Cover
Half Title
Epigraph
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Brief Contents
Detailed Table of Contents
Preface to the Third Edition
Acknowledgments
Introduction: Human Rights: Historical and Contemporary Controversies
Part I: The Controversy Over the Origins of Human Rights
Part II: The Controversy Over the Liberal Legacy and the Enlightenment
PART III: The Controversy Over the Socialist Contribution and the Industrial Age
Part IV: The Controversy Over the Right to Self-Determination and the Imperial Age
Part V: The Controversy Over Globalization’s and Populism’s Impact On Human Rights
Part VI: Human Rights and Legal Documents: A Brief Historical Narrative
PART I The Origins
Secular, Asian, and Monotheistic Traditions
Introduction
Questions For Part I
I.1 Unesco: The Grounds for an International Declaration of Human Rights (1947)
I.2 Jacques Maritain: On Opposing Ideologies and a Common List of Rights (Unesco Symposium, 1948)
I.3 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Preamble, Articles 1, 3, 5–12, 18–19, 27
1. The Secular Tradition
Liberty, Tolerance, and Codes of Justice
1.1 The Code of Hammurabi: On Freedom of Speech and Civil Rights (C. 1700 B.C.E.)
Talion Law: “An Eye for an Eye” (Limitations On Punishment)
1.2 Cyrus: On Religious Tolerance (The Cyrus Cylinder, C. 539 B.C.E.)
1.3 Plato: Justice In State and Individual (The Republic, C. 360 B.C.E.)
Book 4
1.4 Aristotle: On Justice and Political Constitutions (Politics, C. 350 B.C.E.)
Book IV, Chapter II
Book VII, Chapter I
1.5 Cicero: On Universal Justice (The Treatise On the Laws, 52 B.C.E.)
Book I
Social and Economic Justice
1.6 The Code of Hammurabi: On Property (C. 1700 B.C.E.)
1.7 Plato: On the Community of Property (The Republic, C. 360 B.C.E.)
1.8 Aristotle: On Property (Politics, C. 350 B.C.E.)
Book II, Chapter 5
Justice, War, and Peace
1.9 Thucydides: On Justice Versus Power: “The Melian Dialogue” (The History of the Peloponnesian War, C. 411 B.C.E.)
1.10 Plato: On How to Treat One’s Enemy (The Republic, C. 360 B.C.E.)
1.11 Aristotle: On the Purpose of War (Politics, C. 350 B.C.E.)
Book 7, Part XIV
Justice for Whom?
