In scholarly literature, there is much attention given to the Hittites and the Mycenaean Greeks, but the Luwians of Western Anatolia are notoriously neglected. Therefore, a study focussing on the latter is desirable. In this book, the presently available information on the western Luwians is assembled. This entails, primarily, the epigraphic evidence in the form of Luwian hieroglyphic inscriptions from the region and the historical information which can be deduced from it, as well as historical Hittite sources. As a prerequisite for the reconstruction of the history of the western Luwians during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, the thorny question of the geography of their habitat needs to be tackled. This can now be done in an adequate manner owing to the most recent discoveries. Apart from Luwian hieroglyphic, the Luwians of Western Anatolia also used cuneiform script. Based on the linguistic data from both categories of evidence, a sketch of their language is presented. It must be realized, though, that not all inhabitants of Western Anatolia were speakers of the Luwian language. Thus, it will be argued that their northern neighbours in the Troad spoke a different language, of Thraco-Phrygian type. Finally, the Luwians were not autochthonous in the region, but preceded by speakers of a different Indo-European tongue, most adequately defined as Old Indo-European in Hans Krahe's terms.
Author(s): Fred Woudhuizen
Publisher: Archaeopress Archaeology
Year: 2018
Language: English
Pages: 185
City: Oxford
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents Page
Preface
1. The Homeland of the Luwians
Table I. Place-names in -ss- and -nd- from Late Bronze Age Hittite cuneiform and Luwian hieroglyphic texts (in the main based on del Monte & Tischler 1978, Otten 1988, and del Monte 1992).
Table II. Place-names in -ss- and -nth- or names related to such place-names from the Late Bronze Age Linear B texts (based on Ventris & Chadwick 1973: glossary, s.v.).
Table III. Place-names in -ss- and -nd- from Anatolia as recorded for sources from the Classical period (italic: paralleled for Greece; italic and bold: already attested in the Late Bronze Age sources; in the main based on Zgusta 1984).
Fig. 1. Distribution of Luwian place-names in -ss- and -nd-.
Table IV. Place-names in -ss- and -nth- from Greece as recorded for sources from the Classical period (italic: paralleled for Anatolia; italic and bold: already attested in the Late Bronze Age sources; based on Kretschmer 1970, Blegen & Haley 1928, and Ni
Fig. 2. Seal of Tarku(n)timuwas from Malia (Detournay, Poursat & Vandenabeele 1980: 160, Fig. 231).
Fig. 3. Cylinder seal from Klavdia (from Kenna 1972: Fig. 79, 3a).
Fig. 4. Cylinder seal impression from Kourion (Knapp 2008: 157, Fig. 26a).
2. Geography of Western Anatolia
Table V. Identification of place-names from cuneiform Hittite and Luwian hieroglyphic with a bearing on western Anatolia.
Fig. 5. Map of western Anatolia (see Table V; design Clio Stronk).
Fig. 6. Geography of the Hittite empire (design Eberhard Zangger).
3. Origin of the Luwian Hieroglyphic Script
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Catalogue of the Middle Bronze Age Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions
3.3 Middle Bronze Age Luwian Hieroglyphic Signary
3.4 In Search of the Cradle of the Luwian Hieroglyphic Script
3.5 Overview of Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from, or Attributable to, Assuwa/Arzawa/Mira-Kuwaliya, Seḫa-Appawiya, and Ḫapalla
Addendum
Table VI. Overview of the dating criteria for Middle Bronze Age Luwian hieroglyphic seals or sealings.
(design Clio Stronk).
Fig. 7. Distribution of Middle Bronze Age Luwian hieroglyphic seals and sealings
Fig. 8. Sealing Tell-Atchana-Alalaḫ no. 154 (Collon 1975: 84-85).
Fig. 9. Erlenmeyers’ seal (Erlenmeyer 1965: Abb. 5).
Fig. 10. Seal Hogarth no. 154 (Hogarth 1920: 34; Pl. VI).
Table VII. Analysis of the legends of the Erlenmeyers’ seal and seal Hogarth no. 154 from Henri Frankfort’s First Syrian Group.
Fig. 11. Seal of king Piyamakuruntas of Assuwiya (Mora 1987: XIIb 1.1).
Fig. 12. Stamp seal from Beycesultan (reconstruction of the legend by the author).
Fig. 13. The Luwian hieroglyphic titular expression of the Indilima seal compared to its closest cognate on seal # 271 from Malia.
Table VIII. Overview of Proto-Indo-European roots in Middle Bronze Age Luwian hieroglyphic.
