This book presents an in-depth study to show that a sustainable future urban life is possible. To build a safer and more sustainable future, as humankind, we would like to use more renewable energy, increase energy efficiency, reduce our carbon and water footprints in all economic sectors. The increasing population and humans’ ever-increasing demand for consumption pose another question whether the world’s resources are sufficient for present and future generations. Fair access to water, energy, and food is the objective for all. In line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, scientists, researchers, engineers, and policymakers worldwide are working hard to achieve these objectives.
To answer all these challenges, we would like to introduce the core of Smart Cities of the future, the building block of the future’s urban life: Open Digital Innovation Hub (ODIH). ODIH will serve as the ‘Home of the Future’, a fully digitalised and smart, self-sustaining building that answers all the motivation we highlight here. In ODIH, we introduce a living space that produces its water, energy, and food by minimising carbon and water footprints thanks to the Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and Blockchain technologies. It will also serve as an open innovation environment for start-ups and entrepreneurs who wish to integrate their solutions into the infrastructure of ODIH and test those in real-time. We believe this will be a true open innovation test-bed for new business models.
Author(s): Sinan Küfeoğlu
Series: Sustainable Development Goals Series
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 271
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
1 Sustainable Living Spaces and Open Digital Innovation Hub
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 The Self-sustaining Concept
1.1.2 The Design of ODIH
References
2 Water
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Current State of Water
2.1.1.1 The Future of Water in the World
2.1.1.2 The Future of Water in Turkey
2.1.1.3 What is Water-Energy-Food Nexus?
2.1.2 Water Perspective
2.1.3 What is a Sustainable Compound?
2.1.3.1 Needs of a Sustainable Compound
2.1.3.2 Sustainable Compound Versus Traditional House
2.2 Aim of the Study
2.3 Methodology
2.3.1 Providing Freshwater
2.3.1.1 Technologies and Tools in Providing Freshwater
2.3.1.2 Reuse of Greywater
2.3.2 Waste Management
2.3.2.1 Toilet System
2.3.3 HVAC
2.3.4 Location of HVAC, Waste Treatment and Water Circulation Systems in ODIH
2.4 Materials
2.4.1 Reverse Osmosis System
2.4.2 Heat Pump
2.4.3 Water Capturing System
2.4.4 Biogas Reactor
2.4.5 Water Tanks
2.4.6 Toilet System
2.4.7 Reuse of Greywater
2.5 Results
2.6 Discussion and Policy Recommendations
2.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Appendix
Appendix 2.1 Harvestable Rainwater (Area*rainfall*0.72)
Appendix 2.2 Harvestable Rainwater After Purification
Appendix 2.3 Used Rainwater
Appendix 2.4 Surplus Rainwater
Appendix 2.5 Used Rainwater After Purification (Used*0.9)
Appendix 2.6 Greywater Production (Per day: 355 * 0.75 * 0.8 ≌ 210 L)
Appendix 2.7 Greywater Amount After Purification (Greywater Production*0.9)
Appendix 2.8 Total Water by Sources
Appendix 2.9 Water from Humidity (5 L * 30)
Appendix 2.10 Reverse Osmosis
Appendix 2.11 Energy Consumptions (Purification: 3 kWh/m3, Reverse Osmosis: 11 kWh/m3, Water from Humidity: 350 kWh/m3, Hydrophore: 2.11 kWh/m3)
References
3 Energy
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus
3.1.2 Solar Energy
3.1.2.1 Working Principle and Components of a Photovoltaic System
3.1.3 Wind Energy
3.1.3.1 Horizontal-Axis Turbines
3.1.3.2 Vertical-Axis Turbines
3.1.4 Biogas
3.1.4.1 Anaerobic Digestion
3.1.5 Energy Storage Systems
3.1.5.1 Batteries
3.2 Aim of the Study
3.3 Methodology and Materials
3.3.1 PV Panel
3.3.1.1 Solar Inverter
3.3.2 Wind Turbine
3.3.2.1 Wind Inverter
3.3.3 Biogas
3.3.4 Storage
3.3.4.1 Fundamental Terminology
3.3.4.2 Battery Selection
3.3.5 Calculation Methods
3.3.5.1 PV Calculations
3.3.5.3 Battery Calculations
3.4 Results
3.4.1 CO2 Emission Calculations
3.5 Discussion and Policy Recommendation
3.6 Conclusion
Appendix 3.1 Yearly Consumption of Equipment and Household Appliances
References
4 Food
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)