1.12 The Code of Hammurabi: On Women and Slaves (C. 1700 B.C.E.)
1.13 Plato: On Women’s Abilities (The Republic, C. 360 B.C.E.)
1.14 Plato: On Homosexuals (The Symposium, C. 360 B.C.E.)
1.15 Aristotle: On the Justification of Slavery (Politics, C. 350 B.C.E.)
Chapter 5
Chapter 7
2. Asian and African Religions and Traditions
Liberty, Tolerance, and Codes of Justice
2.1 Confucius: On Rightful Conduct of Rulers and Subjects (The Analects, C. 479–221 B.C.E.)
Book I
Book IV
Book XII
Book XV
Book XVIII
2.2 Kautilya: On the Penal System (The Arthashastra, C. 300 B.C.E.)
Principles of the Penal Code
Death Penalty
Miscellaneous Punishments
Death By Being Gored By an Elephant
Witchcraft and Black Magic
Punishments
2.3 Asoka: On Religious Intolerance and Discrimination (The Edicts, C. 272–231 B.C.E.)
Rock Edict VII
Rock Edict XII
2.4 Chinese Buddhist Verses: On Moral Conduct (Mahāparinirvāna Sūtra, Early Fourth Century)
2.5 The Mande Charter of Kurukan Fuga (C. 1235)
Social and Economic Justice
2.6 Confucius: On Fair Distribution and Education (The Analects, C. 551–479 B.C.E.)
Book XVI
Book XX
Book VII
Book XV
2.7 Kautilya: On Labor and Property Rights (The Arthashastra, C. 300 B.C.E.)
Chapter XIV
Chapter XVI
2.8 Manu: On Property Rights (The Laws, 9:27–60, C. 200 B.C.E.)
2.9 Mahayana Buddhism: On Altruism (Bodhicaryāvatāra of Sāntideva, C. Eighth Century)
2.10 Buddhism: On the Limitation of Property (Dhārmika Subhūti, C. Tenth Century)
Hungry Ghost (Preta) Realm
Human Realm
2.11 The Mande Charter of Kurukan Fuga (C. 1235)
Justice, War, and Peace
2.12 Confucius: On Peace and Economic Justice (The Analects, C. 551–479 B.C.E.)
Book XII
2.13 Mencius: On the Right to Overthrow a Tyrant (C. 372–289 B.C.E.)
2.14 Asoka: On Peace and Justice (The Edicts, C. 272–231 B.C.E.)
Rock Edict XIII
Against Aggression and Tension Between States
2.15 The Mande Charter of Kurukan Fuga (C. 1235)
Justice for Whom?
2.16 Kautilya: On Women, Slavery, and Homosexuality (The Arthashastra, C. 300 B.C.E.)
Chapter II
Chapter III
Chapter IV
Chapter XII
2.17 Manu: On Women and the Caste System (The Laws, C. 200 B.C.E.)
Chapter 3:8–19
Chapter 5:147–155
Chapter 8:299–300
Chapter 10:51–67
2.18 Mahayana Buddhism: On the Afflictions of Womanhood And Poverty (Sutra of the Medicine Buddha, Seventh Century)
2.19 The Mande Charter of Kurukan Fuga (C. 1235)
3. Monotheistic Religions
Liberty, Tolerance, and Codes of Justice
3.1 The Hebrew Bible: On Universalism and Moral Injunctions
3.2 The New Testament: On Universalism, Faith, and the Law (C. 80)
3.3 The Qur’an: On Tolerance and Just Society (C. 632)
Social and Economic Justice
3.4 The Hebrew Bible: On the Welfare of the Poor, the Laborer, and the Stranger
3.5 The New Testament: On Poverty, Greed and Charity (C. 80)
3.6 The Qur’an: On Social and Economic Aid (C. 632)
Justice, War, and Peace
3.7 The Hebrew Bible: On War and Peace Among Nations
3.8 New Testament: “Never Pay Back Evil for Evil” (C. 80)
3.9 The Qur’an: On Just War (C. 632)
3.10 Augustine of Hippo: On Just War (397–427)
Contra Faustum, BOOK XXII, Chapters 74–76
Letter CLXXXIX to Boniface, Paragraph 6
De Civitate Dei (City of God), Book 1, .chapter 21
De Civitate Dei (City of God), Book XIX, .chapter 12
3.11 Thomas Aquinas: On Just War (Summa Theologica, 1265–1273)
Whether It Is Always Sinful to Wage War?
Justice for Whom?
3.12 The Hebrew Bible: On Women, Slavery, and Homosexuality
3.13 The New Testament: On Women, Slavery, and Homosexuality (C. 80)
3.14 The Qur’an: On Women, Slavery, and Homosexuality (C. 632)
PART II The Legacy of Early Liberalism and the Enlightenment
Introduction
Questions for Part II
II.1 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Articles 1–3
4. Liberal Visions of Human Rights
The Fight for Freedom of Expression and Against Religious Oppression
4.1 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Articles 18–19
4.2 John Milton: On Censorship (Areopagitica, 1644)
4.3 John Locke: On the Separation of Religion and State (A Letter Concerning Toleration, 1689)
4.4 Voltaire: Treatise On Tolerance (1763)
4.5 Voltaire: “Fanaticism” (Philosophical Dictionary, 1764)
The Right to Life (The Cases Against Torture and Capital Punishment)
4.6 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Articles 3 and 5–12
4.7 United Nations: International Covenant On Civil and Political Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry Into Force 1976): Part Iii, Article 6
4.8 Thomas Hobbes: On the Inalienable Right to Life (The Leviathan, 1652)
