The Measurement Instrumentation and Sensors Handbook describes the use of instruments and techniques for practical measurements required in engineering, physics, chemistry, and the life sciences.The book examines:SensorsHardwareSoftwareTechniquesInformation processing systemsAutomatic data acquisitionReduction and analysis as well as their incorporation for control purposesOrganized according to the measurement problem, each section addresses the different ways of making a measurement for a given variable. Chapters present information on three levels:Basic information without equations and a description of the subject that can be understood by the newcomerDetailed text and mathematical treatment essential for discovering applications and solving problems outside one's field of specialtyAdvanced applications of the subject, evaluative opinions, and areas for future studyThe Measurement, Instrumentation and Sensors Handbook provides a graded level of difficulty from start to finish, serving the reference needs of the broadest group of readers. Edited by one of the more noted instrumentation experts in the world, the book contains nearly 150 contributions, covering all aspects on the design and implementation of various instrumentation. 2 Vol set has been combined into one book
Author(s): John G. Webster
Series: Electrical Engineering Handbook
Edition: 1
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 1998
Language: English
Pages: 2630
Preface......Page 3
Advisory Board......Page 5
Contributors......Page 7
Contents......Page 15
I.- Measurement Characteristics......Page 24
1.- Characteristics of Instrumentation......Page 25
2.- Operational Modes of Instrumentation......Page 32
3.- Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Instrumentation......Page 39
4.- Measurement Accuracy......Page 61
5.- Measurement Standards......Page 74
II.- Spatial Variables Measurement......Page 86
6.- Displacement Measurement, Linear and Angular......Page 88
6.1 Resistive Displacement Sensors......Page 90
6.2 Inductive Displacement Sensors......Page 103
6.3 Capacitive Sensors—Displacement......Page 124
6.4 Piezoelectric Transducers and Sensors......Page 140
6.5 Laser Interferometer Displacement Sensors......Page 153
6.6 Bore Gaging Displacement Sensors......Page 165
6.7 Time-of-Flight Ultrasonic Displacement Sensors......Page 179
6.8 Optical Encoder Displacement Sensors......Page 186
6.9 Magnetic Displacement Sensors......Page 207
6.10 Synchro/Resolver Displacement Sensors......Page 216
6.11 Optical Fiber Displacement Sensors......Page 229
6.12 Optical Beam Deflection Sensing......Page 244
7.-Thickness Measurement......Page 254
8.- Proximity Sensing for Robotics......Page 263
9.- Distance......Page 279
10.- Position, Location, Altitude Measurement......Page 296
10.1 Altitude Measurement......Page 297
10.2 Attitude Measurement......Page 312
10.3 Inertial Navigation......Page 330
10.4 Satellite Navigation and Radiolocation......Page 344
10.5 Occupancy Detection......Page 357
11.- Level Measurement......Page 368
12.- Area Measurement......Page 388
13.- Volume Measurement......Page 400
14.- Angle Measurement......Page 420
15.- Tilt Measurement......Page 427
16.- Velocity Measurement......Page 438
17.-Acceleration,Vibration, and Shock Measurement......Page 453
III.-Time and Frequency Measurement......Page 485
18.- Time Measurement......Page 487
19.- Frequency Measurement......Page 503
IV.- Mechanical Variables Measurement — Solid......Page 527
20.- Mass and Weight Measurement......Page 529
21.- Density Measurement......Page 539
22.- Strain Measurement......Page 554
23.- Force Measurement......Page 573
24.- Torque and Power Measurement......Page 589
25.- Tactile Sensing......Page 605
26.- Pressure and Sound Measurement......Page 622
27.- Acoustic Measurement......Page 679
28.- Flow Measurement......Page 704
28.1 Differential Pressure Flowmeters......Page 705
28.2 Variable Area Flowmeters......Page 717
28.3 Positive Displacement Flowmeters......Page 737
28.4 Turbine and Vane Flowmeters......Page 744
28.5 Impeller Flowmeters......Page 760
28.6 Electromagnetic Flowmeters......Page 767
28.7 Ultrasonic Flowmeters......Page 778
28.8 Vortex Shedding Flowmeters......Page 793
28.9 Thermal Mass Flow Sensors......Page 803
28.10 Coriolis Effect Mass Flowmeters......Page 822
28.11 Drag Force Flowmeters......Page 826
29.- Point Velocity Measurement......Page 835
30.- Viscosity Measurement......Page 890
31.- Surface Tension Measurement......Page 912