4.1.1.1 What Is Smart Agriculture?
4.1.1.2 Why Do We Need Smart Agriculture?
4.1.1.3 The Importance of Managing Landscapes for CSA
4.1.1.4 Water Management
4.1.2 Sustainable Food Production
4.1.3 The Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus
4.1.4 Future Problems
4.1.4.1 Food
4.1.4.2 Agricultural Land
4.1.4.3 Uncontrolled Urbanization
4.2 Aim of the Study
4.3 Methodology
4.3.1 Recommended Ratios of Macronutrients for Energy Intake
4.3.2 Why Potato?
4.3.3 Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)
4.3.4 Required Quantity of Potato for One Average Human in a Year
4.3.5 Calculations of Conventional Agriculture
4.3.5.1 Area Needed to Provide Nutritional Requirements
4.3.5.2 Water Consumption of Conventional Farming
4.3.5.3 Energy Consumption of Conventional Farming
4.3.5.4 Total Energy Consumption of Conventional Farming
4.3.5.5 Calculations for WEF Nexus Phenomenon for Conventional Farming
4.3.6 Soilless Agriculture (NFT) System
4.3.6.1 Area Needed to Provide Nutritional Requirements
4.3.6.2 Water Consumption of NFT System
4.3.6.4 Calculations for WEF Nexus Phenomenon
4.4 Materials
4.5 Results
4.5.1 Healthy Diet
4.5.2 Conventional Agriculture
4.5.3 Soilless Agriculture
4.6 Discussions and Policy Recommendation
4.6.1 Discussion
4.6.2 Policy Recommendations
4.7 Conclusion
Appendix 4.1
References
5 The Enabling Technology: Internet of Things (IoT)
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Internet of Things and Efficiency
5.1.2 The Place of Demand Response, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Internet of Things
5.1.3 Capabilities and Future
5.2 Aim of the Study
5.3 Methodology and Materials
5.3.1 Setting an Intelligent Home System
5.3.2 Working Steps of IoT
5.3.2.2 Connectivity
5.3.2.3 Data Processing
5.3.2.4 User Interface
5.3.3 Cloud-Based IoT System and Its Implementation
5.3.3.1 Storage Issues
5.3.3.2 Data-Processing Issues
5.3.3.3 Communication Issues
5.3.3.4 Application Programming Interface
5.3.4 Water, Energy and Food Security (WEF) Nexus and IoT
5.3.4.1 Energy Management, Consumption and Efficiency
5.3.4.2 IoT and Agriculture
5.3.4.3 IoT for Water Management
5.3.5 Materials
5.3.5.1 Home Communication Network
5.3.5.2 Home Appliances
5.4 Results
5.4.1 A Day with IoT
5.5 Discussion
5.5.1 Device Compatibility & Communication Protocols
5.5.2 Open Source Problem
5.5.3 Cloud Connection or Local Network
5.5.4 Discussion and Policy Recommendations
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 Home Management System: Artificial Intelligence
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Machine Learning
6.1.2 Deep Learning
6.1.3 Reinforcement Learning
6.2 Aim of the Study
6.3 Methodology
6.3.1 The Home Management System
6.3.1.1 Energy Management
6.3.1.2 Food & Agriculture
6.3.1.3 Water Consumption and Generation
6.3.1.4 Waste Management
6.3.1.5 Healthcare
6.3.1.6 Customisation/Entertainment
6.3.1.7 Security
6.3.2 Building the Smart Hub
6.3.2.1 Comparison of Three Different Home Automation Systems
6.3.2.2 Home Assistant
6.4 Results
6.4.1 Energy Management
6.4.2 Food and Agriculture
6.4.3 Water Management
6.5 Discussion
6.5.1 Energy Management
6.5.2 Water Management
6.5.3 Healthcare
6.5.4 Waste Management
6.5.5 Customisation and Entertainment
6.5.6 Policy Recommendation
6.6 Conclusion
Appendix
References
7 Demand Response and Smart Charging
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Basics of EV Charging
7.1.1.1 AC Connectors
7.1.1.2 DC Connectors
7.1.2 High EV Penetration Scenarios and Coordination Methodologies
7.1.2.1 Dump Charging
7.1.2.2 Multiple Tariff Policy
7.1.2.3 Smart (Coordinated) Charging
