The MD Anderson Manual of Medical Oncology

Cover
The MD Anderson Manual of Medical Oncology
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
A Brief History of MD Anderson Cancer Center
Foreword
Preface
Leukemia
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND LABORATORY ABNORMALITIES
DIAGNOSIS
FRONTLINE THERAPY
SALVAGE THERAPY
EMERGING THERAPIES: MD ANDERSON APPROACH
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia
EPIDEMIOLOGY, ETIOLOGY, AND RISK FACTORS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION
RISK STRATIFICATION OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
TREATMENT OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
INDUCTION THERAPY IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
TREATMENT OF YOUNGER PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
TREATMENT OF PATIENTS 60 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER
TREATMENT OF CORE-BINDING FACTOR ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
MAINTENANCE THERAPY IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
RELAPSED OR REFRACTORY ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
SUPPORTIVE CARE
ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
MINIMAL OR MEASURABLE RESIDUAL DISEASE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Associated Disorders
EPIDEMIOLOGY
BIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
LABORATORY FEATURES
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
STAGING
PROGNOSIS
TREATMENT
TRANSFORMATION
HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA
PROLYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
LARGE GRANULAR LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
REFERENCES
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
EPIDEMIOLOGY
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND NATURAL HISTORY
DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL WORK-UP
PROGNOSTIC TOOLS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA
RESPONSE DEFINITION
FRONTLINE TREATMENT OPTIONS
MONITORING RESPONSE
WHEN TO SWITCH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR THERAPY
MANAGEMENT OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR RESISTANCE
SECONDAND THIRD-GENERATION TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS
TREATMENT-FREE REMISSION (TFR)
ADVANCED STAGE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES
Myelodysplastic Syndromes: The MD Anderson Cancer Center Approach
THE MD ANDERSON APPROACH TO PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL AND LABORATORY FEATURES
BONE MARROW FEATURES
DIAGNOSIS
PROGNOSIS
THERAPY
SPECIFIC CLINICAL SITUATIONS
REFERENCES
Philadelphia Chromosome-Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
INTRODUCTION
POLYCYTHEMIA VERA
ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA
PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS
CHRONIC EOSINOPHILIC DISORDERS: HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME/CHRONIC EOSINOPHILIC LEUKEMIA
CHRONIC NEUTROPHILIC LEUKEMIA
MAST CELL DISEASE/SYSTEMIC MASTOCYTOSIS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Lymphoma and Myeloma
Follicular Lymphoma
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
HISTOLOGIC, IMMUNOPHENOTYPIC, AND MOLECULAR FEATURES
IN SITU FOLLICULAR NEOPLASIA
DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP AND STAGING
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
POSTTREATMENT MONITORING
SURVEILLANCE IMAGING
TREATMENT OF EARLY-STAGE FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMAS
MANAGEMENT OF ADVANCEDSTAGE FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMAS
MAINTENANCE AND CONSOLIDATION THERAPY
SALVAGE THERAPY
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Marginal Zone and Other Small Cell Lymphomas
MARGINAL ZONE LYMPHOMA
SMALL LYMPHOCYTIC LYMPHOMA/ CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
REFERENCES
Aggressive B-Cell Lymphomas
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
CLINICOPATHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS
STAGING AND INITIAL EVALUATION
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
APPROACH TO THERAPY
SPECIAL TYPES AND SITUATIONS OF LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMAS
RESPONSE AND FOLLOW-UP
NEW DIRECTIONS
REFERENCES
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
INCIDENCE AND POSSIBLE PREDISPOSING RISK FACTORS
DECODING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF MCL
MAJOR PATHOGENETIC FEATURES OF MCL
CLINICAL WORKUP AND DIAGNOSIS OF MCL
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN MCL
TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MCL
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST DISCLOSURES
REFERENCES
Nodal Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
EPIDEMIOLOGY
INCIDENCE AND OUTCOMES
PATHOGENESIS AND HISTOLOGY
ANGIOIMMUNOBLASTIC T-CELL LYMPHOMA
