The textbook describes the complexity of the human dynamic behavior in space and its ability to produce coordinated, adaptive, dynamically stable movements under steady conditions while negotiating complex terrains and experiencing unexpected perturbations. Applying fundamental theories of biomechanics and physiology, the authors further consider the physical, perceptual, and motor aspects of the locomotor system towards the analysis of how humans can behave adaptively in space by virtue of their intelligent sensory-motor functions and to illuminate our understanding of how this complexity in behavior can provide insight into the neural control of locomotion of the musculoskeletal system. The text provides a foundation for describing the normal and abnormal human locomotor systems.
The Human Locomotor System: Physiological and Technological Foundations is intended as a primary text for upper-undergraduate and graduate-level courses in neuroscience, gait analysis, kinesiology, physical therapy, sports science, and biomedical and rehabilitation engineering. It is also a valuable professional reference for scientists and engineers at medical and pharmaceutical companies involved in bioengineering research and development.
Author(s): Thompson Sarkodie-Gyan, Huiying Yu
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 314
City: Cham
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Chapter 1: The Human Locomotor System: Physiological and Technological Foundations
Introduction to the Human Locomotor System
Physical Aspects of the Human Locomotor System
The Human Skeleton: Planes of Reference and Directional Terms
Forces in the Musculoskeletal System
Biomechanics of the Locomotor System
Body Planes
Joints
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
Movable Joints
Categories of Synovial Joints
Planar Joints
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Condyloid Joint
Saddle Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joints
Mapping Between Upper and Lower Limb Joints
Dynamics of the Upper Extremity
Joints of the Elbow
Wrist Joint
The Lower Extremity
Human Hip Joint
Surrounding Musculature
Knee Joint
Foot and Ankle
Ankle Joint (Talocrural Joint)
Anatomy of the Talocrural Joint (Ankle Joint)
Anatomy of the Subtalar Joint (Tolocalcaneal Joint)
Anatomy of the Midtarsal Joint
Anatomy of the Tarsometatarsal (TMT) Joint Complex
Anatomy of the Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Joints and Interphalangeal (IP) Joints
The Foot (Categories)
Forefoot
Midfoot
Hindfoot
Muscles Controlling Foot Movements
Foot-Aided Tendons
Primary Ligaments of the Foot
Muscle Physiology of the Human Locomotor System
Physiology of Muscle Activation and Electromyography
Contribution of Muscle to Motion Control
Muscle as a Smart Material with Intrinsic Self-Stabilizing Properties
Cerebral Blood Flow in the Human Locomotor System
Fractal Dynamics in the Human Locomotor System
Perceptual and Feedback: Somatosensory System in the Human Locomotor System
Somatosensory System
Somatosensory Afferents Convey Information from the Skin Surface to Central Circuits
Significance of the Somatosensory System
Information Acquisition Through Proprioception
Exteroception
Information Acquisition Through Exteroception and Interoception
Systems Analysis Approach in Human Locomotor System
The Vestibular System
The Joint Angle Sense (Proprioception)
The Visual Orientation Cues
The Somatosensory Plantar Pressure Receptors
Data Acquisition in Human Locomotor System
Data Acquisition: The Vestibular System
Data Acquisition: The Joint Angle Sensor
Data Acquisition: The Force/Torque Sensor
Data Acquisition: The Psychophysical Evidence for Sensor Concept
The Meta Level Concept
Postural Reflex Concept
Posture-Movement Problem
The Nervous System (CNS, PNS)
The Brain (Cerebral Cortex)
Spinal Cord and Nerves
The Motor System of the Human Body
Important Functions of the Cerebellum
The Motor Cortex
Motor Aspects of the Human Locomotor System
References
Suggested Reading
Chapter 2: Significance in the Understanding of the Human Locomotor System
Introduction
The Human Locomotor System
The Skeletal System
The Muscular System
The Nervous System
The Cardiovascular System
The Respiratory System
The Digestive System
Disabilities, Disorders, Impairments
Neuromuscular Disorders
Musculoskeletal Disorders
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Tendinitis
Shoulder Tendonitis
Wrist Tendonotis
Biceps Tendonitis
Tibialis Posterior Tendinopathy
Quadriceps Tendonitis
Sprain-Strain
Radial Tunnel Syndrome
Degenerative Disc Disease
References
Chapter 3: Challenges and Concerns to Society: The Human Locomotor System
Disability-Adjusted Life Year, DALY
Stroke
Traumatic Brain Injury
Spinal Cord Injuries
Parkinson’s Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Alzheimer’s Disease
Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
Neurodegeneration