Chapter XIV: Of the First and Second Natural Laws, and of Contracts
4.9 Cesare Beccaria: On Torture and the Death Penalty (Treatise On Crimes and Punishments, 1766)
Chapter 2: The Right to Punish
Chapter 16: Of Torture
Chapter 28: The Death Penalty
The Right to Property
4.10 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Article 17
4.11 Gerrard Winstanley: “A Declaration From the Poor Oppressed People of England” (1649)
4.12 John Locke: On Property (The Second Treatise, 1690)
Chapter II
Chapter V
4.13 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: On the Limits of Property (The Geneva Manuscript Or the First Draft of the Social Contract, C. 1756)
Book I: Preliminary Concepts of the Social Body
4.14 Maximilien De Robespierre: On Property Rights (1793)
4.15 Thomas Paine: On the Origin of Universal Basic Income (Agrarian Justice, 1797)
Means By Which the Fund Is to Be Created
Counterpoint
4.16 Edmund Burke: On Inheritance and the Principle of Inequality (Reflections On the Revolution in France, 1790)
5. How to Promote a Liberal Conception of Human Rights
Just War and the Right to Rebel
5.1 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Preamble
5.2 Hugo Grotius: On the Rights of War and Peace (The Law of War and Peace, 1625)
Prolegomena
Book II, Chapter I: The Causes of War: Defense of Self and Property
Chapter XXII: On Unjust Causes [of Wars]
Book III, Chapter IV
Chapter XI: Moderation With Respect to the Right of Killing in a Lawful War
Chapter XIV: Moderation in Regard to Prisoners of War
5.3 John Locke: On the Separation of Powers and the Right to Rebel (The Second Treatise, 1690)
Chapter II
Chapter X: Of the Forms of a Commonwealth
Chapter XII: Of the Legislative, Executive, and Federative Power of the Commonwealth
Chapter XIX
5.4 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: On Peace and War (The State of War, C. 1753–1755)
Protectionism Versus Free Trade
5.5 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: On the General Will and Commercial Inequity (The Geneva Manuscript Or the First Draft of the Social Contract, C. 1756)
Chapter III: On the Fundamental Compact
5.6 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: On Isolationism and Protectionism (Consideration On Government of Poland, 1772)
Chapter XI: The Economic System
5.7 Adam Smith: On Individual Liberties, Free Trade and Mutual Advantage (The Wealth of Nations, 1776)
Book I
Book IV
5.8 Adam Smith: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759)
Part IV
Republicanism, International Law and Global Governance
5.9 Thomas Paine: On Just Revolutionary Wars, Commerce and Republicanism (The Rights of Man, 1791–1792)
5.10 Maximilien De Robespierre: On Revolutionary Government (1793)
5.11 Immanuel Kant: On Republican Peace and Cosmopolitan Order (Perpetual Peace, 1795)
First Definitive Article of a Perpetual Peace
5.12 Immanuel Kant: On Republican Peace and Cosmopolitan Order (The Metaphysics of Morals, 1797)
Section I. The Right of a State
Section II: International Right
Section III: Cosmopolitan Right
Conclusion
6. Human Rights for Whom?
6.1 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Articles 2 and 4
6.2 Bartolomé De Las Casas (In Defense of the Indians, C. 1548)
6.3 Hugo Grotius: On the Rights of the Stranger and the Refugee (The Law of War and Peace, 1625)
Book II, Chapter II
6.4 Olaudah Equiano: On the Memoirs of an African Slave (The Interesting Narrative, 1789)
6.5 Adam Smith: On Slavery and Serfdom (The Wealth of Nations, 1776)
Book III, Chapter 2
6.6 Maximilien De Robespierre: On the Propertyless and Male Suffrage (1791)
6.7 Immanuel Kant: On the Right to Hospitality (Perpetual Peace, 1795)
6.8 Olympe De Gouges: The Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1790)
The Rights of Woman
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
Form for a Social Contract Between Man and Woman
6.9 Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
Introduction
Parental Affection
On National Education
6.10 On The Admission of Jews to Rights of Citizenship (1791)
PART III The Socialist Contribution and the Industrial Age
Introduction
Questions for Part III
III.1 T. H. Marshall: On Civil, Political, and Social Rights (Citizenship and Social Class, 1950)
III.2 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Articles 20–26
7. Challenging the Liberal Vision of Rights
A Historical Materialist Approach
7.1 Friedrich Engels: On the Question of Class Morality and Rights Relative to History (The Anti-Dühring, 1878)
IX. Morality and Law — Eternal Truths
