The Handbook of Alcohol Use: Understandings from Synapse to Society

Title-page_2021_The-Handbook-of-Alcohol-Use
The Handbook of Alcohol Use
Copyright_2021_The-Handbook-of-Alcohol-Use
Copyright
Dedications_2021_The-Handbook-of-Alcohol-Use
Dedications
Contents_2021_The-Handbook-of-Alcohol-Use
Contents
List-of-contributors_2021_The-Handbook-of-Alcohol-Use
List of contributors
Preface_2021_The-Handbook-of-Alcohol-Use
Preface
Acknowledgments_2021_The-Handbook-of-Alcohol-Use
Acknowledgments
Chapter-1---Contemplating-the-micro-and-macro-of-alcohol_2021_The-Handbook-o
1 Contemplating the micro and macro of alcohol use and misuse to enable meta-understandings
A (very) brief history of consuming C2H5OH
How much do we consume?
So, we drink. So what?
The need to understand “why” we drink
References
Chapter-2---The-world-s-favorite-drug--What-we-have-learne_2021_The-Handbook
2 The world’s favorite drug: What we have learned about alcohol from over 500,000 respondents to the Global Drug Survey
Introduction
GDS history and methods
Drinking prevalence and patterns in the GDS
Getting drunk
Reaching your tipping point
Enjoying and regretting getting drunk
Regrets in GDS2020
Emotions and drink type
Pre-loading
Consequences
Reducing harms
Cutting down on alcohol
Interventions
Individual level interventions
Digital tools and e-health
Population level interventions
Advocating for trans people who use alcohol
Reflections and conclusions
References
Chapter-3---Transparency-and-replication-in-alcoh_2021_The-Handbook-of-Alcoh
3 Transparency and replication in alcohol research
Introduction
What is the evidence that research quality is suboptimal?
What are the factors that contribute to research quality?
Analytical flexibility
Cognitive biases
Sample size and statistical power
Inadequate statistical training
Lack of replication
Lack of transparency
What is the role of incentives and research culture?
Publication bias
Emphasis on novelty
Research evaluation
Emphasis on narrative
Potential solutions
Sharing data and materials
Preregistration and registered reports (RRs)
Large-scale collaboration
Stakeholders
Conclusion
References
Chapter-4---Alcohol-and-mental-health--Co-occurring-al_2021_The-Handbook-of-
4 Alcohol and mental health: Co-occurring alcohol use and mental health disorders
The prevalence of co-occurring alcohol use and mental health disorders
Etiological theories: what comes first?
The secondary substance use disorder model
The secondary mental health disorders model
Biological and neurological mechanisms
Psychosocial factors
The common risk factors model
Conclusions and treatment considerations
References
Further reading
Chapter-5---The-pharmacological-understandings-of-a_2021_The-Handbook-of-Alc
5 The pharmacological understandings of alcohol use and misuse
Introduction: addiction as a biological model (a ‘brain disease’)
Broad pharmacological effects of alcohol
Dopamine
Opioids
GABA & glutamate
Corticotrophin releasing hormone and glucocorticoids
Acetaldehyde
Brain adaptations: a theoretical framework
The role of brain adaptations in key aspects of addiction
Priming
Cues
Stress
Tolerance
Withdrawal
How are drug treatments developed
Naltrexone/naloxone/nalmefene: opioid antagonists
Acamprosate
Baclofen
Glucocorticoid antagonists
Disulfiram
Comparing the effectiveness of different drug treatments
Summary
References
Chapter-6---Learning-from-the-dead--How-death-provides_2021_The-Handbook-of-
6 Learning from the dead: How death provides insights into alcohol-related harm
Introduction
What the epidemiology of alcohol-related death tells us
Alcohol toxicity
Disease
Traumatic death
Suicide
What forensic studies tells us
Who dies?
What was their toxicology?
How did they die?
What was their state of health?
What alcohol-related death has taught us
References
Chapter-7---Levels-of-cognitive-understanding--Reflectiv_2021_The-Handbook-o
7 Levels of cognitive understanding: Reflective and impulsive cognition in alcohol use and misuse
Dual-process models
A neural network approach to dual-process models
References
Chapter-8---Social-cognition-in-severe-alcohol-us_2021_The-Handbook-of-Alcoh
8 Social cognition in severe alcohol use disorder
Introduction
Emotional experience and emotion regulation
Perception of social cues
Theory of mind
Complex social cognition
Empathy
Social emotions processing
Perspectives for future studies and conclusion
References
Chapter-9---Metacognitive-therapy-for-Alcohol-Use-Disorde_2021_The-Handbook-
9 Metacognitive therapy for Alcohol Use Disorder: Theoretical foundations and treatment principles
The metacognitive perspective of emotional disorders
The metacognitive perspective of addictive behaviors
The cognitive attentional syndrome and addictive behaviors
Metacognitive beliefs and addictive behaviors
The cognitive attentional syndrome and metacognitive beliefs in Alcohol Use Disorder
The cognitive attentional syndrome and AUD
Metacognitive beliefs and AUD
A triphasic metacognitive formulation of problem drinking
AUD and the metacognitive perspective: clinical implications
MCT as a possible treatment for AUD
The MCT protocol for AUD
Preliminary evidence of the efficacy of MCT in the treatment of AUD
Conclusions
References
Further reading
Chapter-10---Promoting-problem-recognition-amongst-harmfu_2021_The-Handbook-
10 Promoting problem recognition amongst harmful drinkers: A conceptual model for problem framing factors
Introduction
Harmful drinkers as an overlooked population
Problem recognition and ‘othering’
A conceptual model for problem recognition and framing factors
Real world implications for framing effects and problem recognition
Conclusion
References
Chapter-11---A-psychological-systems-goal-theory-model_2021_The-Handbook-of-
11 A psychological-systems goal-theory model of alcohol consumption and treatment
The central role of emotion in goal choices
Goals, choices, and priorities in cognitive processing
Motives for drinking alcohol
What determines expected affective change from drinking alcohol?