Lumbar Degenerative Disk Disease
Scoliosis
Muscular Dystrophy
Low Back Pain
Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Military Action
Mission Essential Fitness (Military)
Physiological Functions in Human During Spaceflight
Intervening in the Brain
Ethical Concerns and Challenges of New Technology Initiatives
Stigmatization
References
Chapter 4: The Physical Determinants of Human Locomotor System
Description of the Gait Cycle According to Fig. 4.2
Significance of Measuring Physiological/Biomechanical Quantities
The Major Determinants of Human Gait
The Human Pelvis
Ligamentous Pelvic Anatomy
Constituent Mechanisms of Human Gait
Pelvic List (Lateral Tilt) (Pelvic Drop)
Knee Movement During Gait Cycle [1, 5]
Muscle Activation in the Gait Cycle
References
Chapter 5: Measurement in Human Locomotor System
Measurement and Instrumentation
Systems Analysis Approach
Psychophysics and Its Significance
Analysis of Different Types of Joints and Segments
The Acquisition of Biomechanics/Physiological Information
3D Determination of the Head and Neck
Determination of the Shoulder Joint
3D Determination of the Elbow Joint
3D Determination of the Wrist Joint
3D Determination of the Hip Joint
Lumbo-Pelvic Hip Complex
3D Determination of the Knee Joint
3D Determination of the Foot Joint
3D Determination of the Ankle Joint
3D Determination of the Ground Reaction Forces (GRFs)
Regenerative Medicine Procedures
References
Suggested Readings
Chapter 6: Sensors and/or Transducers in Human Locomotor System
The Camera System (The Motion Capture System)
Inertial Motion Units (IMUs)
Goniometer
Electromyography
Strain Gauge
Fiber Optic Sensors (FOS)
Heart Rate Monitoring
Skin Conductivity
Biosensors
Wearable Biosensors
Emerging Technologies in Wearable Biosensors
Biofluid Saliva: As a Chemical Sensor
Biofluid Sweat: As a Non-invasive Sweat Glucose
Biofluid Tears: As a Chemical Sensor
References
Chapter 7: Technology Initiatives in the Human Locomotor System
Review of the Nervous System
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Principle of the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Understanding MRI: Basic MR Physics for Physicians [12]
Origin of the MR Signal: Protons and ‘Little Bar Magnets’ [12]
Precession [12]
Longitudinal Magnetization [12]
RF Pulses and Transverse Magnetization [12]
T1 Relaxation and T1 Values [12]
T2 and T2* Relaxation [12]
Free Induction Decay [12]
T1-Weighted Images [12]
T2-Weighted Images [12]
Factors Influencing SE Contrast and Weighting [12]
Gradient Echo [12]
Differences Between SE and GRE [12]
Image Construction [12]
Localizing and Encoding MR Signals
Slice-Selection Gradient
Phase-Encoding Gradient
Frequency-Encoding Gradient
Image Acquisition Time
Turbo SE
Echo-Planar Imaging
3D Encoding
Magnetic Susceptibility
Intravenous Contrast
Exploiting Magnetic Susceptibility Using GRE Imaging [12]
Other Factors That May Influence Signal Intensity [12]
TI: The Inversion Recovery Sequence
Flow [12]
Finally, a Word on Safety
Exposure to Magnetic Fields
Intravenous Contrast Agents
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Overview of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging [8]
Concept of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) [8]
Analysis Methods [8]
Comparisons with Other Functional Imaging Modalities [8]
Spatial Resolution [8]
Temporal Resolution [8]
Strengths and Weaknesses of fMRI [8]
Future of fMRI [8]
Conclusions [8]
Intervention in the Brain: Current Understanding and Technology Initiatives
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation
Basic Principles of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation
Transcranial Brain Stimulation (TBS)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (TACS)
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
The Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation
Sub-Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation
Globus Pallidus Deep Brain Stimulation
Brain-Computer Interface System (BCIS)
Paradigm of the Brain-Computer Interface, BCI
The Output Device
Neural Stem Cell Therapy (NSCT)
References
Chapter 8: Artificial Intelligence in Human Locomotor System
Space Exploration
Application of Human Locomotor System in Surveillance
Emerging Technologies
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Intelligent Measurement and Instrumentation
Case Study I: Measurement Science in the Human Locomotor System
Case Study II: Measurement Science in the Human Locomotor System (Conceptualized and Performed in the Laboratory for Human Motion Analysis and NeuroRehabilitation)
Biosensors
Tongue-Computer Interface
Magnetoelastic Wireless Biosensor
Artificial Neural Networks
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
Computational Intelligence
Application of Computational Intelligence in Human Locomotor System
Notion of Neuromorphic Engineering
References
Index