X. Morality and Law — Equality
XI. Morality and Law — Freedom and Necessity
The Struggle for Voting Rights
7.2 Chartism: On the Petition for Voting Rights (1837)
A Law for Equally Representing the People of Great Britain and Ireland
7.3 Karl Marx: On Universal Suffrage (1852)
7.4 Ferdinand Lassalle: On Universal and Direct Suffrage (The Working Class Program, 1862)
7.5 Manifesto of the Paris Commune (1871)
The Struggle for Economic, Educational, and Social Rights
7.6 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (What Is Property? An Inquiry Into the Principle of Right and of Government, 1840)
Chapter I: Method Pursued in This Work — The Idea of a Revolution
On Government
7.7 Louis Blanc: On the Material Basis for Health and Other Social Rights (Organization of Labor, 1848)
7.8 Karl Marx: On Limitation of the Working Day (1866)
7.9 Karl Marx: On Freedom of Association and Trade Unions (1866)
7.10 Karl Marx: On Education for Both Sexes (1866)
7.11 Karl Marx: On National Education (1869)
[I]
[II]
7.12 Karl Marx: On Social and Economic Rights (Critique of the Gotha Program, 1891)
Counterpoints
7.13 Charles Darwin: On the Superiority of the Fittest (The Descent of Man, 1871)
7.14 John Stuart Mill: On the Right to Education (On Liberty, 1859)
7.15 John Stuart Mill: On the Right to Vote (Considerations On Representative Government, 1861)
8. How to Promote a Socialist Perspective of Human Rights: Free Trade, Just War, and International Organizations
On Free Trade’s Virtues and Injustices
8.1 Karl Marx: The Communist Manifesto (1848)
8.2 Karl Marx: “Speech On the Question of Free Trade” (1848)
Just War: Violence Or Political Reform?
8.3 Karl Marx: On the History of Class Warfare (The Communist Manifesto, 1848)
Bourgeois and Proletarians
8.4 Karl Marx: The Class Struggles in France (1850)
8.5 Karl Marx: On the Possibility of a Non-Violent Revolution (1872)
8.6 Rosa Luxemburg: On World War I and Imperialism (The Junius Pamphlet, 1916)
8.7 Karl Kautsky: On Political Reform and Socialism (The Dictatorship of the Proletariat, 1918)
The Problem
Democracy and the Conquest of Political Power
Democracy and the Maturity of the Proletariat
8.8 Leon Trotsky (Their Morals and Ours, 1938)
Moral Precepts Obligatory Upon All
Morality and Revolution
Revolution and the Institution of Hostages
Dialectical Interdependence of End and Means
International Organizations
8.9 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: The Principle of Federalism (1863)
Isolation of the Idea of Federation
Economic Sanctions: The Agro-Industrial Federation
8.10 Karl Marx: “Inaugural Address of the Workingmen’s International Association” (1864)
8.11 Leonard S. Woolf: On International Government and International Court (International Government, 1916)
Chapter III: International Law
Chapter IV: Treaties
Chapter V: Conferences, Congresses, and the Concert of Europe
9. Human Rights for Whom?
9.1 Robert Owen: On Children (“An Address to the Inhabitants of Lanark,” 1816)
9.2 Karl Marx: The Jewish Question (1843)
9.3 Karl Marx: Letter to Abraham Lincoln On the Abolition of Slavery (1864)
9.4 Sojourner Truth: On Women’s Rights (1851)
9.5 August Bebel: Woman And Socialism (1883)
Introduction
Woman in the Future
9.6 Clara Zetkin: On Women’s Rights and Social Classes (1896)
9.7 Vladimir I. Lenin: On the Emancipation of Women (1919)
9.8 J. Henry Dunant: On the Rights of Wounded Soldiers (A Memory of Solferino, 1862)
9.9 August Bebel: On Homosexual Rights (“Speech to the Reichstag,” 1898)
PART IV The Right to Self-Determination and the Imperial Age
Introduction
Questions for Part IV
IV.1 Eleanor Roosevelt: “The Universal Validity of Man’s Right to Self-Determination” (1952)
IV.2 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Preamble, Articles 1–2, 15
IV.3 United Nations: International Covenant On Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant On Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry Into Force 1976), Article 1
10. On the National Question
10.1 Giuseppe Mazzini: On the Right to Country (The Duties of Man, 1844, 1858)
I. To the Italian Working-Men (1844)
V. Duties to Country (1858)
10.2 John Stuart Mill: Considerations On Representative Government (1861)
Chapter XVI: Of Nationality, as Connected With Representative Government
Chapter XVIII: Of the Government of Dependencies By a Free State
10.3 Ernest Renan: What Is a Nation? (1882)
II
III
10.4 Rosa Luxemburg: The National Question and Autonomy (1909)
I. The Right of Nations to Self-Determination
II.
