
1.3 General Theoretical Questions and Hypotheses
1.3.1 A Dynamic Unity of Historical Processes
1.3.2 The Concept of Marketization
1.3.3 Lukács: Reification
1.3.4 Gramsci: Hegemony and Historical-Political Blocs
1.3.5 Polányi: Double Movement, Fictitious Commodity, and Embeddedness
1.3.6 The Social Background of Migration Conflicts and Competition
1.3.7 Inner Reflexivity
Bibliography
2 The Migration Turn and Demographic Discourses in the 1980s
2.1 The Migration Turn from the 1980s Onwards and Opening-Up to Globalization
2.2 The Internal Tensions and Contradictions of Global Population Discourses in the 1980s Concerning Migration
2.2.1 Historical Introduction. Free Markets and an Abortion Ban Instead of Progress: Neoconservatism and the New Era
2.3 Discursive Patterns of the Elites, Biopolitics, and the Opening-Up to Globalization
2.3.1 Biopolitics, Transnational Demography and Migration Discourses: A Note on Sources, Concepts, and Methodology
2.3.2 The Rise of Migration as a Distinct Discursive Category in the 1960s and 1970s: National Modernization and Urban Migration
2.3.3 Crisis and Coloniality: The Malthusian Discourses in Population Policy and Demographic Analyses
2.3.4 From Internal to External Migration: Immigration Panic and the Ambivalence of Migration as a Crisis Management Tool in Malthusian Discourse
2.3.5 Demographic Transition and Migration in the 1980s. Further Contradictions
2.3.6 Socialist Modernization Discourses and Demographic Sovereignty in the 1980s
2.3.7 Conservative Demographic Discourses and Migration in the 1980s
2.3.8 Ethnic-Narodnik Discourses Based on Ethnic Competition and the Question of Migration
2.3.9 Revitalization Discourses and Migration
2.3.10 Developmentalist Critical Discourses and Migration
2.3.11 Discursive Patterns in the 1980s: An Overview of Discursive Elements and Their Historical Consequences
Bibliography
3 Historical Material Structures and Processes
3.1 Demographic Changes, Increasing Welfare Competition and Global Marketization
3.1.1 Market Euphoria
3.1.2 Towards Historical-Materialist Macro-Models of Migration
3.1.3 Has Emigration Globally Increased? Changes in the Proportions and Number of Emigrants After 1990
3.1.4 The Rise in the Intensity of Migration and Population Aging: Shortages in Care Work and Increasing Competition for Welfare
3.1.5 The Rise in Migration and Cumulative Causation
3.1.6 Modernization Factors and Increasing Migration Capacity
3.1.6.1 Fertility
3.1.6.2 GDP Per Capita
3.1.6.3 Education
3.1.6.4 Long-Term Decline in Agricultural Employment
3.1.7 Rising Levels of Migration: Factors Associated with World-Systems Theories
3.1.7.1 Opening-Up to Global Markets and the Increasing Mobility of Capital
3.1.7.2 Exports as a Share of GDP
3.1.8 Further Potential Factors: Unemployment and the Evolution of Wage Differences
3.1.9 Opening-Up to Global Markets and Migration Levels: The Construction of Multivariate Historical Models
3.2 Why Europe? Europe’s Place in the World’s Demographic, Economic, and Migration Processes
3.2.1 Key Macro-Processes Related to the Migration Turn in Europe
3.2.2 Net Migration on a Continental Level
3.2.3 The Historical Evolution of Global Migration Links Between 1990 and 2010: Changes in the Migration Network of Europe and the Other Continents
3.2.3.1 1990–1995
3.2.3.2 1995–2000
3.2.3.3 2000–2005
3.2.3.4 2005–2010
3.2.4 The Historical Conjunction Between the Increase of Migration, Population Decline, and Economic Marginalization
3.2.5 Was It Really Such a Great Shock? Some Spatial Aspects of the Most Recent Refugee Crisis and Europe’s Involvement in Granting Asylum
3.3 Why Eastern Europe? The Place of Eastern Europe in the Demographic, Economic, and Migration Processes of the World
3.3.1 Neoliberal Capitalism and the Eastern European Transformation: In the Footsteps of Polányi
3.3.2 Net Migration Patterns Within Europe
3.3.3 Eastern Europe and Marketization: Population Decline, Unequal Exchange, and Emigration
3.4 Varieties of Migratory Capitalisms Within Eastern Europe and Key Elements of a Potential Typology
3.4.1 East-Central European Countries in Defense of Relative Prosperity: The Shift from Sending Country to Destination Status in the Richest Countries of the Former Socialist Bloc (Type 1: Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, and Slovenia)
3.4.2 Sending and Receiving: Fictitious Migration Exchange and the Migration Competition Hypothesis in the East-Central European Group, with Special Reference to Hungary
3.4.3 The Globalization Shock and Eastern European Countries in an Emigration Trap (Type 2: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, Romania, and Serbia)
3.4.4 Diverging Migratory Capitalisms of Post-Soviet States: From Managed Neoliberalism to Total Collapse: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Armenia, Georgia, and Ukraine (Type 3)
3.4.4.1 Estonia Following the East-Central European Countries
3.4.4.2 Latvia and Lithuania in the Grip of Emigration
3.4.5 Transformation Crises in Ukraine, Moldavia, Armenia, and Georgia (Type 3)
3.4.6 Summary of the Historical Material Background
Bibliography
4 Discursive Changes
4.1 Revolt of the Masses? Geo-Cultural Maps, Blocs, and the Evolution of Public Views in Eastern European Societies
4.2 Growing Fears of Migration or Growing Dissent in Europe? Further Opinion Polls and Divisions on the Continent
4.3 Marketization and the Discourses of Global and Professional Elites
4.3.1 The Stagnating Importance of Migration as a Topic
4.3.2 Politics of Migration and Growing Polarization in Global Population Policies
4.4 International Migration as an Abstract Market Category and the Discursive Context of the Polarizing Debate
4.4.1 From National Migration Markets to Global Markets: Establishing Migration as a General Market Category
4.4.2 The Theoretical Background of Migration as an Abstract Market Category: Reification, Fictitious Commodities, Fictitious Exchanges, and Neoliberal Rationality
4.4.3 The Bloc in Support of Marketization, and Its Actors: Market Rationality and the Idea of Exploiting Migration as Supported by World Bank Documents
4.4.4 The Utilitarian Management of Migration and the Evolution of Population Discourses and Policies
4.4.4.1 The Pro-market Bloc and Elements Linked to the Malthusian Discourse: Migration as a Means of Tackling Poverty and Inequality
4.4.4.2 The Pro-market Bloc and Elements of Demographic Transition and Modernization Discourses: The Principle of Hierarchical Progress and the Migration Transition
4.4.4.3 The Pro-market Bloc and Remnants of Socialist Modernization in Eastern European Discourses
4.4.4.4 The Pro-market Bloc and Conservative and Revitalization Discourses
4.4.4.5 The Pro-market Bloc and Pro-development Discourses During the Age of Globalization
4.4.5 The Anti-migrant Bloc: Fears and Changes
4.4.5.1 The Anti-migrant Bloc and Elements of the Malthusian Discourse
4.4.5.2 The Anti-migrant Bloc and the Third Demographic Transition
4.4.5.3 The Anti-migrant Bloc, Neoconservative and Revitalization Discourses, and the Great Replacement
Bibliography
5 Conclusion
5.1 Eastern Europe and the Fear of Population Replacement
5.2 Global Implications
Bibliography
Appendix
Index