The Link between Obesity and Cancer provides a comprehensive review on the relationship between obesity and cancer, presenting global perspectives on obesity and cancer incidence that are followed by in-depth discussions on cancers for which we have new evidence of a causal relationship with obesity. Readers will gain fundamental knowledge on which cancer types are related to obesity. In addition, this updated resource provides significant knowledge for clinicians on when to act, along with specific management guidelines for patients, as well as how to understand potential risk factors and how to directly or indirectly minimize these risks.
The book also provides never-before-published scientific data for any researcher in the field, identifying molecular mechanisms and links behind the development of malignancy and promoting research in new and effective target pathways in developing therapeutic strategies.
Author(s): Raman Mehrzad
Publisher: Academic Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 299
City: London
Front Cover
The Link Between Obesity and Cancer
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction: The obesity pandemic
1. Overview and definition of obesity
2. Brief prevalence of obesity
3. Epidemiological studies
4. Health consequences of obesity
5. Brief etiology of obesity
6. Cost of obesity
7. Goal of obesity research
8. Obesity and cancer
References
Chapter 2: Physiology of obesity and metabolism
1. Metabolism and energy balance
2. Regulation of energy balance
2.1. Physiologic control of energy intake
2.2. Physiologic control of energy expenditure
3. Regulation of metabolism
3.1. Glucose metabolism
3.2. Lipid metabolism
4. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ
4.1. Leptin
4.2. Adiponectin
5. Effects of obesity on energy balance
5.1. Metabolic syndrome
5.2. Insulin resistance
5.3. Theories on insulin resistance in obesity
6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Structure and function of the cell
1. Cell signaling
1.1. Cell signaling mechanisms
1.2. Enzyme regulation of cell activity
1.3. Cell receptors and signal transduction
2. DNA replication and the cell cycle
2.1. DNA replication
2.2. Error detection and repair during replication
2.3. DNA damage and repair
Base excision repair
Nucleotide excision repair
Single-stranded breaks
Double-stranded breaks
2.4. Cell cycle regulation
Overview of the cell cycle
DNA damage response and the cell cycle
Cell senescence
3. Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: The biology of cancer
1. Cancer transformation and tumor progression
1.1. Contributor to driver functions
Self-sufficient growth signaling
Growth suppressor insensitivity
Cell death evasion
Sustained angiogenesis
Limitless replication potential
Genomic instability
Invasion and metastasis
1.2. Contributors to fostering functions
Reprogramming of energy metabolism
Evasion of immune destruction
2. Determinants of cancer risk
2.1. Cancer susceptibility of hereditary cancer syndromes
2.2. Non-hereditary cancer risk factors
3. Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Obesity and correlation with cancer
1. Introduction
2. Proposed mechanisms
2.1. Sex hormone hypothesis
2.2. Insulin and IGF signaling
2.3. Adipokine pathophysiology and systemic inflammation
2.4. Kynurenines
3. Other possible mechanisms and influences
3.1. Migrating adipose stromal cells
3.2. Intestinal microbiome
3.3. Shared genetic susceptibility
3.4. Diet
4. Relationship between BMI and cancer (separated by types)
4.1. Breast cancer
4.2. Endometrial cancer
4.3. Ovarian cancer
4.4. Multiple myeloma
4.5. Pancreatic cancer
4.6. Esophagus-Adenocarcinoma
Gastric cardia
Colorectal
Kidney
Liver
5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Obesity and breast cancer
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology of breast cancer
2.1. Incidence and prevalence
2.2. Race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status
3. Risk factors
3.1. Age
3.2. Female gender
3.3. White race
3.4. Age at menarche
3.5. Age at first pregnancy (full term)
3.6. Parity
3.7. Weight and body fat
3.8. Age at menopause
3.9. Exogenous hormones
3.10. Alcohol
3.11. Tobacco
4. Clinical presentation of breast cancer
5. Link between breast cancer and obesity
5.1. Biochemical mechanisms of the link between obesity and breast cancer
5.2. Adipokines
5.3. The NF-κB pathway
5.4. Sex steroid hormones
5.5. Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism
6. Local and systemic inflammation
7. Obesity, anti-tumor immune cells, and poor prognosis
8. The microbiome
References
Chapter 7: Obesity and prostate cancer
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology of obesity in relation to prostate cancer
3. Mechanisms by which obesity increases risk of prostate cancer
4. Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Colorectal cancer and obesity
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
3. Methods of characterizing obesity
4. Prevention: Screening and early detection
4.1. Stool-based tests
4.2. Structural examinations
5. Obesity as a biologic actor
6. Metabolic effects of obesity in the promotion of cancer
7. Obesity, inflammation, and colorectal cancer
8. Symptoms and diagnosis of colorectal cancer
9. Obesity and colorectal cancer in women
10. Colorectal surgery and the obese patient
11. Outcomes of colorectal cancer in obese patients
12. Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Kidney cancer and obesity
1. Introduction
2. Obesity
3. Adipokine pathways
4. Immune pathways
5. Genetic pathways
6. The obesity paradox
7. Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Obesity and cancers of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
1. Introduction
2. Liver cancer
2.1. Epidemiology and background
2.2. Presentation
2.3. Link to obesity
2.4. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
2.5. Prevention
3. Gallbladder cancer
3.1. Epidemiology
3.2. Presentation
3.3. Link to obesity
3.4. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
3.5. Prevention
4. Pancreatic cancer
4.1. Epidemiology and background
4.2. Presentation
4.3. Link to obesity
4.4. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
4.5. Prevention
References
Chapter 11: Obesity and cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract
1. Incidence
2. Epidemiology and link to obesity
2.1. Symptoms
3. Management
4. Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Obesity and head and neck cancer
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology of head and neck cancer
2.1. Risk factors for head and neck cancer
2.2. HPV and head and neck cancer
2.3. Incidence of head and neck cancer
3. Symptoms of head and neck cancer
4. Link between head and neck cancer and obesity
4.1. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
4.2. High-fat diet and head and neck cancer
5. Biochemical mechanisms of the link between obesity and HNC
5.1. Fatty acid synthase (FAS)
5.2. Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs)
5.3. HMG-CoA reductase 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase
5.4. sPLA2 secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2)
5.5. Adiponectin
5.6. Leptin
5.7. White adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation
References
Chapter 13: Obesity and brain tumors
1. Introduction
2. Pathogenesis of obesity and CNS cancers
3. Obesity and brain tumor risk
4. Obesity and brain tumor prognosis
5. Obesity and pseudotumor cerebri
6. Hypothalamic obesity
7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Obesity and thyroid cancer
1. Introduction
2. Studies supporting an association between obesity and thyroid cancer
3. Studies contradicting an association between excess body weight and thyroid cancer
4. Potential mechanisms involved in obesity-associated thyroid cancer
4.1. TSH
4.2. Insulin resistance (IR) and hyperinsulinemia
4.3. Inflammation
4.4. Adipokines (adiponectin and leptin)
4.5. Estrogen
5. Interventional studies
6. Summary and conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Obesity biomarkers, pathways, and risk factors
1. Introduction
2. Risk factors
3. Biomarkers
3.1. Oxidative stress
3.2. Insulin
3.3. Adipokines
3.4. Adiponectin
3.5. Leptin
3.6. Resistin
Omics
3.7. Epigenomic
3.8. Metabolomics
Microbiomics
3.9. Proteomics
3.10. Transcriptomics
4. ``Omic´´ therapies and obesity prevention
References
Chapter 16: New and future prospects of obesity and cancer
1. Physiologic changes after bariatric surgery
2. How does obesity lead to higher cancer risk?
3. Does obesity negatively affect cancer prognosis?
4. Paradoxical effects: Obesity and cancer risk
5. Bariatric surgery: Reducing cancer risk
5.1. Breast
5.2. Colorectal
5.3. Uterine
5.4. Hepatocellular carcinoma
6. Bariatric surgery after cancer diagnosis: Considerations
7. Pediatric obesity and cancer
8. Conclusions
References
Further reading
Index
Back Cover
