The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to Its Clinical Implications, Volume 2

Contents
Preface
Section 1. Innate Immunity and Inflammation
Chapter 1
The Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Homeostasis and in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Classification of ILCs
Development and Differentiation of ILCs
ILC Receptors and Other Surface Markers
Activation of ILCs
Anatomical Distribution of ILCs
Role of ILCs in Tissue Homeostasis
Role of ILCs in the Immune Response to Pathogens
Role of ILCS in the Immunopathology of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
ILC1-Associated Diseases
ILC2-Associated Diseases
ILC3-Associated Diseases
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2
The Innate Immune Response and Its Modulation by Sex Hormones During Chronic Lung Inflammation
Abstract
Introduction
Sex and Sex Hormones as Modulators of Immune Cells Responses
Sex- and Sex Hormone-Induced Differences in Innate Immune Cells
Natural Killer Cells
Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells
Neutrophils
Monocytes and Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Sex and Sex Hormones in Innate Immune Cells in Allergic Asthma
Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells
Neutrophils
Monocytes and Macrophages
Sex and Sex Hormones as Modulators of COPD
Monocytes and Macrophages
The Role of Other Innate Immune Cells in COPD
Considering Sex and Sex Hormones in Chronic Lung Inflammation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3
Asthma beyond Adaptive Immunity: Fighting Corticosteroid Resistance
Abstract
Introduction
Differential Diagnosis
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors That Trigger Asthma
Asthma Classification
Role of Innate Immune System in Asthma
Role of Innate Immunity as Protector of Asthma
Immunological Therapy for Asthma Management
Anti-IgE Antibodies
Anti-Interleukin 5 (Anti-IL-5) Monoclonal Antibodies
Anti-Interleukin 5 Receptor (Anti-IL5R) Monoclonal Antibody
Different Monoclonal Antibodies Commercially Available or at Clinical Trials
Conclusion
Note
References
Section 2. Innate Immunity and Non-Classic Immunomodulators
Chapter 4
Arthritis Rheumatoid Onset and Development: The Gaze of TLRS
Abstract
Introduction
Innate Immunity
Elements of the Innate Immune System
Synoviocytes and Fibroblast
Macrophages
TLR Function
TLRs Cellular Location and Signaling
Trafficking of Intracellular TLRS
Arthritis Rheumatoid Generalities
Genetic Risk
Epigenetic Factors
No Genetic Risk
Gender
In Smoking
Contribution of the Microbiome and Another Pathogen to RA
RA Pathogenesis
Innate Immunity of RA Synoviocytes and Fibroblasts
Monocytes and Macrophages
Cytokines for the Innate Response
TLR and Autoimmunity
TLRS and AR
TLR Expression in Inflammatory Cells in the Synovium
Learning TLR Role in Mice Model
Role of the Aberrant Expression of Micrornas (MIRNAS)
Rheumatoid Arthritis, TLRS and MiRNAs
TLR Signaling Cascade Mapk and Mirna Control
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5
Modulation of the Innate Immune System by Extracellular Vesicles
Abstract
Introduction
Extracellular Vesicles: An Overview
Microvesicles
Exosomes
Apoptotic Bodies
Effects of EVs on Innate Immunity during Steady State
Relation of EVs with Monocytes and Macrophages during Steady State
Relation of EVs with Neutrophils during Steady State
Relation of EVs with Natural Killer Cells (NKs) during Steady State
Relation of EVs with Mast Cells during Steady State
Relation of EVs with Eosinophils during Steady State
Effects of EVs on Innate Immunity during Infectious Diseases
Bacterial EVs
Effects of Bacterial EVs on Host’s Innate Immunity
Parasitic EVs
Effects of Protozoa EVs on Host’s Innate Immunity
EVs from Leishmania Parasites
EVs from Trypanosoma Parasites
EVs from Plasmodium Parasites
EVs from Trichomonas, Giardia and Entamoeba parasites
Effects of Helminth EVs on Host’s Innate Immunity
EVs from Nematode Parasites
EVs from Trematode Parasites
EVs from Cestode Parasites
Exploitation of EVs from Innate Cells by Viruses
EVs during HIV Infection
EVs during Hepatitis Virus Infection
EVs during Herpes Virus Infection
EVs during Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
EVs during SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infection
Effects of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Innate Immunity
Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Effects of Extracellular Vesicles in Autoimmune Diseases
Extracellular Vesicles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
Immunotherapy Based on EVs
Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell-Derived EVs for Immunotherapy
Applications of MSC-EVs in Inflammation Control
Application of MSC-EVs in Macrophage Polarization
Application of Non-MSC EVs and EVs-Educated Innate Cells in Tissue Repair
Application of Pathogen-Derived EVs for Immunotherapy
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6
Enhanced Innate Immune Response: A Novel Strategy to Interrupt the Transmission of Diseases by Mosquitoes
Abstract
Introduction
Vector-Borne Diseases
Blood Feeding
Interaction with Pathogens and Immune Response Pathways
Immune Memory
Evidence of Immune Memory in Mosquitos
Possible Mechanism of Immune Memory
Endoreplication
iRNA and Endogenous Viral Elements (EVEs)
Signaling Pathways
Dscam
Lipoxin/Lipocaline Complex
Fibrinogen-Related Proteins (FREPs)
Classical Memory Immune Response and Its Differences with Immune Priming in Mosquitoes
Activation
Effector Functions
Thoughtfulness for Inducing Immune Memory
Priming and Tolerance to Arboviral Infection
Perspective
Conclusion
References
Appendix: Glossary
Chapter 7
Modulation of the Innate Immune System by the Endocrine Disrupting Compounds Bisphenol A (BPA) and Phtalathes
Abstract
Introduction
Environmental Pollution and Its Impact on Organisms
The Problem
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs)
Bisphenol A (BPA) and Phthalates
BPA Effects on Innate Immune Cells
Phtalathes Effects on Innate Immune System
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
About the Editor
Index
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