The Hittite Middle Voice: Synchrony, Diachrony, Typology
Contents
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Figures
Tables
Part 1
1 Introduction
1.1 Goals and Structure of the Work
1.2 The Middle Voice as a Linguistic Category
1.2.1 Definitions and Terminology: an Overview
1.2.2 The Middle Voice in Indo-European Languages and Linguistics
1.2.3 The Middle Voice in General Linguistics: Functional and Formal Approaches
1.3 Towards a Working Definition of the Middle Voice
1.3.1 Oppositional Middle Verbs between Voice, Valency, and (In)transitivity
1.3.1.1 Anticausative
1.3.1.2 Passive and Impersonal
1.3.1.3 Reflexive
1.3.1.4 Reciprocal
1.3.1.5 Passives, Reflexives, Anticausatives and How to Distinguish Them
1.3.1.6 Valency Change and Lability
1.3.2 Non-Oppositional Middle Verbs
1.3.3 Middle Voice Systems in Diachrony
1.4 Aspect and Actionality
1.4.1 Traditional Approaches to Aspect and Actionality: an Overview
1.4.2 Aspect in Cognitive Linguistics: Croft’s (2012) Approach
1.5 Hittite Language and Texts
1.6 Elements of Hittite Grammar
1.6.1 The Encoding of Aspect in the Hittite Verbal System
1.6.2 The Hittite Participle: Syntax and Semantics
1.6.3 Alignment and the Encoding of Grammatical Relationships
1.6.4 (In)transitivity, Unaccusativity, and the Syntax of Clitic Pronouns
1.6.5 The ‘Reflexive’ Particle ⸗za
1.7 The Hittite Middle Voice
1.7.1 The Middle Voice in Anatolian Languages
1.7.2 The Hittite Middle Voice: Current Research and Open Problems
1.7.3 Morphological Aspects of the Hittite Middle Inflection
1.7.3.1 3rd Person -a vs. -ta Endings
1.7.3.2 The -ri Endings
1.7.3.3 The -t(i) Element
2 The Hittite Middle Voice: a Synchronic Description
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Overview of the Material
2.1.2 Hapax legomena
2.1.3 Media tantum: How to Individuate Them?
2.1.4 Verbs Showing Functionally Equivalent Active and Middle Forms
2.2 The Function(s) of the Middle Voice in Hittite
2.2.1 Non-oppositional Middles
2.2.1.1 Underived media tantum
2.2.1.2 Weather Verbs
2.2.1.3 Deponent Verbs
2.2.2 Oppositional Middles
2.2.2.1 Anticausative
2.2.2.2 Passive and Impersonal
2.2.2.3 Reflexive
2.2.2.4 Reciprocal
2.2.2.5 Polyfunctionality Patterns: a Summary
2.2.3 Competing Constructions and the Productivity of the Middle Voice
2.2.4 The Lexicalization of Oppositional Middle Verbs
2.3 The Middle Voice and Verbal Derivation
2.3.1 Verbs in -iye/a-
2.3.2 Verbs in -nu- and -ni(n)-
2.3.3 Verbs in -aḫḫ-
2.3.4 Verbs in -ške/a-
2.4 Lability and Voice in Hittite
2.5 The Middle Voice in Hittite: Is a Unified Synchronic Account Possible?
2.5.1 The Polyfunctionality of the Hittite Middle Voice
2.5.2 The Hittite Middle as a Polyfunctional Category: In Search for a Model
2.5.3 Description vs. Explanation: the Contribution of Diachronic Typology
3 The Diachrony of the Hittite Middle Voice
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Middle Voice from Old to New Hittite
3.2.1 Old Hittite
3.2.2 Middle Hittite
3.2.3 New Hittite
3.2.4 The Development of the Hittite Middle: a Summary
3.2.5 The Middle Voice and the Particle ⸗za: Outline of the Diachronic Relationship
3.3 The Origin and Development of the Hittite Middle
3.3.1 The Polyfunctionality of Oppositional Middles in Diachrony
3.3.2 The Historical Relationship between Oppositional and Non-oppositional Middles
3.3.3 The Hittite Middle Voice and Grammaticalization
3.4 Voice in PIE: Formal and Functional Reconstructions
3.4.1 The Reconstruction of the PIE Middle Paradigm
3.4.2 Reconstructing the Function of the PIE Middle
3.5 The Middle Voice from PIE to Hittite: a Summary
Conclusions
Part 2
4 Middle Verbs in Original Hittite Texts: a Corpus Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Media tantum
4.2.1 Underived media tantum
4.2.1.1 ar-tta(ri) ‘stand, be standing, stand up’
4.2.1.2 eš-a(ri) ‘sit down, sit, settle (with ⸗za)’
4.2.1.3 ḫišwai-tta(ri)? ‘(be) open’ and ḫāš-/ḫašš-i ‘open’
4.2.1.4 ye/a-tta(ri) ‘go, march’
4.2.1.5 ištu-ā(ri) ‘get out, become known’
4.2.1.6 ki-tta(ri) ‘lie; be laid’
4.2.1.7 kīš-a(ri), kikkiš-tta(ri) ‘happen, become’
4.2.1.8 kišt-ā(ri) ‘perish’
4.2.1.9 tarra-tta(ri) ‘be able, can (+ inf.)’