III.
10.5 Vladimir I. Lenin: The Right of Nations to Self-Determination (1914)
What Is Self-Determination of Nations?
10.6 Woodrow Wilson: “The Fourteen Points Address” (1918)
An Address to a Joint Session of Congress
10.7 Mahatma Gandhi: “Passive Resistance” (1909)
10.8 Mahatma Gandhi: “An Appeal to the Nation” (1924)
10.9 Mahatma Gandhi: “Means and Ends” (1909–1947)
10.10 Mahatma Gandhi: “Equal Distribution Through Nonviolence” (1940)
10.11 Sati’ Al-Husri: “Muslim Unity and Arab Unity” (1944)
10.12 Ho Chi Minh: “Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam” (1945)
10.13 Frantz Fanon: The Wretched of the Earth (1963)
Concerning Violence
The Pitfalls of National Consciousness
PART V Human Rights in the Era of Globalization and Populism
Introduction
V.1 Thomas L. Friedman and Ignacio Ramonet: “Dueling Globalizations” (1999)
DOS Capital
A New Totalitarianism
Magnates and Misfits
Dos Capital 2.0
Let Them Eat Big Macs
V.2 Micheline Ishay: “Human Rights In The Age of Populism” (2020)
1. Why Populism?
2. Left Wing Populism?
3. How Should We Reclaim Human Rights Strategies?
11. Redefining Rights
Questions for Chapter 11
On Labor and Development Rights
11.1 Milton Friedman: “Economic Freedom, Human Freedom, Political Freedom” (1991)
11.2 Charles Tilly: “Globalization Threatens Labor’s Rights” (1995)
11.3 Amnesty International: “Amnesty International On Human Rights and Labour Rights” (1998)
11.4 Amartya Sen: Development as Freedom (1999)
Constitutive and Instrumental Roles of Freedom
Instrumental Freedoms
Interconnections and Complementarity
11.5 John G. Ruggie: On Business and Human Rights (2020)
On Environmental Rights
11.6 Ken Saro-Wiwa: On Environmental Rights of the Ogoni People in Nigeria (1995)
11.7 Ramachandra Guha: “Radical American Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third World Critique” (1989)
The Tenets of Deep Ecology
Toward a Critique
A Homily
11.8 Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights: “Understanding Human Rights and Climate Change” (2015)
Key Messages on Human Rights and Climate Change
Why integrate human rights in climate change-related actions?
How can human rights be integrated in climate-change related actions?
Which human rights are most affected by climate change?
The Right to Life
The Right to Self-Determination
The Right to Development
The Right to Food
The Right to Water and Sanitation
The Right to Health
The Right to Housing
The Right to Education
The Rights of Those Most Affected By Climate Change
Realizing human rights in a warming world
12. How to Protect and Promote Human Rights
Questions for Chapter 12
On Security Rights Versus Torture
12.1 U.S. Department of Justice Memorandum: On Torture (2002)
Re: Standards of Conduct for Interrogation Under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2340–2340A
12.2 U.S. Department of Justice Memorandum: On Torture (2004)
Counterpoints
12.3 Charles Krauthammer: “The Truth About Torture” (2005)
12.4 Stephen Holmes: On Torture and the Defiance of Law in the War On Terror (2006)
Lawyers for Torture
Reliability On Trial
Alternatives and Side-Effects
The Secret of the Ticking Bomb
Mirror-Imaging
On Humanitarian Interventions
12.5 Samantha Power: “Raising the Cost of Genocide” (2002)
12.6 Michael Ignatieff: “The Burden” (2003)
II
VI
12.7 Eric Hobsbawm: “Spreading Democracy” (2004)
12.8 Micheline Ishay: “Debating Globalization and Intervention: Spartacists Versus Caesarists” (2005)
Dueling Over Globalization
Dueling Over Humanitarian Interventions: The Sharpening of the Spartacist and Caesarist Positions
Dueling Over Nation-Building
Transcending Spartacism and Caesarism
12.9 United Nations Secretary-General: “Implementing the Responsibility to Protect” (2009)
12.10 Michael Walzer: “The Aftermath of War: Reflections On Jus Post Bellum” (2012)
On the International Criminal Court and Human Rights Governance
12.11 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998)
12.12 Micheline Ishay: “Liberal Internationalisms, Human Rights and International Criminal Justice: Looking Back to Reclaim the Future” (2015)
