This volume of case studies focuses on the geographies of COVID-19 around the world. These geographies are located in both time and space concentrating on both first- and second-order impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. First-order impacts are those associated with the immediate response to the pandemic that include tracking number of deaths and cases, testing, access to hospitals, impacts on essential workers, searching for the origins of the virus and preventive treatments such as vaccines and contact tracing. Second-order impacts are the result of actions, practices, and policies in response to the spread of the virus, with longer-term effects on food security, access to health services, loss of livelihoods, evictions, and migration. Further, the COVID-19 pandemic will be prolonged due to the onset of variants as well as setting the stage for similar future events. This volume provides a synopsis of how geography and geospatial approaches are used to understand this event and the emerging “new normal.” The volume's approach is necessarily selective due to the global reach of the pandemic and the broad sweep of second-order impacts where important issues may be left out. However, the book is envisioned as the prelude to an extended conversation about adaptation to complex circumstances using geospatial tools.
Using case studies and examples of geospatial analyses, this volume adopts a geographic lens to highlight the differences and commonalities across space and time where fundamental inequities are exposed, the governmental response is varied, and outcomes remain uncertain. This moment of global collective experience starkly reveals how inequality is ubiquitous and vulnerable populations – those unable to access basic needs – are increasing. This place-based approach identifies how geospatial analyses and resulting maps depict the pandemic as it ebbs and flows across the globe. Data-driven decision making is needed as we navigate the pandemic and determine ways to address future such events to enable local and regional governments in prioritizing limited resources to mitigate the long-term consequences of COVID-19.
Author(s): Melinda Laituri, Robert B. Richardson, Junghwan Kim
Series: Global Perspectives on Health Geography
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 313
City: Cham
Foreword
Preface
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
About the Editors
About the Authors
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: How COVID Changed Our Daily Geographies
Daily Geographies Altered
Led and Misled by the Map
Preconditions That Intensified the Negative Impacts of COVID-19
Questioning Location Tracking
References
Part I: Geographies of a Pandemic: A Place-Based Approach (Overview)
Chapter 2: Geography of the Pandemic
Introduction
Consequential Geographies
Geography, Maps, and Technology
Virtual Geography: Interactive Maps and Data Dashboards
Geography of the Digital Divide
Geographies of Transformation
References
Chapter 3: Defining First- and Second-Order Impacts Through Maps
Introduction
Mapping First-Order Impacts
Mapping Second-Order Impacts
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Quantitative Geographical Approaches in COVID-19 Research: A Review on First- and Second-Order Impacts
Introduction
Data and Methods
Results
Papers on Quantitative Geographical Approaches: First-Order Impacts
Papers on Quantitative Geographical Approaches: Second-Order Impacts
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: COVID-19’s Impact on Geospatial Data: Ethics and Values
Introduction
Smartphone Ownership
Existing Location Data Infrastructure
Location-Based Technologies for the COVID-19 Pandemic
Ethical Considerations for Digital COVID-19 Tools
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: The City and the Pandemic: The Cities’ COVID Mitigation Mapping (C2M2) Program
Introduction
Fine Scale Human Geography Data Is Needed to Understand Cities, Especially During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Local Partnerships Are Invaluable for Mapping Urban Areas During a Crisis
Partnerships to Apply Geospatial Tools to Examine COVID-19 Second-Order Impacts; the Cities’ COVID Mitigation Mapping (C2M2) Program
Building Partnerships to Understand Communities
Using Geospatial Tools to Generate Open Data
Sharing Results About COVID-19 Second-Order Impacts
Outcomes and Impacts of C2M2
C2M2 Africa Hub
C2M2 Asia Hub
C2M2 Latin America Hub
Conclusion and Lessons Learned for Geospatial Partnerships
References
Part II: Global Impacts, Local Responses (Overview)
Chapter 7: Improving Access to Health Services in Mongolia via Open Data During and Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic
Introduction
Impacts of COVID-19 on Health Service Access in Mongolia
Examples of Reported Cases of the Impact of Health Service Access
Health Service Information Access Behavior
State of Data on Available Health Services
Challenges with Open Data in Mongolia
Description of the Health Service Information Portal
Conclusion
About Public Lab Mongolia
References
Chapter 8: The Inequities in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Introduction
Inequity in COVID-19 Testing Rates, Confirmed Cases, and Mortality
Testing Rates
Confirmed Cases
Mortality
Discussion and Policy Implications
Inequity in Stay-At-Home Compliance and Short-/Long-Term Recovery
Stay-At-Home Compliance
Short-/Long-Term Recovery
Discussion and Policy Implications
Inequity in Vaccine Tendency, Vaccination Allocation, and Vaccination Rate
Vaccine Tendency
Vaccine Allocation
Vaccination Rate
Discussion and Policy Implications
References
Chapter 9: The Latine Community and COVID-19: Nuances, Experiences, and Data
Introduction
Latine Community: Who “Counts” and Why?