CLINICAL COURSE
DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING
PROGNOSIS
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT
UPFRONT CONSOLIDATION AND MAINTENANCE
RELAPSED OR REFRACTORY DISEASE
EMERGING HORIZONS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Cutaneous Lymphomas
CUTANEOUS TUMOR TYPES
EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH CUTANEOUS LYMPHOMA
CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMAS
PAGETOID RETICULOSIS
CD30 LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS
CD4 SMALL-MEDIUM PLEOMORPHIC LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER
SÉZARY SYNDROME
Gδ T-CELL LYMPHOMA
PRIMARY CUTANEOUS CD8+ CYTOTOXIC AGGRESSIVE EPIDERMOTROPIC T-CELL LYMPHOMA
SUBCUTANEOUS PANNICULITIS T-CELL LYMPHOMA
PRIMARY CUTANEOUS B-CELL LYMPHOMAS
SUPPORTIVE CARE
REFERENCES
Hodgkin Lymphoma
IMMUNOPHENOTYPIC FINDINGS IN HODGKIN LYMPHOMAS
CLINICAL SUBTYPES OF HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
CLINICAL EVALUATION
TREATMENT
REFRACTORY OR RELAPSED HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Systemic Immunoglobulin Light Chain Amyloidosis
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS AND MOLECULAR CLASSIFICATION
CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP
PROGNOSIS AND STAGING
RESPONSE CRITERIA
TREATMENT
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Waldenström Macroglobulinemia
BACKGROUND
CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP
PROGNOSTIC STRATIFICATION
MANAGEMENT
TREATMENT AT DISEASE RELAPSE
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
REFERENCES
Multiple Myeloma
MULTIPLE MYELOMA
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
REFERENCES
Cellular Therapy for Lymphoma
CAR T-CELL DESIGN
CAR T-CELL MANUFACTURING AND ADMINISTRATION
CAR T-CELL THERAPY IN AGGRESSIVE B-CELL LYMPHOMA
TOXICITY AND SIDE EFFECTS
RELAPSE AND FAILURE OF CAR T-CELL THERAPY
INDOLENT LYMPHOMAS
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LYMPHOMA
T-CELL LYMPHOMA
MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA
HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
ALLOGENEIC CAR T-CELLS
NOVEL CAR DESIGNS
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
REFERENCES
Stem Cell Transplantation
Autologous Hematopoietic Progenitor-Cell Transplantation
BASIC CONCEPTS
GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR AUTOLOGOUS TRANSPLANTATION
AUTOLOGOUS VERSUS ALLOGENEIC HPC TRANSPLANTS
COMPLICATIONS OF HIGH-DOSE CHEMOTHERAPY
RESULTS OF AUTOLOGOUS TRANSPLANTATION
HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
MULTIPLE MYELOMA
SOLID TUMORS
OTHER SOLID TUMORS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Allogeneic Transplantation
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
COMPONENTS OF ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER APPROACH FOR GVHD PROPHYLAXIS
POST-TRANSPLANTATION COMPLICATIONS
ACUTE GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE
CHRONIC GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE
RELAPSE
LATE COMPLICATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Alternative Donor Transplants: Cord Blood Transplant
BACKGROUND
CELL DOSE, UNIT QUALITY, AND HLA MATCHING
SINGLE VERSUS DOUBLE CBT
CONDITIONING REGIMENS
POST-TRANSPLANT COMPLICATIONS
MD ANDERSON APPROACH TO CBT
NOVEL STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE CBT OUTCOMES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Alternative Donor Transplants: Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
COMPLETE T-CELL DEPLETION: CONTROL OF GRAFT-VERSUSHOST DISEASE BUT WITH A HIGH TREATMENT-RELATED MORTALITY RATE
BALANCING GRAFT-VERSUSHOST DISEASE, IMMUNE RECOVERY, AND THE CONCEPT OF SELECTIVE ALLODEPLETION: POSTTRANSPLANT CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE
GRAFT ENGINEERING
POSTTRANSPLANT CELLULAR THERAPY TO PREVENT DISEASE RELAPSE
DONOR SELECTION FOR HAPLOIDENTICAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION AND RISKS FROM DONOR-SPECIFIC ANTI– HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN ANTIBOD
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
REFERENCES
Cellular Therapy in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
ENHANCING GRAFT-VERSUSTUMOR EFFECT TO OVERCOME RELAPSE
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
REDUCING GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE
PREVENTING AND TREATING INFECTION WITH VIRAL-SPECIFIC T-CELLS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Lung Cancer
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RISK FACTORS
NATURAL HISTORY
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
PATHOBIOLOGY
MOLECULAR FEATURES
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
STAGING
TREATMENT
BRAIN METASTASIS
PROPHYLACTIC CRANIAL IRRADIATION
OLDER ADULT AND INFIRM PATIENTS
TARGETED AGENTS
PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES
THE SPECTRUM OF NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMAS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: General Principles, Management o Localized Disease, and Treatment o Metastatic Disease without Onc
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
PREVENTION OF LUNG CANCER
HISTOLOGY AND MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
REFERENCES
Targeted Therapies in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
EGFR MUTATIONS
ALK FUSIONS
ROS1 FUSIONS
BRAF MUTATIONS
MET ALTERATIONS
HER2 MUTATIONS
RET FUSIONS
NTRK FUSIONS
NRG1 FUSIONS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Head and Neck Cancer
Head and Neck Cancer
EPIDEMIOLOGY
GENETIC PREDISPOSITION
RISK ASSESSMENT
MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS
DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING
NATURAL HISTORY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THERAPY
COMBINED-MODALITY THERAPY
ORGAN PRESERVATION
RECURRENT OR METASTATIC DISEASE
RISK REDUCTION AND PREVENTION
REFERENCES
Gastrointestinal Cancer
Gastric, Gastroesophageal Junction, and Esophageal Cancers
GASTRIC CANCER
ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTROESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION CANCERS
ADVANCED AND METASTATIC GASTRIC, GASTROESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION, AND ESOPHAGEAL CANCERS
REFERENCES
Pancreatic Cancer
HARD FACTS ABOUT PANCREATIC CANCER
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RISK FACTORS FOR PANCREATIC CANCER
MOLECULAR EVENTS IN HUMAN PANCREATIC CARCINOGENESIS
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING
TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR PANCREATIC CANCER
REFERENCES
Biliary Tract Cancer
INTRODUCTION
STAGING
SURGERY FOR BILIARY TRACT CANCERS
RADIATION THERAPY
SYSTEMIC THERAPY
SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR METASTATIC DISEASE
MD ANDERSON APPROACH TO BILIARY TRACT CARCINOMA
REFERENCES
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
PATHOLOGY
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION, STAGING, AND PROGNOSIS
TREATMENT
MD ANDERSON APPROACH TO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
REFERENCES
Small Bowel Cancer and Appendiceal Tumors
SMALL BOWEL CANCER
APPENDICEAL TUMORS
REFERENCES
Colorectal Cancer
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY OF COLORECTAL NEOPLASIA
SCREENING FOR COLORECTAL NEOPLASIA
PREVENTION STRATEGIES
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION AND STAGING
MANAGEMENT OF NONMETASTATIC COLON CANCER
MANAGEMENT OF NONMETASTATIC RECTAL CANCER
SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR METASTATIC DISEASE
IRINOTECAN
DECISION MAKING FOR POTENTIAL SURGICAL RESECTION IN PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC COLORECTAL CANCER
CHALLENGING CLINICAL MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
Anal Cancer
ANATOMY
RISK FACTORS
PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
STAGING AND PROGNOSIS
HISTORY OF CHEMORADIATION: THE NIGRO REGIMEN
RADIATION VERSUS CHEMORADIATION: THE ROLE OF MITOMYCIN C
THE INTRODUCTION OF CISPLATIN
RADIATION TECHNIQUE, DOSE, AND FRACTIONATION
RECURRENT DISEASE
METASTATIC ANAL CARCINOMA
SURVEILLANCE
ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE ANAL CANAL
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Neuroendocrine Tumors
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT
PROGNOSIS
PATHOGENESIS, MOLECULAR CLASSIFICATION, AND GENETIC PREDISPOSITION
PATHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION
CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP, AND CLINICAL STAGING
CLINICAL FEATURES OF GASTROINTESTINAL NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS
CLINICAL FEATURES OF PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS
CARCINOID SYNDROME, CARCINOID HEART DISEASE, AND CARCINOID CRISIS
GENERAL APPROACH TO TREATMENT
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Breast Cancer
Early-Stage and Locally Advanced Breast Cancer
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RISK FACTORS
STAGING OF BREAST CANCER
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT
SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR HORMONE RECEPTOR–POSITIVE/ HER2-NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER
SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR TRIPLENEGATIVE BREAST CANCER
SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR HORMONE RECEPTOR–NEGATIVE AND HER2-POSITIVE BREAST CANCER
FOLLOW-UP
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Metastatic Breast Cancer
DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
TREATMENT
HORMONE RECEPTOR–POSITIVE, HER2-NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER
HER2-POSITIVE BREAST CANCER
TRIPLE-NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER
MANAGEMENT OF THE PRIMARY TUMOR
INVESTIGATIONAL THERAPY
REFERENCES
Management of Locally Advanced Breast Cancer, Including Infammatory Breast Cancer
LABC VERSUS IBC
RISK FACTORS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
IMAGING MODALITIES
TREATMENT
MANAGEMENT OF STAGE IV IBC
SURVIVAL
NEW TARGETS AND BIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
REFERENCES
BREAST CANCER DURING PREGNANCY
Special Situations in Breast Cancer
PREGNANCY AFTER A DIAGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER
MALE BREAST CANCER
THE RISKS AND BENEFITS OF HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY
DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU
HIGH-DOSE CHEMOTHERAPY WITH TRANSPLANTATION
RISK REDUCTION STRATEGIES FOR PATIENTS WITH MUTATIONS IN BRCA1, BRCA2, AND OTHER BREAST CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES
REFERENCES
Gynecologic Malignancies
Ovarian Cancer
EPITHELIAL OVARIAN CANCER
MALIGNANT GERM CELL TUMORS
SEX CORD STROMAL TUMORS
REFERENCES
Tumors o the Uterine Corpus
EPITHELIAL UTERINE TUMORS
NONEPITHELIAL UTERINE TUMORS
REFERENCES
Tumors of the Uterine Cervix
ETIOLOGY
HISTOPATHOLOGY
CERVICAL CANCER PREVENTION
TREATMENT OF PREINVASIVE DISEASE
INVASIVE CERVICAL CANCER
TREATMENT OF INVASIVE CERVICAL CANCER
SURVEILLANCE
RECURRENT CERVICAL CANCER
REFERENCES
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
PATHOLOGY AND CYTOGENETIC TECHNIQUES
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
DIAGNOSIS
PHANTOM HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN SYNDROME
STAGING AND PROGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
CO-TWIN PREGNANCY
FUTURE CHILDBEARING AND SURVIVORSHIP
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Genitourinary Malignancies
Renal Cell Carcinoma
INCIDENCE AND DIAGNOSIS
STAGING, GENETIC AND CLINICAL RISK FACTORS
RISK ASSESSMENT AND MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS
MANAGEMENT OF NONMETASTATIC RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
METASTATIC DISEASE WITH CLEAR CELL HISTOLOGY
SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR METASTATIC CLEAR CELL RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
NON–CLEAR CELL RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Bladder Cancer
OVERVIEW
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLASSICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY
TUMOR BIOLOGY
HISTOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS, STAGING, AND PROGNOSIS
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT
FRONTLINE THERAPY FOR METASTATIC, SURGICALLY UNRESECTABLE UROTHELIAL CANCER
SECOND-LINE THERAPY FOR UROTHELIAL CANCER
THIRD-LINE THERAPY FOR UROTHELIAL CANCER
FUTURE PROSPECTS
REFERENCES
Prostate Cancer
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL FEATURES
RELEVANT HISTOMORPHOLOGY OF PROSTATE CANCER
PATIENT MANAGEMENT BY DISEASE STATE
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
REFERENCES
Penile Cancer
INCIDENCE
RISK FACTORS
MOLECULAR FEATURES
PATTERN OF METASTASIS
EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT
TREATMENT
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Germ Cell Tumors
OVERVIEW OF GERM CELL TUMORS
STAGING
TESTICULAR SEMINOMA
NONSEMINOMATOUS GERM CELL TUMORS
EXTRAGONADAL GERM CELL TUMORS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Neurologic Tumors
Tumors of the Central Nervous System
OVERVIEW
CLASSIFICATION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
BIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND PATHOLOGY
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
REFERENCES
Malignant Melanoma
Melanoma
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
CLASSIFICATION
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
STAGING
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
ADJUVANT RADIATION THERAPY
ADJUVANT SYSTEMIC THERAPY
NEOADJUVANT THERAPY
MANAGEMENT OF METASTATIC DISEASE
SPECIAL CLINICAL SCENARIOS
REFERENCES
Sarcomas
Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcomas
INCIDENCE
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA
BONE SARCOMA
REFERENCES
Other Tumors and Cancer Topics o Interest
Endocrine Malignancies
THYROID CANCER
EVALUATION OF SOLITARY THYROID NODULES
DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER
MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA
ANAPLASTIC THYROID CARCINOMA
PARATHYROID CARCINOMA
PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA AND PARAGANGLIOMA
METASTATIC PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA
REFERENCES
The Acquired Immunodeciency Syndrome–Related Cancers
THE CHANGING INCIDENCE OF MALIGNANCIES IN PATIENTS WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS DISEASE
HIV DISEASE
AIDS-DEFINING MALIGNANCIES
AIDS-RELATED NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
HODGKIN LYMPHOMA: AN AIDS-DEFINING ILLNESS?
