The International Climate Change Regime: A Guide to Rules, Institutions and Procedures

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 17
Tables......Page 18
Boxes......Page 20
Foreword......Page 23
Preface and acknowledgements......Page 25
Abbreviations......Page 27
1 Introduction......Page 33
1 Scope......Page 35
2 Structure and user's guide......Page 36
3 Analytical framework......Page 38
4 Legal foundations and structures......Page 41
5.1 Custom......Page 44
5.2 Treaties......Page 45
5.3 General principles, judicial decisions and writings......Page 49
5.4 Other sources......Page 50
1.1 Causes and projections......Page 52
1.2 Impacts......Page 53
2.1 The emergence of the climate change regime......Page 54
2.2 Entry into force and the Berlin Mandate......Page 56
2.3 The post-Kyoto era......Page 58
2.4 The post-Marrakesh era......Page 60
2 Parties......Page 62
2.1 Groupings......Page 64
2.2 Group of 77 and China......Page 66
2.3 Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS)......Page 69
2.5 Least developed countries (LDCs)......Page 71
2.6 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)......Page 72
2.7 Central Asia, Caucasus, Albania and Moldova Group (CACAM)......Page 73
2.8 European Union......Page 74
2.9 Umbrella Group and JUSSCANNZ......Page 77
2.11 Environmental Integrity Group (EIG)......Page 79
3 Non-governmental organisations......Page 80
3.1 Constituencies......Page 81
3.2 Environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs)......Page 82
3.3 Business and industry non-governmental organisations (BINGOs)......Page 84
3.5 Indigenous peoples organisations (IPOs)......Page 86
3.6 Research and independent non-governmental organisations (RINGOs)......Page 87
4.1 Intergovernmental organisations......Page 88
4.2 UN bodies, specialised agencies and related organisations......Page 90
5 The media......Page 91
1.1 Nature and scope......Page 92
1.2 Detection and attribution......Page 94
1.3 Dangerous interference......Page 95
1.4 Timing......Page 96
1.5 Developing long-term targets......Page 97
2.1 Nature and scope......Page 98
2.2 Common concern of humankind......Page 99
2.3 Principle 21 Stockholm/Principle 2 Rio Declaration......Page 100
2.4 Common but differentiated responsibilities......Page 101
2.5 Precautionary principle......Page 102
2.6 Right to sustainable development......Page 104
2.7 Trade and environment......Page 105
1 Introduction......Page 106
2.1 Sources of greenhouse gases......Page 109
2.2 Sinks......Page 112
2.4 Fuels used for international aviation and maritime transportation......Page 115
2.5 Military emissions......Page 120
3 Base year......Page 121
4.1 Differentiation......Page 125
4.3 National programmes......Page 126
4.4 Integration......Page 131
4.5 Sinks and reservoirs......Page 133
5.1 Overview......Page 137
5.2 Policies and measures......Page 139
5.3 Scope and purpose of PAMs......Page 140
5.4 Coordination and review of PAMs......Page 145
5.7 Quantified commitments......Page 149
5.8 The Convention's quantified aim......Page 150
5.9 Kyoto quantified emission limitation or reduction commitments......Page 151
5.10 Gases/Sectors: Annex A......Page 153
5.11 LULUCF activities......Page 154
5.13 Calculating assigned amount......Page 161
5.16 EITs and small economies......Page 162
5.17 Joint fulfilment......Page 164
1 Introduction......Page 168
2 Activities implemented jointly......Page 172
2.2 Uniform reporting format......Page 173
2.4 Relationship to Kyoto mechanisms......Page 174
3.1 Adoption and review of mechanism modalities......Page 175
3.2 Equity issues......Page 176
3.3 Supplementarity......Page 177
3.4 Fungibility......Page 178
3.5 Stakeholder involvement......Page 179
4 Participation/eligibility requirements......Page 180
4.1 Protocol ratification......Page 181
4.4 National system......Page 182
4.6 Annual inventories......Page 183
4.9 Eligibility assessment, consequences and reinstatement......Page 185
4.10 Acceptance of compliance procedures......Page 187
5 Emissions trading......Page 188