COVID-19 and Data on Latine Population
Improving Public Health Data and Experiences of Marginalized Communities
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: An Overview of the Impact of COVID-19 on Nepal’s International Tourism Industry
Introduction
COVID-19, Lockdowns, and Cancellation of VNY 2020
Prolonged Lockdown and Travel Restrictions
Impact on the Tourism Industry
Economic Impact
Non-economic Impact
Expectations from the Government
Businesses
Workforce
Government’s Response
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Data and Dashboards for Measuring the Social Impact of COVID-19 in African Cities
Introduction
Measuring Impact
Facility-Based Data
Social Metrics (Healthcare, Education, Access to Water)
Data Model
Data Collection Process
Analytics and Dashboards
Sample Dashboards for Access to Care in Bukavu
Sample Dashboards for Access to Water in Nairobi
Community Services
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: COVID-19 and Domestic Violence Complaints in Quito, Ecuador: Temporal and Spatial Patterns and Drivers
Introduction
Study Area: Quito City
Data and Methods
Geographical Analysis
Statistical Analysis
Results
Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Domestic Violence Complaints
Drivers of Domestic Violence Complaints
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 13: Mapping COVID-19: Should It Be Based on the Incidence Rate? A Case Study in China
Introduction
Data and Methods
COVID-19 Epidemic Data
Population Data
Statistical Methods
Results
COVID-19 Epidemics in China During the Primary Peak Period
Association of COVID-19 Epidemic with the Population in China at the City Level
Association of COVID-19 Epidemic with the Population in China at the Provincial Level
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Regional Patterns of the Pandemic: A View from Aotearoa New Zealand
Introduction
The Emergence of COVID-19 in Aotearoa New Zealand
The Geography of COVID-19 in Aotearoa New Zealand
Ongoing Outbreaks: An (Ever) Evolving Pandemic
Vaccination: Vax to the Max
Wider Impacts: From Pandemic to Syndemic
Conclusions: Policy Implications and Future Work
References
Chapter 15: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Spatial and Place-Based Analysis
Introduction
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population in Australia
Existing Inequities and COVID-19 Risk Among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander COVID-19 Advisory Group and Pandemic Management
Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) Responses to COVID-19
National Level
State and Territory Levels
COVID-19 Outbreaks and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
Place-Based Examples of Localised Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic
First Nations COVID-19 Response (NSW)
VACCHO Vaccine Vans (Victoria)
Northern Territory Response to COVID-19
Vaccination Access and Uptake
Funding for the Pandemic
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown on the Livelihoods of Male Commercial Boda-Boda Motorists in Uganda
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Perceived COVID-19 Pandemic Effects on the Livelihood of Boda-Boda Motorists
Perceived COVID-19 Pandemic on Food Security
Perceived Income During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Discussion
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Part III: Lessons Learned and New Horizons (Overview)
Chapter 17: Geospatial Techniques for Mapping the Spatial Trajectories of COVID-19
Introduction
Materials and Methods
GIS and Numerical Analysis of the COVID-19 Spatial Trajectory: A Global View
Results
Modeling and Mapping of COVID-19 Spreading Spatial Trajectories
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Digital Geographies and Digital Surveillance Technologies: Power and Space in the Italian Society Under Control for Public Health
New Spatiality During the Pandemic
Bodies and Spaces During the Pandemic: The Italian Case
Private and Public Spaces During the Pandemic: The Italian Case
Digital Surveillance Technologies: The Italian Case
Governmentality and Digital Surveillance Technology
The Italian Immuni App
Conclusions
References
Chapter 19: Resilience Amid Uncertainty: COVID-19 Pandemic, the Urban Informal Sector, and Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa
Introduction
The Urban Informal Sector in Context
COVID-19 Pandemic in Sub-Saharan Africa
COVID-19 Pandemic Mitigation Strategies, Government Responses, and the Exclusion of the Informal Sector: Examples from Kenya
What the COVID-19 Control Measures and Exclusion from Kenyan Government Relief Measures Meant for the Urban Informal Sector
Other Examples from Sub-Saharan Africa
What May Explain the Relative Resilience of the Urban Informal Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Face of Uncertainties Prompted by COVID-19-Related Lockdowns and Closures?
Conclusion and Recommendations for Further Work
References
Chapter 20: Freshwater Resources and COVID-19
Introduction
COVID-19, Water, and Public Health
COVID-19, Water Quality, and Freshwater Ecosystems
COVID-19, Freshwater Biodiversity, and Fisheries
Conclusions
References
Chapter 21: Preventing Pandemics: Earth Observations for One Health
Introduction
Wildlife-Based Approaches
Environment-Based Approaches
Human-Based Approaches
Discussion
References
Chapter 22: Enabling Accelerated Research in Times of Need: The National Science Foundation’s Response to COVID-19 in 2020
Introduction
History and Evolution of RAPIDs
Approach
Findings
RAPID DCL History
COVID-19 DCLs
Summary Across All NSF-Supported COVID-19 Research
Research Highlights
Highlights from COVID-19 RAPID Response Projects
Highlights from Longer-Term COVID-19 Projects
Conclusions
References
Chapter 23: Conclusion: The Consequences of COVID-19 – What Is Next?
What Is Next?
References
Glossary: The Lexicon of the Pandemic Through Geographic and Geospatial Terms
Index