OTHER MALIGNANCIES AFFECTING HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS
IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME
MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER AND THE AIDS PANDEMIC
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Carcinoma of Unknown Primary
OVERVIEW
EPIDEMIOLOGY
BIOLOGY, CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS, AND MUTATIONAL PROFILING
NATURAL HISTORY AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC CLINICOPATHOLOGIC SUBGROUPS
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR CARCINOMAS OF UNKNOWN PRIMARY
FUTURE TRENDS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Pediatric Cancers
PEDIATRIC LEUKEMIA
PEDIATRIC LYMPHOMA
CHILDHOOD CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMORS
NON-NEURAL SOLID TUMORS
CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORSHIP
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Cancer Genomics
CANCER GENES: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
NEXT-GENERATION TOOLS IN THE CANCER GENOMICS ERA
INSIGHTS FROM LARGE-SCALE SEQUENCING OF CANCER GENOMES
CLINICAL CANCER GENOMICS
PRECISION ONCOLOGY IN THE CANCER GENOMICS ERA
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Immuno-oncology
THE PROMISE OF IMMUNOTHERAPY
IMMUNE CHECKPOINT THERAPY
CELLULAR THERAPY
CANCER VACCINES
OTHER IMMUNOTHERAPIES
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
REFERENCES
Targeted Therapy in Cancer
RAS-RAF-MEK PATHWAY INHIBITORS
PI3K-AKT-MTOR PATHWAY INHIBITORS
EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR INHIBITORS
C-KIT PATHWAY INHIBITORS
HUMAN EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2 PATHWAY INHIBITORS
CDK 4/6 INHIBITORS
ANDROGEN RECEPTOR PATHWAY INHIBITORS
PARP INHIBITORS
C-MET PATHWAY INHIBITORS
ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE PATHWAY INHIBITORS
NTRK PATHWAY INHIBITORS
ROS PROTO-ONCOGENE 1 RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE PATHWAY INHIBITORS
NOTCH PATHWAY INHIBITORS
FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR PATHWAY INHIBITOR
P53 MDM2 PATHWAY/INHIBITORS
SACITUZUMAB GOVITECAN-HZIY
RET PATHWAY INHIBITORS
COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR 1 RECEPTOR INHIBITOR
CHECKPOINT BLOCKADE PATHWAY INHIBITORS
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES
Viral Infections in Patients with Cancer
HUMAN HERPESVIRUSES
COMMUNITY RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS
HEPATITIS VIRUSES
PARVOVIRUS B19 INFECTION
POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTION
REFERENCES
Fungal Infections in Patients with Cancer
DIAGNOSIS
RISK FACTORS
CANDIDIASIS
ASPERGILLOSIS
CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
FUSARIOSIS
MUCORMYCOSIS
ENDEMIC FUNGI
ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR FUNGAL INFECTIONS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Endocrine and Metabolic Complications of Cancer Therapy
METABOLIC DISORDERS
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE DISORDERS
DISORDERS OF BONE AND BONE MINERAL METABOLISM
PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMIC DISORDERS
THYROID DISORDERS
ADRENAL DISORDERS
GONADAL DISORDERS
SURVEILLANCE FOR COMPLICATIONS IN CANCER SURVIVORS
REFERENCES
Oncologic Emergencies
INTRODUCTION
NEUROLOGIC EMERGENCIES
CARDIAC EMERGENCIES
HEMATOLOGIC EMERGENCIES
GENITOURINARY EMERGENCIES
RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED EXTRAVASATIONS
METABOLIC EMERGENCIES
GASTROINTESTINAL EMERGENCIES
IMMUNOTHERAPY TOXICITY
REFERENCES
Oncocardiology
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MYOCARDIAL DYSFUNCTION
