The Life Span: Human Development for Helping Professionals (5th Edition)

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Organizing Themes in Development
Reflection and Action
The Gap Between Science and Practice
Box 1.1: Questionnaire
A Historical Perspective on Developmental Theories
Emphasizing Discontinuity: Classic Stage Theories
Emphasizing Continuity: Incremental Change
Classic Theories and the Major Issues They Raise
Contemporary Multidimensional or Systems Theories: Embracing the Complexity of Development
Applying Theory to Practice
A New Look at Three Developmental Issues
Nature and Nurture
Neuroplasticity and Critical (Sensitive) Periods
Universality and Specificity: The Role of Culture
Applications
Focus on Developmental Psychopathology
Summary
Case Study
Journal Questions
Key Concepts
2 Genetics, Epigenetics, and the Brain: The Fundamentals of Behavioral Development
The Nature–Nurture Illusion
Epigenesis and Coaction
Conception and Early Growth
Defining Epigenesis and Coaction
The Cell as the Scene of the Action
Gene Regulation: The Heart of Coaction
More About Genes
Atypical Development
The Influence of Defective Gene Alleles
The Influence of Chromosomal Abnormalities
Teratogenic Influences
Nutritional Influences
The Developing Brain
Early Prenatal Brain Development
Box 2.1: The Major Structures of the Brain
Structure and Function of Neurons
Later Prenatal Brain Development
Postnatal Brain Development
The Developing Stress and Adaptation System
What Is Stress?
The Architecture of the Stress Response
Toxic Stress and Allostatic Overload
Box 2.2: Do Numbers Matter? Early Adverse Experiences Add Up
Applications
Summary
Case Study
Journal Questions
Key Concepts
3 Cognitive Development in the Early Years
Piaget’s Constructivist Theory
Box 3.1: Biographical Sketch: Jean Piaget
Infant Cognition: The Sensorimotor Stage
Understanding Objects
Remembering
Having and Inferring Intentions
Preschoolers’ Cognition: The Preoperational Stage
Taking Control: The Mind in Charge
Understanding Numbers
Understanding the Mind
Understanding Language
Box 3.2: Early Childhood Education: Helping All Children Succeed
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Box 3.3: Biographical Sketch: Lev S. Vygotsky
Applications
Focus on Developmental Psychopathology
Summary
Case Study
Journal Questions
Key Concepts
4 Emotional and Social Development in the Early Years
Emotions: Functions, Nature and Development
Functions of Emotions
What Are Emotions?
Are There Basic Emotions?
The View from Neuroscience
How Do Emotions Develop?
The Early Development of Emotion Regulation
Attachment: Early Social Relationships
Box 4.1: Two Biographical Sketches: John Bowlby and Mary D. Salter Ainsworth
Box 4.2: A Biographical Sketch: Erik H. Erikson
The Developing Bond Between Infant and Caregiver
The Biology of Infant Attachment
Attachment Quality: Not All Attachments Are Alike
Linking Quality of Caregiving to Attachment Quality
Sensitive and Insensitive Parenting
The Child’s Role in Attachment: Infant Temperament
Mothers and Fathers
Box 4.3: Does Day Care Pose a Risk to Infants?
Cultural Influences on Infant Attachment
The Importance of Early Attachments
Working Models of Attachment
Parenting Practices Versus Relationship Quality in Infant Development
Attachment in Context
Applications
Focus on Developmental Psychopathology
Summary
Case Study
Journal Questions
Key Concepts
5 The Emerging Self and Socialization in the Early Years
The Self‐System
Traditional Conceptions of the Self‐System
The Early Development of the Self‐System
The Beginnings of the “I” and the “Me”
Roots of Self‐Regulation
Early Socialization: Parenting and the Development of the Self‐System
The Dimensions of Parenting Style
Four Parenting Styles
Parenting Style and Child Outcomes
Parenting Practices: Methods of Control
Box 5.1: Time‐Out: Getting it Right
Moderators of Parenting and Parenting Effectiveness
Conscience: The Beginnings of a Moral Self
Applications
Summary
Case Study
Journal Questions
Key Concepts
6 Realms of Cognition in Middle Childhood
Brain and Behavior
Cognitive Development
Piaget’s View: The Emergence of Concrete Operations
Box 6.1: Techno‐Kids: Cognitive Development in a Wired World
An Alternative Perspective: The Information Processing Approach
Some Other Approaches to Understanding Cognitive Development
Focus on Memory: Why Does It Improve in Middle Childhood?
Box 6.2: Children’s Eyewitness Testimony
Cognitive Development and Formal Schooling
Box 6.3: Children of Immigrant Families
Social Cognition
The Importance of Friendships
How Perspective Taking Develops in the Middle Years of Childhood
Perspective Taking and Friendship Development
Selman’s Stages of Friendship Development
Selman’s Framework for Friendship
Applications
Summary
Case Study
Journal Questions
Key Concepts
7 Self and Moral Development: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence
Self‐Concept
The Development of Self‐Concept—An Overview
The Structure of Self‐Concept
Influences on the Development of Self‐Concept
Understanding Different Kinds of Self‐Valuing: Self‐Esteem, Self‐Efficacy, and Narcissism
Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Self‐Esteem Differences
Cross‐Cultural Differences in the Development of the Self
The Moral Self
Elements of Morality
Some Classic Theories of Moral Development
Children’s Prosocial Behavior
Children’s Antisocial Behavior
Applications
Focus on Developmental Psychopathology
Summary
Case Study
Journal Questions
Key Concepts
8 Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence
The Biology of Sex
Gender Role Development
Gender Identity
Box 8.1: Beyond Gender Constancy: Gender Identity, Social Adjustment, and Ethnicity
Gender and Behavior
Box 8.2: Gender Differences in STEM Fields: Why Do So Few Girls Pursue Math and Science Careers?