1. Introduction
2. Four Moments of Liberal Internationalism
3. Globalization and the Future of International Criminal Justice and Human Rights
13. Human Rights for Whom?
Questions for Chapter 13
On The Rights of Citizens Versus the Rights of Refugees and Immigrants
13.1 Hannah Arendt: On the Rights of the Stateless (The Origins of Totalitarianism, 1951)
The Perplexities of the Rights of Man
13.2 Bryan Caplan: On the Libertarian Case for Open Borders (“Why Should We Restrict Immigration?,” 2012)
Protecting American Workers?
Protecting American Taxpayers?
Protecting American Culture?
Protecting American Liberty?
Protecting Property Rights?
Conclusion: The Presumption in Favor of Immigration
13.3 Angela Nagle: “The Left Case Against Open Borders” (2018)
The Human Cost of Globalization
Corporate Interests and Moral Blackmail
13.4 Lea Ypi: “Why the Left Should Unite Behind Open Borders” (2019)
13.5 Documents: Refugee and Migrant Rights and Human Trafficking
I. United Nations: Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Adopted 1951, Entry Into Force 1954)
II. United Nations: Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1967)
III. United Nations: Convention On the Rights of the Child (Adopted 1989, Entry Into Force 1990)
Iv. United Nations: International Convention On the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (Adopted 1990, Entry Into Force 2003)
V. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children (Adopted 2000, Entry Into Force 2003)
On Cultural and Group Rights Versus Universalism
13.6 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Articles 1–2 and 29
13.7 United Nations: International Covenant On Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry Into Force 1976), Article 15
13.8 United Nations: International Covenant On Civil and Political Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry Into Force 1976), Article 27
13.9 Steven Lukes: “Five Fables About Human Rights” (1993)
13.10 Eric Hobsbawm: “The Universalism of the Left” (1996)
Universalism of the Left
The Common Interest
13.11 Rhoda E. Howard-Hassman and Jack Donnelly: “Liberalism and Human Rights: A Necessary Connection” (1996)
A. Liberalism, Equality, and Personal Autonomy
B. Liberalism and International Human Rights
13.12 Richard Rorty: “Human Rights, Rationality, and Sentimentality” (1993)
13.13 Liu Xiaobo: Charter 08 (2008)
I. Foreword
II. Our Fundamental Principles
III. What We Advocate
13.14 Chandra Muzaffar: On Western Imperialism and Human Rights (1994)
13.15 Will Kymlicka: On Indigenous Rights (“The Good, the Bad, and the Intolerable: Minority Group Rights,” 1996)
Two Kinds of Group Rights
The Limits of Toleration
13.16 Martha Nussbaum: “Women and Cultural Universals” (Sex and Social Justice, 1999)
II. Anti-Universalist Conversations
III. The Attack On Universalism
IV. A Conception of the Human Being: The Central Human Capabilities
13.17 Carl F. Stychin: “Same-Sex Sexualities and the Globalization of Human Rights Discourse” (2004)
Introduction
Concluding Thoughts
13.18 Tia Powell, Sophia Shapiro, and Ed Stein: “Transgender Rights as Human Rights” (2016)
Introduction
Arguments for Recognition and Expanded Protection of Transpersons’ Rights
Interpretations and Critiques of “Born That Way” Arguments
Transgender Rights as Human Rights
13.19 Michelle Alexander: The New Jim Crow (2010)
13.20 Frédéric Mégret: “The Disabilities Convention: Human Rights of Persons With Disabilities Or Disability Rights?” (2008)
Introduction
14. Debating the Future of Human Rights
Questions for Chapter 14
Digital Surveillance, Discrimination, and Human Rights
14.1 Michelle Bachelet: “Human Rights in the Digital Age” (2019)
14.2 Shoshana Zuboff: “Surveillance Capitalism and the Challenge of Collective Action” (2019)
What Is Surveillance Capitalism?