Measuring motives for drinking: drinking motives questionnaire—revised (Cooper, 1994)
Implications for treatment
Conclusions
References
Chapter-12---Alcohol-consumption-in-context--The-effect_2021_The-Handbook-of
12 Alcohol consumption in context: The effect of psych-socio-environmental drivers
Groups, beliefs and consumption
Affect, beliefs and consumption
Moving forward? Objective measures in alcohol research
Concluding thoughts
References
Chapter-13---I-can-keep-up-with-the-best--The-role-of-soci_2021_The-Handbook
13 I can keep up with the best: The role of social norms in alcohol consumption and their use in interventions
Introduction
What are social norms and how do they work?
Injunctive vs. descriptive norms
Social norms and alcohol use
Interim summary
Origins of social norms: children’s perceptions of adult drinking
Already relatively young children have an idea about drinking norms of adults
Parental and other role models for learning about alcohol-related norms in childhood
Interim summary
Social norms and interventions
Social norms approach
Changing collective social norms
Interim summary
Conclusion
References
Chapter-14---Alcohol-consumption-and-group-decis_2021_The-Handbook-of-Alcoho
14 Alcohol consumption and group decision making
Alcohol consumption and group decision making
Group polarization
Deindividuation
Group monitoring
Task type
Social drinking vs. sole drinking
Dosage-set vs. pharmacological effect
Time pressure
Summary
Future directions
Alcohol x group decision making in different domains
Environmental factors
Social factors
Group monitoring and the night time economy
Summary
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter-15---An-identity-based-explanatory-framework-_2021_The-Handbook-of-A
15 An identity-based explanatory framework for alcohol use and misuse
What is a ‘social identity’?
Identity/social connections as entry into alcohol misuse
Social isolation, loneliness and alcohol misuse
Risky social connections and identities
Addiction, stereotypes and stigma
Identity as a role for treatment initiation
Identity as a mechanism for sustained for change
The social identity model of cessation maintenance
Reflective processes
Automatic processes
Are identities themselves ‘addictive’?
Implications for practice
Identity is an important treatment target in and of itself
Identity can be used to generate attitudinal change
Clients must be aware of, and prepared to deal with, stereotypes they may encounter
Peer mentors/helpers may be able to effectively help shape contextualization
Identities need to be internalized cognitively to be effective
Identity work is not risk-free
Conclusion
References
Chapter-16---Alcohol-consumption-and-cultural-systems-_2021_The-Handbook-of-
16 Alcohol consumption and cultural systems: Global similarities and differences
Introduction
National variations in alcohol consumption
Levels of alcohol consumption
Prevalence of current drinkers
Amount of alcohol consumed
Prevalence of lifetime abstainers
Patterns of alcohol consumption
Type of alcohol consumed
Prevalence of heavy episodic drinking
Prevalence of alcohol use disorders
Sociocultural correlates of alcohol consumption
Age and law
Alcohol consumption among youth
Legal minimum age for purchasing alcohol
Gender
Alcohol consumption among women
Gender norms and alcohol consumption
Religion and law
Economic wealth
Culture surrounding alcohol consumption
Wine, beer, and spirits cultures
Four cultural patterns of drinking
Temperance culture
Wet culture vs. dry culture
Cultural norms of alcohol consumption
Conclusion
References
Chapter-17---Alcohol-and-the-legal-system--Effects-of-_2021_The-Handbook-of-
17 Alcohol and the legal system: Effects of alcohol on eyewitness testimony
Prevalence and extent of the intoxicated witness problem
Attitudes and perceptions of intoxicated witnesses and victims
The impact of alcohol on eyewitness memory performance
Interview format
Interview timing
Alcohol dosage
The impact of alcohol on suggestibility
Recall of intimate partner violence
Potential mechanisms underlying alcohol-related effects on eyewitness memory
Alcohol myopia theory (AMT)
Hypervigilance hypothesis
Disinhibition
Methodological challenges and future research directions
Conclusion and applied implications
References
Further reading
Chapter-18---Spiritual-and-religious-influenc_2021_The-Handbook-of-Alcohol-U
18 Spiritual and religious influences
Introduction
What is spirituality?