4.2.1.10 tukk-āri ‘be visible, be important’
4.2.1.11 ur-āri, war-āri ‘burn (intr.)’
4.2.1.12 wakk-āri ‘be lacking’
4.2.1.13 zē-a(ri) ‘cook (completely) (intr.)’
4.2.2 Derived media tantum
4.2.2.1 ašiwantēšške/a-tta(ri) ‘become poor’
4.2.2.2 irmaliye/a-tta(ri), armaniye/a-, ermaniye/a- ‘be(come) ill’
4.2.2.3 kariye/a-tta(ri) ‘be(come) gracious towards’
4.2.2.4 kištanziye/a-tta(ri) ‘be(come) hungry’
4.2.2.5 lēlaniye/a-tta(ri) ‘be(come) furious’
4.2.2.6 tešḫaniye/a-tta(ri) ‘appear in a dream’
4.2.2.7 uwaške/a-tta(ri) ‘come’
4.2.3 Verbs with Post-OS Active Forms Functionally Identical to OS Middle Forms
4.2.3.1 ark-a(ri)/i ‘mount’
4.2.3.2 ḫatt-a(ri), ḫatta-i ‘Prick’
4.2.3.3 ḫi(n)k-a(ri), ḫai(n)k-tta(ri) ‘bow (intr.)’
4.2.3.4 ḫuett(i)-a(ri), ḫuettiye/a-zi/i ‘Draw, Pull’
4.2.3.5 lukk-tta/zi ‘get light, dawn’
4.2.3.6 paiške/a-tta(ri) ‘go’
4.2.3.7 šalik-a(ri)/zi/i ‘touch, penetrate, accost’
4.2.3.8 titḫ-a/tetḫa-i ‘thunder’
4.2.3.9 tuḫš-a(ri)/zi ‘cut off, separate’; tuḫhuš-tta/zi ‘end’
4.2.3.10 wešiye/a-tta(ri) ‘graze’
4.3 Verbs with Functionally Identical Active and Middle Voice
4.3.1 āk-/akk-i, akkiške/a-tta(ri)/zi ‘die’
4.3.2 aruwae-zi ‘bow down’
4.3.3 āšš-zi ‘remain’
4.3.4 *ḫaššuezziye/a-tta(ri)/zi ‘be(come) king’
4.3.5 ḫaliye/a-zi ‘kneel down’
4.3.6 ḫanna-i ‘sue, contest; judge’
4.3.7 ḫuwai-i ‘move’
4.3.8 išpānt-/išpant-i ‘libate’
4.3.9 ištar(k)-zi, ištar(ak)kiye/a-zi ‘be(come) ill’
4.3.10 idalawēšš-zi ‘become bad, evil’
4.3.11 kallarēšš-zi ‘become inauspicious’
4.3.12 kardimiye/a-tta(ri)/zi ‘be(come) Angry’
4.3.13 karūšš(iye/a)-zi ‘be(come) silent’
4.3.14 mai-/mi-i ‘grow’
4.3.15 mau/mu-i, maušš-zi ‘fall’
4.3.16 mēma-i ‘speak, tell’
4.3.17 mer-zi ‘disappear, vanish’
4.3.18 mummiye/a-zi ‘keep falling, crumble (?)’
4.3.19 naḫšariye/a-zi ‘become afraid’
4.3.20 nakkēšš-zi ‘become important, become troublesome to’
4.3.21 neku-zi ‘become evening’
4.3.22 paḫš-i ‘protect’
4.3.23 parḫ-zi ‘chase, hunt’
4.3.24 parš(i)-a(ri)/zi ‘break’
4.3.25 šanna-i ‘hide, conceal’
4.3.26 šup-(tt)a(ri)/zi ‘fall asleep, sleep’
4.3.27 watku-zi ‘jump, flee’
4.3.28 weḫ-zi ‘turn’
4.3.29 zaḫḫiye/a-tta(ri)/zi ‘fight’
4.4 Oppositional Middle Verbs
4.4.1 ariyeške/a-zi ‘determine by oracle’, ariyeške/a-tta(ri) ‘be determined by oracle’
4.4.2 ašāš-/ašeš-i, ašeške/a-zi ‘settle (tr.)’, ašeške/a-tta(ri) ‘be settled’
4.4.3 aš(ša)nu-zi ‘take care of, finish, deliver’, aš(ša)nu-tta(ri) ‘be taken care of’
4.4.4 au-i/u-, uške/a-zi ‘see’, u-a(ri) ‘be seen’, uške/a-tta(ri) ‘be seen, watch out (with ⸗za)’
4.4.5 epp-/app-zi ‘take’, epp-/app-tta(ri) ‘be taken, take each other’
4.4.6 ḫalzai-i ‘shout, call’, ḫalzi-a(ri) ‘be called’
4.4.7 ḫantae-zi ‘align (tr.), determine, fix’, ḫandai-tta(ri) ‘align (intr.), be determined’
4.4.8 ḫapp-zi ‘work out (succeed), join (tr.) (?)’, ḫapp-(tt)a(ri) ‘join (intr.), work out (succeed)’
4.4.9 ḫarra-i ‘grind, splinter (wood), crush (bread), destroy’, ḫarra-tta(ri) ‘be destroyed, go to waste’
4.4.10 ḫarp-tta(ri) ‘separate and reassociate oneself, join (intr.)’, ḫarp-zi ‘join (tr.)’