VI.- Mechanical Variables Measurement — Thermal......Page 926
32.-Temperature Measurement......Page 927
32.1 Bimaterials Thermometers......Page 928
32.2 Resistive Thermometers......Page 939
32.3 Thermistor Thermometers......Page 951
32.4 Thermocouple Thermometers......Page 967
32.5 Semiconductor Junction Thermometers......Page 1000
32.6 Infrared Thermometers......Page 1012
32.7 Pyroelectric Thermometers......Page 1034
32.8 Liquid-In-Glass Thermometers......Page 1043
32.9 Manometric Thermometers......Page 1054
32.10 Temperature Indicators......Page 1062
32.11 Fiber-Optic Thermometers......Page 1077
33.- Thermal Conductivity Measurement......Page 1088
34.- Heat Flux......Page 1099
35.- Thermal Imaging......Page 1114
36.- Calorimetry Measurement......Page 1134
VII.- Electromagnetic Variables Measurement......Page 1150
37.- Voltage Measurement......Page 1152
38.- Current Measurement......Page 1199
39.- Power Measurement......Page 1218
40.- Power Factor Measurement......Page 1251
41.- Phase Measurement......Page 1270
42.- Energy Measurement......Page 1289
43.- Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity......Page 1297
44.- Charge Measurement......Page 1311
45.- Capacitance and Capacitance Measurements......Page 1322
46.- Permittivity Measurement......Page 1349
47.- Electric Field Strength......Page 1361
48.- Magnetic Field Measurement......Page 1374
49.- Permeability and Hysteresis Measurement......Page 1407
50.- Inductance Measurement......Page 1416
51.- Immittance Measurement......Page 1429
52.- Q Factor Measurement......Page 1448
53.- Distortion Measurement......Page 1455
54.- Noise Measurement......Page 1467
55.- Microwave Measurement......Page 1491
VIII.- Optical Variables Measurement......Page 1514
56.- Photometry and Radiometry......Page 1515
57.- Densitometry Measurement......Page 1553
58.- Colorimetry......Page 1570
59.- Optical Loss......Page 1591
60.- Polarization Measurement......Page 1604
61.- Refractive Index Measurement......Page 1628
62.- Turbidity Measurement......Page 1638
63.- Laser Output Measurement......Page 1647
64.- Vision and Image Sensors......Page 1663
IX Radiation Measurement......Page 1681
65 Radioactivity Measurement......Page 1683
66.- Radioactivity Measurement......Page 1701
67.- Charged Particle Measurement......Page 1728
68.- Neutron Measurement......Page 1751
69.-Dosimetry Measurement......Page 1760
X Chemical Variables Measurement......Page 1776
70.1 Electrochemical Composition Measurement......Page 1777
70.2 Thermal Composition Measurement......Page 1825
70.3 Kinetic Methods......Page 1837
70.4 Chromatography Composition Measurement......Page 1850
71.- pH Measurement......Page 1867
72.- Humidity and Moisture Measurement......Page 1883
72.1 Gases......Page 1885
72.2 Liquids and Solids......Page 1891
72.4 Calibration......Page 1893
72.5 Developments......Page 1894
73.1 Meteorological Measurement......Page 1896
73.2 Air Pollution Measurement......Page 1911
73.3 Water Quality Measurement......Page 1927
73.4 Satellite Imaging and Sensing......Page 1936
XI Biomedical Variables Measurement......Page 1958
74.- Biopotentials and Electrophysiology Measurement......Page 1959
75.- Blood Pressure Measurement......Page 1978
76.- Blood Flow Measurements......Page 2001
77.- Ventilation Measurement......Page 2010
78.- Blood Chemistry Measurement......Page 2025
79.- Medical Imaging......Page 2044
80.- Amplifiers and Signal Conditioners......Page 2068
81.- Modulation......Page 2102
82.- Filters......Page 2120
83.- Spectrum Analysis and Correlation......Page 2151
84.- Applied Intelligence Processing......Page 2174
85.- Analog-to-Digital Converters......Page 2197
86.- Computers......Page 2219
87.- Telemetry......Page 2240
88.- Sensor Networks and Communication......Page 2258
89.- Electromagnetic Compatibility......Page 2276
90.- Human Factors in Displays......Page 2295
91.- Cathode Ray Tube Displays......Page 2305
92.- Liquid Crystal Displays......Page 2318
93.- Plasma-Driven Flat Panel Displays......Page 2340
94.- Electroluminescent Displays......Page 2369
95.- Light-Emitting Diode Displays......Page 2382
96.- Reading/Recording Devices......Page 2392
XIV Control......Page 2435
97.- PID Control......Page 2436
98.- Optimal Control......Page 2444
99.- Electropneumatic and Electrohydraulic Instruments: Modeling......Page 2457
100.- Explosion-Proof Instruments......Page 2468
101.- Brush,Brushless, and dc Stepping Motors......Page 2486
Appendix Units and Conversions......Page 2494