ISCHEMIC ARTERIAL DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH CANCER
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA IN PATIENTS WITH CANCER
PERICARDIAL DISEASES IN PATIENTS WITH CANCER
ETIOLOGY
HYPERTENSION AND CANCER MANAGEMENT
RADIATION THERAPY–RELATED CARDIOVASCULAR TOXICITY
REFERENCES
Pulmonary Complications of Cancer Therapy
CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED LUNG INJURY
SPECIFIC HISTOPATHOLOGIC CORRELATES OF DRUG-INDUCED LUNG INJURY
TREATMENT AND OUTCOME
RADIATION-INDUCED LUNG INJURY
NONINFECTIOUS PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
VASCULAR DISEASE
MALIGNANT CENTRAL AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION
PLEURAL DISEASES IN THE CANCER SETTING
SLEEP DISTURBANCES IN CANCER THERAPY
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Cancer-Associated Thrombosis
VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM
THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHIES
VASCULAR SYNDROMES
ARTERIAL THROMBOSIS
REFERENCES
Supportive and Palliative Care
Inpatient Supportive and Palliative Care
MODELS OF PALLIATIVE CARE DELIVERY
STRUCTURE AND PROCESSES OF INPATIENT PALLIATIVE AND SUPPORTIVE CARE SERVICES
OUTCOMES OF INPATIENT PALLIATIVE AND SUPPORTIVE CARE SERVICES
INPATIENT PALLIATIVE AND SUPPORTIVE SERVICE AT MD ANDERSON
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF THE INPATIENT PALLIATIVE CARE UNIT
THE ACUTE PALLIATIVE AND SUPPORTIVE CARE UNIT AND HOW IT DIFFERS FROM A HOSPICE INPATIENT UNIT
OBJECTIVES OF AN ACUTE PALLIATIVE AND SUPPORTIVE CARE UNIT
GUIDELINES FOR ADMISSION TO AN INPATIENT PALLIATIVE AND SUPPORTIVE CARE UNIT
SERVICES AVAILABLE IN PALLIATIVE AND SUPPORTIVE CARE UNITS
SEVERE SYMPTOM DISTRESS: ROLE OF PALLIATIVE SEDATION NEAR THE END OF LIFE AND AN ACUTE PSCU
ROLE OF THE PSCU IN IMPROVING PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES AS WELL AS DISCHARGE OUTCOMES
ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
REFERENCES
Integrated Outpatient Supportive Care
LITERATURE ON OUTPATIENT PALLIATIVE CARE
MODELS OF OUTPATIENT PALLIATIVE CARE DELIVERY
MD ANDERSON OUTPATIENT PALLIATIVE CARE PROGRAM
STRUCTURE OF THE SUPPORTIVE CARE CENTER
DELIVERY OF CARE AT THE SUPPORTIVE CARE CENTER
REFERENCES
Rehabilitation
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
NEUROLOGICAL CANCER REHABILITATION
BRAIN TUMORS
CANCER-RELATED SPINAL CORD INJURY
MUSCULOSKELETAL CANCER REHABILITATION
REHABILITATION OF GENERALIZED DECONDITIONING AND ASTHENIA
EXERCISE IN CANCER
PREHABILITATION
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF CANCER REHABILITATION
REHABILITATION AT THE END OF LIFE
FUTURE OF CANCER REHABILITATION
REFERENCES
Pain Management and Symptom Control
CANCER PAIN
CANCER-RELATED FATIGUE
NAUSEA
DYSPNEA
DELIRIUM
DEPRESSION
COMMUNICATION
ADVANCED CARE PLANNING
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Biostatistics
Statistical Designs or Oncology Clinical Trials
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE DRUG DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL TRIAL DESIGNS
INNOVATIONS FOR CLINICAL TRIAL DESIGNS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Big Data and Machine Learning in Oncology
MACHINE LEARNING
DEEP LEARNING
TRAINING ERROR VERSUS TEST ERROR IN MACHINE LEARNING
CASE STUDIES OF MACHINE LEARNING APPLICATION AT MD ANDERSON
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Value-Based Oncology
OVERVIEW OF VALUE-BASED HEALTHCARE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF VALUE ASSESSMENT
VALUE-BASED ONCOLOGY IN PRACTICE
REFERENCES
Index