5.3 Participation requirements......Page 189
5.4 Commitment period reserve......Page 190
6.1 Overview......Page 191
6.2 CDM project cycle......Page 192
6.3 CDM institutions and procedures......Page 196
6.4 Validation and registration requirements......Page 207
6.5 Monitoring and verification and certification requirements......Page 214
6.6 Issuance of CERs......Page 215
6.7 Funding issues......Page 216
7.1 Overview......Page 219
7.2 JI institutions......Page 221
7.3 Participation/eligibility......Page 224
7.4 Track 1 procedure......Page 225
7.5 Track 2 verification procedure......Page 226
7.6 LULUCF projects......Page 227
7.7 Small-scale and nuclear projects......Page 228
2.1 Convention and Protocol commitments......Page 229
3 Education, training and public awareness......Page 237
3.1 Convention and Protocol commitments......Page 238
3.2 New Delhi programme of work......Page 240
3.3 Financing and linkages......Page 243
1 Introduction......Page 245
2.1 Definitions......Page 246
2.2 Scope and timing......Page 247
3.1 National programmes: adaptation measures......Page 250
3.2 Planning and integration......Page 253
3.3 Technology commitments and adaptation......Page 256
3.5 Special needs and circumstances......Page 258
4.1 Resource providers......Page 263
4.2 Recipients......Page 264
4.3 Amount......Page 265
4.5 COP guidance......Page 267
4.6 Funds and channels......Page 271
4.7 GEF reporting on adaptation......Page 272
5.1 LDC work programme......Page 273
5.2 NAPAs......Page 274
5.3 LDC Expert Group......Page 276
5.4 LDC work programme funding......Page 278
1 Introduction......Page 279
2.1 Definitions and scope......Page 280
2.2 Principles......Page 281
2.3 Commitments......Page 282
3.1 Minimisation of impacts of response measures......Page 285
3.2 Coordination of PAMs......Page 287
3.3 Decreasing vulnerability to impacts of response measures......Page 288
4.1 Convention and Kyoto......Page 290
4.2 Rule development......Page 291
1 Introduction......Page 296
2 Resource commitments......Page 297
2.1.1 Annex II parties......Page 298
2.1.2 Adequacy, predictability and burden sharing......Page 299
2.2.1 Developing countries and non-Annex I parties......Page 304
2.2.2 Parties with economies in transition......Page 307
2.3 New and additional resources......Page 308
2.4 Incremental and full costs......Page 310
2.5 Grant and concessional funding......Page 313
5.6 Other sources of financing......Page 314
3.1 Overview......Page 315
3.2 COP guidance: scope, frequency and form......Page 316
3.3 Reconsideration of particular decisions......Page 317
3.4 GEF reporting and accountability......Page 318
4 Marrakesh Accords funds......Page 321
4.1 Least Developed Countries Fund......Page 322
4.2 Special Climate Change Fund......Page 324
4.3 Adaptation Fund......Page 326
5.2 GEF governance structure......Page 328
5.3 GEF operations......Page 331
6.1 Background......Page 335
6.2 Technology-related commitments......Page 336
6.3 Marrakesh Accords: a framework for Article 4.5......Page 341
6.4 Expert Group on Technology Transfer......Page 343
6.5 Funding......Page 346
7.1 Background......Page 347
7.2 Capacity-building-related commitments......Page 348
7.3 Marrakesh Accords-: frameworks for capacity-building......Page 350
7.4 Funding......Page 355
1 Introduction......Page 359
2.1 National communications......Page 362
2.2 Greenhouse gas inventories......Page 365
2.3 Review process......Page 370
3 The Kyoto Protocol rules: Annex I Parties......Page 375
3.1 National systems......Page 377
3.2 National registries......Page 379
3.3 Greenhouse gas inventories and supplementary information......Page 380
3.4 National communications and supplementary information......Page 382
3.5 Pre-commitment period report......Page 383
3.7 Report on 'demonstrable progress'......Page 384
3.8 Review process......Page 385
4.1 National communications......Page 395
4.3 Financial and technical support......Page 397
4.5 Consultative group of experts......Page 399