Spiritual and religious understandings of alcohol misuse
Spirituality and religion as preventative forces
How might religion and spirituality prevent alcohol misuse?
Religion and spirituality in the recovery from alcohol misuse
Alcoholics anonymous
Mindfulness
Religious-affiliated treatments
Conclusions
References
Chapter-19---Alcohol-use-in-adolescence-across-U-S--race-e_2021_The-Handbook
19 Alcohol use in adolescence across U.S. race/ethnicity: Considering cultural factors in prevention and interventions
Introduction
Adolescence as a developmental stage
Biological changes
Psychological changes
Social changes
Consequences of alcohol use for adolescents
Defining patterns of alcohol consumption
Adolescence and drinking behaviors
Prevalence rates in the past 30 days
Differences across race/ethnicity
Concurrent alcohol and other drug use
Prevention and intervention efforts
Universal level
Selective level
Indicated level
Multi-level prevention interventions
Culturally adapted evidence-based interventions
Social and cultural factors and adolescent alcohol use
Acculturation/accumulative stress
Immigration status
Exposure to adverse childhood experiences
Discrimination experiences
Cultural identity
Religion
Socioeconomic status
Geographic location
International perspective
Legal practices
Social drinking norms
Other cultural factors
Conclusion
References
Chapter-20---Alcohol-use-and-misuse--Perspectives-fr_2021_The-Handbook-of-Al
20 Alcohol use and misuse: Perspectives from seldom heard voices
Racial/ethnic minorities
Alcohol use and misuse disparities
Prevention and interventions
Future directions
Women
Alcohol use and misuse disparities
Prevention and interventions
Future directions
LGBT populations
Alcohol use and misuse disparities
Prevention and interventions
Future directions
Veterans
Alcohol use and misuse disparities
Prevention and interventions
Future directions
Older adults
Alcohol use and misuse disparities
Prevention and interventions
Future directions
Discussion
Intersectionality
Conclusion
References
Chapter-21---Theory-driven-interventions--How-socia_2021_The-Handbook-of-Alc
21 Theory-driven interventions: How social cognition can help
Introduction
Established applications of theories of social cognition to interventions for problematic drinking
Social cognitive theory
Theories of social norms
Recent applications of theories of social cognition to interventions for problematic drinking
Theory of planned behavior
Prototype willingness
Self- affirmation theory
Emergent applications of theories of social cognition to interventions for problematic drinking
Social identity and self-categorization theories
Theories of implicit cognition
Possible selves theory
Implicit theories
Social cognitive deficits
Lessons learned
Future directions
References
Chapter-22---Taking-social-identity-into-pract_2021_The-Handbook-of-Alcohol-
22 Taking social identity into practice
Social influences on drinking
Social identity and problematic drinking
Social factors at treatment entry
Adjustment to social identity change: a theoretical framework
Evidence that social groups and identities matter in recovery
Social identity mapping in recovery
Challenges to building new (sober) group memberships
An intervention for social identity management in addiction: Groups 4 Belonging
Conclusions
References
Chapter-23---Working-together--Opportunities-and-barr_2021_The-Handbook-of-A
23 Working together: Opportunities and barriers to evidence-based practice
A client perspective of alcohol treatment: Otis
A family member perspective
A treatment service staff perspective
A commissioner perspective
An academic perspective
Themes from these different perspectives
References
Chapter-24---Transdermal-alcohol-monitors--Research--a_2021_The-Handbook-of-
24 Transdermal alcohol monitors: Research, applications, and future directions
Transdermal alcohol sensors
Research and treatment applications of transdermal monitors
Converting TAC into estimates of BAC
Future research directions and applications
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-25---Recovery-from-addiction--A-synthesis-of-persp_2021_The-Handbook
25 Recovery from addiction: A synthesis of perspectives from behavioral economics, psychology, and decision modeling
Alcohol-related harm and addiction
Alcohol-related behavior change and recovery from addiction
The molar perspective: behavioral economics
The molecular perspective: value-based decision-making (VBDM)
Dual-process theories: automatic and controlled processes
Resolving competing predictions derived from dual-process theories and VBDM by modeling conflict during decision-making
Summary and conclusion
References
Chapter-26---Alcohol-addiction--A-disorder-of-self-regu_2021_The-Handbook-of
26 Alcohol addiction: A disorder of self-regulation but not a disease of the brain
Introduction
Addiction is a disorder of self-regulation1
Defining addiction
The compulsion view of addiction
Evidence on the nature of addictive behavior in humans
Addiction as a form of akrasia
Addiction as temporal inconsistency
What kind of disorder then is addiction?
Advantages of seeing addiction as a disorder of self-regulation
Self-regulation and dual-systems theory
Commonalities with neuroscientific research on addiction
Neuroscience and self-regulation
Incentive salience and self-regulation
Involvement of the frontal cortex in addiction
Concluding remarks: addiction is not a disease of the brain
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
Author-Index_2021_The-Handbook-of-Alcohol-Use
Author Index
Subject-Index_2021_The-Handbook-of-Alcohol-Use
Subject Index