The influence of the gut microbiome on human health and disease has been established in recent years through advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing. The Gut Microbiome: Bench to Table presents a scientific introduction to this topic, analyzes research on how the microbiome is affected by nutrients, and how dietary modifications can alter the microbiome.
The Gut Microbiome: Bench to Table is divided into three sections. The first section details the current state of laboratory-scale analysis of gut microbiome samples and how we can identify the communities and their functional repertoire. Section II explains the next phase of translational research models such as preclinical, animal studies, proof of concept safety, and efficacy human trials. The third section demonstrates the effectiveness of therapeutic treatments in larger populations. It addresses how diet influences the gut microbiome and presents an array of approaches that have been reported, including a discussion of issues of the safety of probiotics and selected supplements and micronutrients.
This book is essential for clinicians, dietitians and food and nutrition professionals who wish to have the most up-to-date knowledge on food sciences.
Author(s): edited by Vivian C.H. Wu )
Publisher: CRC PRESS
Year: 2022
Language: English
Commentary: Food sciece, Gut Microbiome study, food in microbiome regulation
Pages: 285
Tags: Food sciece, Gut Microbiome study, food in microbiome regulation
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editor
Contributors
Introduction
Section I: T0 Benchwork, Including Techniques for Microbiome Studies
Chapter 1 Tools and Resources Enabling Marker Gene–Based Microbiome Studies
Introduction
Historical Perspective of Microbiome Studies
High-Throughput Sequencing Technologies
454 Pyrosequencing and Supported Oligonucleotide Ligation and Detection
Illumina Platform
Ion Torrent
Long Read Sequencing Platforms
SSU Reference Databases
Greengenes
SILVA
Ribosomal Database Project
EzBioCloud
UNITE
PR[sub(2)]
Marker Gene Sequence Analysis Pipelines
QIIME 1 and QIIME 2
mothur
FROGS
iMAP
Recent Advances in Computational Tool Development
Uniqueness of Marker Gene Survey Datasets
Statistical Testing and Differentially Abundant Taxon Identification
Balances and Microbial Signature Identification
Tools for Network Analysis and Their Applications
Web-Based Tools for Marker Gene Survey Data
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Phageome in Gut Microbiome
The Origins and Roles of Phages, Phageome, and Its Composition in Human Gut Microbiota
How Do Phages Shape the Human Gut Microbiota
Phage Interaction with the Immune System
Phageome and Health and Disease
Phage-Based Therapy for Human Gut-Related Disease Is a Promising Approach to Control/Prevent Human Disease
The Challenges of Phageome in Human Gut Microbiome, Perspectives, and Future Directions
References
Section II: T1 Preclinical Animal Studies, and Safety and Efficacy Trial in Humans
Chapter 3 Microbiome and Nutrition – Why Do We Care? Discussing a Complex Relationship
Introductory Remarks
The Human Gut Microbiome
The Metabolome and Microbiome Connection
Host–Gut Microbiome Metabolic Interactions
Microbiome – Diet Interactions
The Gut Microbiome and Carbohydrate Metabolism
General Considerations
Simple Carbohydrates
Complex Carbohydrates
Nondigestible Polysaccharides – Fiber
The Gut Microbiome and Fatty Acid Metabolism
General Considerations
Saturated Fatty Acids
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) – Omega-3 and -6 (ω-3 and ω-6) Fatty Acids
Short-Chain Fatty Acids
The Gut Microbiome and Amino Acid Metabolism
The Microbiome and Weight Change
Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 4 Models for Researching the Gut Microbiome
Introduction
Computational Models
In Vitro Models
Fecal Batch Cultures
Cell Culture
Ex Vivo Models
3D Cell Culture
Microfluidics Systems and the “gut chip”
Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME)
Animal Models for Studying Gut Microbiota
Insect Models
Avian Models
Murine Models
Humanized Gnotobiotic Mice
Porcine Models
Zebrafish Model
Fecal Microbiome Translocation Models
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Dietary Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Cultured Products
Introduction
Biotherapeutic Properties of Cholesterol-Lowering Probiotics
Concept of Probiotics
Probiotic Microorganism
Important Criteria in Selecting Probiotics
Synthesis and Metabolism of Plasma Lipoprotein
Cholesterol-Lowering of Probiotics
Cholesterol-Lowering Effect Mechanisms
Decongesting Bile Salts Using Bile Salt Hydrolyzing Enzyme
Cholesterol Deposition with Conjugated Bile Salt
Cholesterol Integration into Bacterial Cell Walls
Lowering Serum Cholesterol by Probiotics
Binding of Cholesterol
Other Mechanisms
Relationship between Nutrition and Gut Microbiota
Role of the Gut Microbiota in Human Health and Disease Prevention
Cardiovascular Disease
Cultured Food Products
Role of Cultured Products in Gut Microbiota Modulation
Yogurt
Milk Kefir
Probiotic Fermented Milk
Role of Cultured Beverages in Gut Microbiota Modulation
Role of Fermented Vegetables in Gut Microbiota Modulation
Effects of Phenolic Compounds on Gut Microbiota
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Dietary Modulation of the Gut Microbiota by Prebiotics and Other Dietary Nutrients and Relevant Health Effect(s)
Introduction
Types of Prebiotics
Carbohydrate Prebiotics
Oligosaccharides
Human Milk Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Inulin
Non-Carbohydrate Prebiotics
Polyphenols
Short-Chain Fatty Acids
Metabolism of Nutrients by the Gut Microbiota
Effect of Prebiotic on Immunity
Prebiotics as Functional Foods
Novel Prebiotic Formulations
Food-Processing Effects on Probiotics and Prebiotics
Factors That Influence Probiotic Viability
Conclusion
References
Section III: T2–3 Effectiveness Trials in General Population and Regulatory Limitations
Chapter 7 Gut Microbiota and Polyphenols: Discussing a Powerful Interplay and Its Effect on Health
Introduction
Overview of Polyphenols
Classification and General Description
Food Sources and Consumption
Overall Metabolism/Bioavailability and Excretion
Microbiota Metabolism of Polyphenols and Health Effects
Gut-Derived Metabolites
Health Effects of Polyphenol/Metabolite-Microbiota Interaction
Considerations on Limitations of Human Studies, Novel Metabolic Approaches, and Metabotypes
References
Chapter 8 Diet, Obesity, and Gut Microbiome
Introduction
Gut Microbiota Formation and Characteristic
Gut Microbial Composition, Dynamics, and Function
Diversity and Composition of Gut Microorganisms Implicated in Host Health Maintenance
Energy Metabolism and Gut Microbiota
Gut Microbiota in Obesity
Regulation on Host Metabolism
Modulating Feed Behavior and Satiety
Modulating Feed Behavior by Gut–Brain Axis
Dietary Modulating Gut Microbiota Composition
Dietary Styles in Relation to Gut Microbial Composition
Macronutrients
Carbohydrates
Fat
Protein
Micronutrients
Applications
Clinical Therapeutics
Probiotics and Prebiotics Intervention
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Challenge, Future Research, and Influence in Food Science and Product Development
Food and Gut Microbiome
Microbiota Investigation Tools: Present and Future
Culturomics: A New Approach to Investigate Human Gut Microbiota
Role of Functional Food in Microbiota Modulation
The Journey of Microbiome through Human Evolution
References
Index