5 The Kyoto Protocol rules: non-Annex I Parties......Page 401
1 Introduction......Page 410
2 Key concepts......Page 412
3.2 Article 14 of the FCCC and Article 19 of the Protocol......Page 414
4.1 Multilateral consultative process......Page 416
5.1 Overview......Page 418
5.2 Objective......Page 420
5.3 Compliance Committee......Page 421
5.4 Facilitative Branch......Page 424
5.5 Enforcement Branch......Page 425
5.7 Allocation and preliminary examination......Page 426
5.10 Appeals......Page 427
5.13 Legally binding nature and mode of adoption......Page 428
1 Introduction......Page 430
2.1 The Conference of the Parties......Page 431
2.2 The subsidiary bodies......Page 447
2.3 Temporary subsidiary bodies......Page 453
2.4 Specialised bodies......Page 454
3 Kyoto Protocol institutions......Page 455
3.1 COP/MOP......Page 457
3.3 Specialised bodies......Page 460
1 Introduction......Page 463
2.1 The Convention......Page 464
3.1 Parties......Page 466
3.2 Observers......Page 467
4 The agenda......Page 468
5.1 Speaking: 'taking the floor'......Page 470
5.2 Making proposals......Page 471
5.3 Participation of observers......Page 472
6 Decision-making......Page 473
7 Documents......Page 477
7.1 Negotiating texts......Page 478
8.1 Plenary......Page 481
8.2 Working bodies......Page 483
8.3 Informal working groups......Page 485
8.4 'Friends' groups......Page 487
9 Ministerial participation......Page 489
9.2 Roundtable discussions......Page 490
9.3 Direct participation......Page 491
10 The last night......Page 492
12 Intersessional workshops and presessional consultations......Page 493
2 The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice......Page 496
3.1.2 Organisation......Page 498
3.1.3 Products......Page 499
3.2.1 Procedures......Page 501
3.2.2 Institutions......Page 502
3.2.3 Budget......Page 505
3.3 The assessment process......Page 506
3.3.1 Review......Page 509
3.3.2 Plenary endorsement......Page 510
3.4 Institutional channels for input to the climate change regime......Page 511
3.4.1 Assessment Reports......Page 512
4.1 FCCC roster of experts......Page 515
4.2 Secretariat......Page 516
4.4 Non-governmental organisations......Page 517
2.1 Financial procedures......Page 519
2.2 The core budget......Page 521
2.3 Trust Fund for Participation......Page 526
2.4 Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities......Page 527
2.6 Financial procedures under the Kyoto Protocol......Page 529
3.1 Institutional linkage with the UN system......Page 532
3.2 Nature and structure of the Secretariat......Page 536
1 Introduction......Page 541
2 Channels for institutional cooperation under the Convention and Kyoto Protocol......Page 542
3.1 Stratospheric ozone depletion......Page 543
3.2 Biodiversity loss and desertification......Page 549
3.3 Wetland ecosystems......Page 559
4.1 Substantive linkages......Page 562
4.3 Institutional arrangements......Page 563
4.4 Institutional cooperation......Page 564
5 Linkages with other intergovernmental processes......Page 566
5.1 The 'sustainable development' agenda......Page 567
5.2 UNEP and international environmental governance......Page 570
5.3 The wider UN system......Page 573
1 Introduction......Page 576
2.2 Types......Page 577
2.3 Form......Page 578
2.4 Amendments......Page 579
2.5 Annexes......Page 581
2.6 Protocols......Page 582
2.7 Entry into force, reservations and withdrawals......Page 583
3 Review procedures......Page 584
4 Other evolutionary mechanisms......Page 586
4.1 Formal governmental initiatives......Page 587
4.2 Other initiatives......Page 588
1 Introduction......Page 592
2 Implementation challenges......Page 593
3 Strengthening commitments......Page 597
4 Institutional challenges and beyond......Page 602
Appendix I List of Parties, their groups and key statistics......Page 606
Appendix II Annex Party fact sheets: emissions, targets and projections for Annex Parties and groupings......Page 616
Appendix III Table of Articles, issues and COP Decisions......Page 675
Bibliography......Page 685
Index......Page 708