The aim of this book, The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to Its Clinical Implications. Volume 1, is to provide updated information to scientists and clinicians that is valuable in their quest to gather information, carry out new investigations, and develop novel drugs that are more effective and do not cause adverse effects targeting the innate immune system. This book is of high priority to people interested in an update on innate immunity. Volume 1 examines the participation of innate immunity in diseases such as infections by viruses, cancer, or parasites. Specifically, this volume discusses innate immunity as it relates to chronic HIV infection, type 2 diabetes, and SARS-CoV-2, as well as its relationship with vitamin D. The dual role of neutrophils in cancer development and the plasticity of natural killer cells are investigated. Also, the immune response to infections from helminth and Toxoplasma gondii are described. The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to its Clinical Implications. Volume 1 promises to be a must-have book for all people who want to know about the role of the basic functioning of the innate immune system in several diseases of actual relevance to human health.
Author(s): Jorge Morales-Montor
Series: Immunology and Immune System Disorders
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 333
City: New York
Contents
Preface
Section 1. Innate Immunity and Viruses
Chapter 1
Innate Immunity in Chronic HIV Infection: Relationship Between Viral Reservoir and Inflammatory Response and Its Clinical Implications
Abstract
Introduction
Innate Immune Response in the Control of HIV Infection
Innate Immunity
Sensing of HIV through PRRs
Cytosolic Sensors
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)
Antiviral Innate Effector Cells: NK Cells, Dendritic Cells, Monocytes and Macrophages
Natural Killer Cells
Dendritic Cells
Conventional Dendritic Cells
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
Monocytes and Macrophages
Activation in Innate Immune Cells: Cytokines and Chemokines
IP-10
IL-6
TNF-a
IL-10 Family
Interferons
Novel Strategies to Control HIV Infection
Dendritic Cells in Immunotherapies
Monocytes and HIV Reservoir Elimination
Modulation of TLR Signaling
Modulation of Interferon Signaling
HIV Reservoir
Definition of HIV Reservoir
The Latent Reservoir
Cellular Reservoirs: Resting CD4+ T Cells Subtypes
Other Cell Populations as HIV Reservoirs
Tissue Reservoirs
The Active Reservoir
Markers of the HIV Reservoir
Cellular Markers of Latent HIV Reservoir
Markers of Activation of the HIV Reservoir
Total HIV DNA a Clinically Relevant Marker
The Latent HIV Reservoir: Formation and Compartmentalization
HIV Integration into the Host Genome
Establishment of HIV Latency
HIV Persistence during Antiretroviral Therapy
Tools to Quantify the Latent Reservoir
Cure Strategies Targeting the Latent Reservoir
Shock and Kill Strategy
Immunotherapy
Block and Lock Strategy
The Gene Therapy
Inflammatory Response in Controlled HIV Infection
Clinical Implications of Systemic Inflammation and Reservoir in HIV-Infected Individuals
Current Anti-Inflammatory Interventions in HIV Infection
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2
Vitamin D as a Modulator of the Immune Response during Viral Infections
Abstract
Introduction
Vitamin D
Vitamin D in the Immune System
Role of Vitamin D in the Immune Response during Selected Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract
Influenza
Rhinovirus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Role of Vitamin D in the Immune Response during SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3
Immunometabolic Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes and SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19)
Abstract
Introduction
Hyperglycemia
Hyperinsulinemia and Pancreatic β-Cell Exhaustion
Insulin Resistance
Formation of Advanced Glycation End Products
Endothelial Dysfunction, Vascular Damage, and Prothrombotic State
Miscellaneous
Conclusion
References
Section 2. Innate Immunity and Cancer
Chapter 4
A Dual Role for Neutrophils and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Development of Colorectal Cancer
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Classification of CRC Subtypes
Immune Response in Colorectal Cancer
The Innate Immune Response in Colorectal Cancer
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Neutrophils
Neutrophil Subsets
Antitumor Functions of Neutrophils (HDN or N1 Neutrophils)
Protumoral Functions of Neutrophils (LDN or N2 Neutrophils)
Neutrophils in Colorectal Cancer
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Colorectal Cancer
Granulocytic-Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Colorectal Cancer
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5
Plasticity of Natural Killer Cells in Cancer: Opportunities for Therapy?
Abstract
Introduction
Origin and Function of NK Cells
Subsets of NK Cells
Immune Infiltration of NK Cells at Peripheral and Intratumorally Levels in Patients with Cancer
Therapeutic Strategies Based on NK Activity in Cancer
Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs)
Killer Cell Engagers
NK Cell “Priming” Strategies or Cytokine-Induced Human NK Expansion and Activation
Methods to Enhance the Infiltration and Function of Infused NK Cells
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6
The Dual Role of Neutrophils in Cancer Development
Abstract
Introduction
Neutrophils in Cancer
The Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR)
Recruitment of Neutrophils to Tumors
Neutrophil Phenotypes
Neutrophil Subsets in Blood
Neutrophil Subsets in Tumors
Role of Neutrophils in Tumor Progression
Proliferation
Angiogenesis
Metastasis
Immunesuppression
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
Neutrophil Functions Against Tumors
Cytotoxicity
Antibody-Dependent Cell Killing
Fc Receptors on Neutrophils
Mechanisms of ADCC
Therapeutic Strategies
Inhibition of Neutrophil Recruitment
Inhibition of Pro-Tumor Activity
Activation of Anti-Tumor Activity
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
Section 3. Innate Immunity and Parasites
Chapter 7
Innate Immunity Against Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Abstract
Introduction
Life Cycle
Immune Response at the Infection Site
Toxoplasma Recognition by Innate Sensors
Mechanisms of Intracellular Toxoplasma Tachyzoites Clearance
Toxoplasma Manipulation of Host Signaling Pathways
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8
The Role of the Innate Immune Response during Helminth Infections
Abstract
Introduction
Innate Immune Response to Helminths
Epithelial Cells
Dendritic Cells
Macrophages
Granulocytes
Innate Lymphoid Cells Type 2
Conclusion
References
About the Editor
Index
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