4.4.11 ḫulāliye/a-zi ‘entwine, encircle’, ḫulāliye/a-tta(ri) ‘be encircled’
4.4.12 ARAD-(n)aḫḫ-i ‘enslave, subjugate’, ARAD-(n)aḫḫ-tta(ri) ‘become a slave’
4.4.13 išiyaḫḫ-i ‘denounce, reveal’, išiyaḫḫ-tta(ri) ‘be revealed, appear’
4.4.14 ištamašš-zi ‘hear’, ištamašš-tta(ri) ‘be heard’
4.4.15 ištāp-/ištapp-i ‘plug up, block, shut’, ištapp-tta(ri) ‘be(come) closed’
4.4.16 ištarni(n)k-zi ‘afflict, make ill’, ištarni(n)k-tta(ri) ‘become ill’
4.4.17 karp(iye/a)-zi ‘pluck, raise; finish (tr.)’, karp(iye/a)-tta(ri) ‘be taken, raised, rise; finish (intr.)’
4.4.18 karš(iye/a)-zi ‘cut off, separate’, karš(iye/a)-tta(ri) ‘be cut, stop (intr.); fail’
4.4.19 lā-i ‘release, remove’, lā-i/tta(ri) ‘be released, be removed’
4.4.20 lāk-i ‘knock out, turn’, lag-ā(ri) ‘fall’
4.4.21 lazziye/a-tta(ri) ‘be(come) good, be favorable’, lazziye/a-zi ‘set straight’
4.4.22 markiye/a-zi ‘reject, refuse’, markiye/a-a(ri) ‘be refused’
4.4.23 marra-tta(ri), marriye/a-tta(ri) ‘melt (intr.), stew (intr.)’, marriye/a-zi ‘melt (tr./intr.?)’
4.4.24 meḫuwandaḫḫ-/miyaḫuwantaḫḫ-i ‘make old’, meḫuwandaḫḫ-/ miyaḫuwantaḫḫ-tta(ri) ‘grow old’
4.4.25 nai-i ‘turn, send’, nē-a(ri) ‘turn (intr.), be sent’
4.4.26 nini(n)k-zi ‘raise, set in motion (tr.)’, nini(n)k-tta(ri) ‘mobilize (intr.)’
4.4.28 šārr-i ‘divide (tr.); transgress’, šarra-tta(ri) ‘split up (intr.), be split; transgress’
4.4.29 šuppiyaḫḫ-i ‘purify’, šuppiyaḫḫ-(tt)a(ri) ‘purify oneself (with ⸗za)’
4.4.30 dā-i ‘take’, da-tta(ri) ‘be taken’
4.4.31 tamāšš-zi ‘press, oppress’, tamašš-tta(ri) ‘be oppressed’
4.4.32 tame(n)k-zi ‘affix, attach, stick, join (tr./intr.)’, tame(n)k-tta(ri) ‘attach (intr.), join up’
4.4.33 damme/išḫae-zi ‘damage’, damme/išḫae-tta(ri) ‘be damaged’
4.4.34 tarna-i ‘let go, allow’, tarna-tta(ri) ‘be released, be allowed’
4.4.35 tarupp-zi ‘gather (tr.)’, tarupp-tta(ri) ‘gather (intr.), be gathered, end (intr.)’
4.4.37 ušneške/a-zi ‘weigh, balance (tr.)’, ušneške/a-tta(ri) ‘put up for sale’
4.4.38 waršiye/a-zi ‘relieve (one’s spirit)’, waršiye/a-tta(ri) ‘be(come) appeased’
4.4.39 wemiye/a-zi ‘find’, wemiye/a-tta(ri) ‘be found’
4.4.40 weriye/a-zi ‘call, name, summon’, weriye/a-tta(ri) ‘join’
4.4.41 wešš-tta ‘wear’, wašš(iy)e/a-zi/tta(ri) ‘dress (tr.), dress up (with ⸗za)’
4.4.41 zaḫḫ-i/ta(ri) ‘hit’, zaḫḫ-tta(ri) ‘be hit, hit each other’
4.4.42 zaluknu-zi ‘postpone, delay (tr.)’, zaluknu-tta(ri) ‘be delayed, be(come) late’
4.4.43 zinni-/zinn-zi ‘stop (tr.), destroy’, zinna-tta(ri) ‘finish (intr.)’
4.5 Addenda: Unclear Verbs
4.5.1 išḫuwai-i ‘throw, scatter, pour’
4.5.2 piyanāi-zi ‘reward’
4.5.3 mazzallaššaduwari
4.5.4 tiškattari, dališkantari
4.5.5 dudduškattari
References
Appendices
Index Locorum
Verb Index
General Index