Surveillance Capitalism’s Origins and “Laws of Motion”
Economic Imperatives
The Rise of Instrumentarian Power
The Challenge to Collective Action
14.3 Shoshana Zuboff: On Digital Behavioral Control and the Right to Have Rights (2019)
Instrumentarian Power as a Coup From Above
14.4 Andrew Feenberg: On Claiming Digital Governance (2019)
Critical Constructivism and the Question of Governance
Conclusion
The Right to Health After the Pandemic
14.5 Michel Foucault: On Surveillance and the Plague (Discipline and Punish, 1975)
14.6 World Health Organization: “Human Rights and Health” (2017)
Key Facts
Focus On Disadvantaged Populations
Violations of Human Rights in Health
Human Rights-Based Approaches
Core Principles of Human Rights
Core Elements of a Right to Health
14.7 Yuval Noah Harari: “The World After Coronavirus” (2020)
Under-the-skin Surveillance
The Emergency Pudding
The Soap Police
We Need a Global Plan
14.8 António Guterres: “The World Faces a Pandemic of Human Rights Abuses in the Wake of Covid-19” (2021)
Artificial Intelligence, Bioengineering, and Human Rights
14.9 Mathias Risse: “Human Rights and Artificial Intelligence: An Urgently Needed Agenda” (2019)
I. Introduction
II. AI and Human Rights
III. The Morality of Pure Intelligence
IV. Human Rights and the Problem of Value Alignment
V. Artificial Stupidity and the Power of Companies
VI. The Great Disconnect: Technology and Inequality
VII. Conclusion
14.10 Rumiana Yotova: “Regulating Genome Editing Under International Human Rights Law” (2020)
I. Introduction
II. Regulatory and Policy Challenges Posed By Genome Editing
Iii. The Regulation of Genome Editing Under Human Rights Law
IV. Conclusion
14.11 Walter Isaacson: On Genome Editing and the Future of the Human Race (The Code Breaker, 2021)
Red Lines
Who Should Decide?
PART VI Human Rights and Legal Documents: A Brief Historical Narrative
Introduction
Phase I: From the Magna Carta to the Enlightenment
Phase II: From Social Reforms to the International Geneva Convention
Phase III: The Search for an International Legal Regime
Phase IV: The Road to the U.N. Charter and the U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Phase V: The Cold War, Anti-Colonial Struggle, and the Division of Human Rights
Phase VI: The Rise of Rights for Specific Regions, Themes, and Groups
15. Selected International Human Rights Documents
15.1 The Magna Carta (1215)
15.2 The Habeas Corpus Act (1679)
15.3 The English Bill of Rights (1689)
15.4 The United States Declaration of Independence (1776)
15.5 The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)
15.6 United Nations: Charter of the United Nations (1945)
Chapter I: Purposes and Principles
15.7 United Nations: Convention On the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Adopted 1948, Entry Into Force 1951)
15.8 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
15.9 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Adopted 1949, Entry Into Force 1950)
General Provisions
15.10 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (Adopted 1977, Entry Into Force 1979)
15.11 Council of Europe: Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Adopted 1950, Entry Into Force 1953)
Section I: Rights and Freedoms
Section II: European Court of Human Rights
15.12 United Nations: International Covenant On Civil and Political Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry Into Force 1976)
Part I
Part II
Part III
15.13 United Nations: International Covenant On Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry Into Force 1976)
Part I
Part II
Part III
15.14 Organization of American States: American Convention On Human Rights (Adopted 1969; Entry Into Force 1978)
Part I: State Obligations and Rights Protected
Chapter I: General Obligations
Chapter II: Civil and Political Rights
Chapter III: Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
Chapter IV: Suspension of Guarantees, Interpretation, and Application
Chapter V: Personal Responsibilities
15.15 United Nations: Convention On the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (Adopted 1979; Entry Into Force 1981)
Part 1
Part II
Part III
Part IV
15.16 United Nations: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment (Adopted 1984, Entry Into Force 1987)
Part I
15.17 United Nations: Convention On the Rights of the Child (Adopted 1989, Entry Into Force 1990)
Part I
15.18 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa: Chapter Two, Bill of Rights (1996)
Permission Acknowledgements
Index