7.1.2.4 Vehicle to Everything (V2X)
7.1.3 Smart Charging Opportunities
7.1.4 Demand Side Management via Smart Charging
7.1.5 Virtual Power Plants
7.1.6 Second Usage of Electric Vehicle Batteries
7.2 Aim of the Study
7.3 Methodology
7.3.1 Charging Station Selection
7.3.2 Charging Station Connectivity
7.3.3 Smart Charging Coordination via Charging Protocols
7.3.4 Machine Learning Approaches for EV Charging Management
7.4 ODIH Hybrid Energy Management System Algorithm
7.4.1 ODIH Hybrid Energy Management System Description
7.4.1.1 System Components
7.4.2 Data Sources of HEMS Algorithm and Data Sample Methodology
7.4.2.1 Battery State of Charge (SoC) and Depth of Discharge (DoD)
7.4.2.2 Real-Time and Estimated Solar Production
7.4.2.3 Real-Time and Estimated Wind Production
7.4.2.4 House Demand
7.4.2.5 Energy Tariff Signals
7.4.2.6 Weather Data
7.4.3 Operation Modes of ODIH HEMS Algorithm
7.5 Results
7.5.1 Uncertainty and Imbalance in Energy Production and Consumption
7.5.2 Importance of Energy Storage
7.5.3 Opportunities for Load Scheduling and Smart Charging
7.5.4 Advantages of Smart Energy Management Algorithms
7.5.5 Tariffs for Demand Side Management
7.6 Discussion and Policy Recommendation
7.6.1 Empowering e-Mobility
7.6.2 Smart Charging and Prosumers
7.6.3 Developing Smart Tariffs for Prosumers and EV Owners
7.7 Conclusion
References
8 Blockchain Applications and Peer-To-Peer Tradings
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Peer-To-Peer Energy Trading
8.1.1.1 The Potential Impact on Energy Sector Transformation
8.1.1.3 How Can We Use P2P Energy Trade in the ODIH?
8.1.2 The New Trends of Future Energy Markets: Digitalisation, Decarbonisation, and Decentralisation
8.1.2.1 Digitalisation
8.1.2.2 Decarbonisation
8.1.2.3 Decentralisation
8.1.3 The Blockchain
8.1.3.1 Why We Are Using Blockchain? How Does It Relate to P2P?
8.1.3.2 Blockchain Applications
8.1.4 Smart Contracts
8.1.4.1 Definition and History of Smart Contracts
8.1.4.2 Benefits of Smart Contracts
8.1.4.3 Types of Smart Contracts
8.1.4.4 Use-Cases of Smart Contracts
8.1.5 United Nations Development Programme Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
8.1.5.1 SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy)
8.1.5.2 SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure)
8.1.5.3 SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities)
8.1.5.4 SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production)
8.1.5.5 SDG 13 (Climate Action)
8.1.6 Aim of the Study
8.2 Methodology
8.2.1 Software
8.2.1.1 Cost of Producing Electricity
8.2.2 Hardware
8.2.2.1 Elements in the Virtual Layer
8.2.2.2 Elements in the Physical Layer
8.2.3 Regulations
8.2.3.1 Europe’s P2P Trading Policies
8.2.3.2 Turkey’s Energy Policies
8.2.3.3 Regulatory Requirements to Apply P2P Trading and Promoting
8.3 Results
8.3.1 Opportunities for P2P Trading of Renewable Energy
8.4 Discussion
8.4.1 Policy Recommendations
8.4.1.1 Defining and Legalising P2P Energy Trading
8.4.1.2 Supporting Pilot Studies, P2P System Developers
8.4.1.3 Setting an Efficient Smart Contract
8.4.1.4 Determining the Responsibilities of System Participants
8.4.1.5 Enabling Energy Trading without Any Capacities and Defining Market Rules
8.4.1.6 Encouraging Sector Parts to Create P2P Systems and Individuals to Join Networks
8.4.1.7 Providing the Cyber-Security Between Peers and Ensuring Consumer Rights
8.4.1.8 Providing Energy Efficiency Use and Nature Protection
8.5 Conclusion
8.5.1 Future Work
8.5.1.1 Tokenisation
8.5.1.2 Creating Own Blockchain Ledger and Network
8.5.1.3 Blockchain-Based Applications in Smart Cities
References