4. Luwian Hieroglyphic Evidence on the Great Kingdom of Assuwa
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Two Assuwian Royal Seals
4.3 An Assuwian Royal Seal from Thebes
4.4 On the Reading of the Luwian Hieroglyphic Legends of the Schimmel Rhyton
Fig. 14. Stamp side of stamp-cylinder seals Louvre AO 20.138 (a) and Aydin (b) (Alexander 1973-6: Plate I, Fig. 2c and 2b, respectively).
Fig. 15. Impression of the cylinder side of stamp-cylinder seal Louvre AO 20.138 (Parrot 1951: Pl. XIII, 1).
Fig. 16. Cyprian cylinder seal from Thebes (Porada 1981-2: 9, no. 1).
Fig. 17. Luwian hieroglyphic cylinder seal from Thebes (Porada 1981-2: 47, no. 25).
Fig. 18. Drawing of the scene on the Schimmel rhyton (Hawkins 2006: 71, Fig. 5).
Fig. 19. Baltimore seal (Mora 1987: IIIb 2.1).
Fig. 20. Luwian hieroglyphic legend no. 1 (Hawkins 2006: 71, Fig. 5) with comparison from the Baltimore seal (cf. Mora 1987: IIIb 2.1).
Fig. 21. Thus far enigmatic sign from the Luwian hieroglyphic legends with suggested equivalent of later date, LH 430 sa.
Fig. 22. Luwian hieroglyphic legend no. 2 (Hawkins 2006: 71, Fig. 5) with comparison from Südburg § 3 (cf. Hawkins 1995: Abb 35).
5. Western Anatolia under Hittite Rule
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Sealing of Prince Masḫuiluwas
5.3 The Stone Inscription of tuḫkanti Urḫitesup
5.4 The Seal and Rock Relief of Tarku(ndimu)was
5.5 The Stone Inscription of Prince Masḫuittas
5.6 The Luwian Hieroglyphic Stele from Afyon
(Peschlow-Bindokat & Herbordt 2001: 373, Abb. 7a).
Fig. 23. Rock inscription of great prince Kupaā
Fig. 24. Sealing of prince Masḫuiluwas (Mellaart 1959: 32, Fig. 1).
Fig. 25. Stone inscription Beyköy 1 (Masson 1980: 119, Fig. 5).
Fig. 26. Seal of 'Tarkondemos' (Doblhofer 2008: 192, Abb. 64).
Fig. 27. Rock relief at Karabel (Hawkins 1998b: 7, Fig. 5b).
Fig. 28. Stele from Afyon (Ehringhaus 2005: 48, Abb. 90).
Table IX. Synchronisms between the dynasties of Ḫattusa, Arzawa, and Seḫa (based on Gurney 1990: 181, Woudhuizen 2005a: 112-113, and Freu 2007: 25-26).
6. Western Anatolia in the Final Stage of Bronze Age
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Rediscovered Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Western Anatolia in Transliteration and Translation
Fig. 29. Beyköy 2 (design Eberhard Zangger).
Fig. 30. Edremit.
Fig. 31. Yazılıtaş.
Fig. 32. Beyköy 3-4 (A-B), Şahankaya (C), Dağardı 1 (D), Dağardı 2 (E-G).
7. Amenhotep III: Historical Background to his Aegean Policy
7.1 Introduction
7.2 KUB 26.91 & the Tawagalawas-letter
7.3 The Phaistos Disc
7.4 The Madduwattas-text
7.5 Conclusion
Fig. 33. Throne-name of Amenhotep III (Newberry 1906: Pl. XXXI, 5 [detail]).
Fig. 34. Cursive variant of the throne-name of Amenhotep III (Newberry 1906: Pl. XXXI, 2).
Fig. 35. Scarab of queen Tiyi (Newberry 1906: Pl. XXXI, 8).
8. The Arzwan Language
8.1 Cuneiform Luwian
8.2 Luwian Hieroglyphic
Table X. Grammatical sketch of the cuneiform Luwian evidence on the Arzawan language.
Table XI. Grammatical sketch of the Luwian hieroglyphic evidence on the Arzawan language.
9. The Language of the Trojans
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Relevant Late Bronze Age Data
9.3 The Relevant Homeric Data
10. Evidence for an Old Indo-European Substrate in Western Anatolia
10.1 Late Bronze Age Hydronyms and Toponyms of Indo-European nature in Western Anatolia
10.2 On the Identity of the Indo-European Substrate in Western Anatolia
Table XII. Overview of western Anatolian hydronyms and toponyms of Indo-European nature.
Table XIII: Overview of literary evidence for Pelasgians in western Anatolia according to Lochner-Hüttenbach’s Die Pelasger of 1960.
Table XIV. Names based on a Proto-Indo-European root associated in the Greek sources with Pelasgians.
Bibliography
Index