Peer Relationships
The Peer Group, Social Competence, and Social Skills
Analysis of the World of Peers
Measurement of Individuals Within the Peer Group
Individual Characteristics Related to Sociometric Status
Gender and Cultural Differences
Stability of Categories and Outcomes
Measurement of the Peer Group: Another Level of Analysis
Why Do Cliques Form?
Peer Groups’ Influence on Behavior
Applications
Box 8.3: Meeting the Special Needs of Boys
Summary
Case Study
Journal Questions
Key Concepts
9 Physical, Cognitive, and Identity Development in Adolescence
Physical Development
A Glandular Awakening
The Growth Spurt
The Changing Brain
Imbalance in Adolescent Brain Development
The Adolescent Brain and Stress
Behavioral and Emotional Changes
Sleeping – Or Not
Emotions and Mood
Depression in Adolescence
Box 9.1: The Limits of Guilt in Adolescence
The Emergence of Sexuality and Sexual Preference
Sexual Orientation
Cognitive Development
Formal Operational Thought
Information Processing: Sharpening Executive Functions
Scientific Problem Solving
Constructing Ideals
Advances in Metacognitive Skill: Thinking About Thought
Identity Development
Some Basic Considerations
Identity Status
Assessing Identity Formation
Developmental Sequence in Identity Formation
Identity Development and Diverse Groups
Box 9.2: Choosing an Identity: The Case of Multiracial Youth
Applications
Focus on Developmental Psychopathology
Summary
Case Study
Journal Questions
Key Concepts
10 The Social World of Adolescence
Adolescent Autonomy and Social Identity
The Peer Arena
The Structure of the Peer Network
The Role of Parents
Because I’m the Parent, That’s Why . . .
Raising Adolescents
Parental Control
Adolescents in School
Leisure, Work, and Media
Teens in the Workplace
Adolescents and Media
Risk‐Taking Versus Risky Lifestyles in Adolescence
Who Takes More Risky Risks?
Peer and Parent Influences on Risky and Deviant Behavior
Egocentrism, Development, and Risk
Society’s Role in Adolescent Problem Behavior: Then and Now
Applications
Summary
Case Study
Journal Questions
Key Concepts
11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood
Physical Development in Young Adulthood
Brain Development
Reaching Peak Physical Status
Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood
Logical Thinking: Is There Qualitative Change?
Schaie’s View of Adults Adjusting to Environmental Pressures
Postformal Thought
Box 11.1: A Visit to the Grandparents: Two Perspectives
Box 11.2: Helper Beware: Decision‐Making Pitfalls
Applications
Focus on Developmental Psychopathology
Summary
Case Study
Journal Questions
Key Concepts
12 Socioemotional and Vocational Development in Young Adulthood
Love
Adult Attachment Theory
Research Traditions in Adult Attachment
The Nuclear Family Tradition: The Past as Prologue
The Peer/Romantic Relationship Tradition
Box 12.1: The Benefits of Love: Stability and Change in Adult Attachment Styles
Work
Some Theories of the Career Development Process
The Realities of Career Development in Young Adulthood
Work and the Development of Self‐Concept
Applications
Summary
Case Study
Journal Questions
Key Concepts
13 Middle Adulthood: Cognitive, Personality, and Social Development
Life Span Developmental Theory
Gains and Losses in Development: The Changing Architecture of Biology and Culture
Development as Growth, Maintenance, and Regulation of Loss
Defining Successful Development at Any Age
Influences on Adult Development: Sources of Stability
Personality
The Link to Temperament
Influences on Adult Development: Sources of Change
Age‐Graded Changes
History‐Graded Changes
Nonnormative Changes
Key Developmental Tasks of Midlife: The Continuing Pursuit of Intimacy and Generativity
Intimacy: Marriage and Other Primary Relationships
Box 13.1: Changing Families: Gay and Lesbian Couples and Their Children
Box 13.2: When Parents Divorce
Generativity: Making a Mark at Midlife
Box 13.3: Men, Women, and Leadership
Applications
Focus on Developmental Psychopathology
Summary
Case Study
Journal Questions
Key Concepts
14 Living Well: Stress, Coping, and Life Satisfaction in Adulthood
Box 14.1: Question from Cantril’s Ladder
Box 14.2: Measuring What Makes People Happy
Life Satisfaction: What Is a Well‐Lived Life?
Worldly Goods and Well‐Being
Personality and Well‐Being
Relationships and Well‐Being
Work, Achievement, Generativity, and Well‐Being
Universal Needs and Values and Well‐Being
The Importance of Meaning, Religion, and Spirituality
Spirituality and Meaning
Culture and Well‐Being
Stress, Coping, and Well‐Being in Midlife
Stress: A Review
Stress and Growth
Coping with Stress
Stressors and the Body‐Mind
Wellness
The Affectivity Connection
Applications
Summary
Case Study
Journal Questions
Key Concepts
15 Gains and Losses in Late Adulthood
Physical, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Change in Late Life
Challenge and Loss in Late Adulthood
Box 15.1: The Burden of Care
Maintaining Well‐Being in the Face of Loss: Successful Aging
Box 15.2: Navigating the Transition to Retirement
Wisdom, Aging, and Culture
Social‐Emotional Experience in Late Life
Experiencing Loss
Death and Dying
Bereavement
Box 15.3: Funeral Rituals in Different Cultures
Applications
Summary
Case Study
Journal Questions
Key Concepts
Appendix A Practitioner’s Guide to Psychological Science
Glossary
References
Author Index
Subject Index