The Genetics of Human Populations

- Preface
1. "The Basic Concepts of Genetics"
-- Cells, DNA, and Protein
-- The Synthesis of Proteins and the Genetic Code
-- Duplication of DNA and Cell Reproduction
-- The Formation of Gametes: Meiosis or Reduction
-- Mutation and Selection
-- Dominance and Recessiveness: Phenotype and Genotype
-- The Laws of Mendelian Inheritance
-- Linkage and Recombination
-- The Gene Concept
2. "Mendelian Populations"
-- Some Basic Factors of Population Genetics
-- Phenotype, Genotype, and Gene Frequencies
-- Prediction of Frequencies of Genotypes under Random Mating: The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
-- Composition of an Equilibrium Population
-- Extension of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem to Multiple Alleles and to Polyploids
-- Testing Equilibrium and the Meaning of Departures from It
-- Sex-linked Genes
3. "Deleterious Mutations and the Estimation of Mutation Rates"
-- General Characteristics of Deleterious Mutations
-- Models Describing the Balancing Forces of Mutation and Selection
-- Kinetics of the Approach to Equilibrium
-- Estimation of Mutation Rates
-- Chromosomal Aberrations
-- Sex-linked Genes
-- Parental Age and Mutation
-- Average Mutation Rate per Locus per Generation
4. "Transient and Balanced Polymorphisms"
Definition of Polymorphism: Balanced (Stable) and Transient
-- Opposing Forces That Produce and Maintain Polymorphism
-- Stability of a Polymorphism
-- Kinetics of the Selection Process for Transient Polymorphisms
-- Kinetics of the Selection Process for Balanced Polymorphisms
-- The Sickle-cell Polymorphism
-- Relationship Between the Sickle-cell Polymorphism and Malaria
-- Other Polymorphisms That May Be Adaptations to Malaria
-- The Conditions for Simultaneous Polymorphism of Three Alleles at One Locus
-- X-linked Polymorphisms
-- Other Mechanisms That Lead to Balanced Polymorphism
5. "Polymorphisms for Blood Groups, Transplantation Antigens, and Serum Proteins: Incompatibility Selection"
-- Polymorphisms of Blood Components
-- Antigens and Antibodies
-- Rhesus Blood Groups and Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
-- ABO Blood Groups and Blood Transfusion
-- ABO Blood Groups and Incompatibility Selection
-- Associations Between ABO Blood Groups and Disease
-- Other Red-blood-cell Groups
-- The Chemistry and Genetics of Polymorphisms Related to ABO
-- The Complex Genetics of the Rhesus Blood-group System
-- The Genetic Basis for Histocompatibility Differences
-- The HL-A Polymorphism
-- The Gm Polymorphism, and the Genetic Control of Antibody Structure
6. "Genetic Demography and Natural Selection"
-- Demography and the Measurement of Fitness
-- Age-specific Birth and Death Rates and the Intrinsic Rate of Increase of a Population
-- The Life Table and Lotka's Equation for the Intrinsic Rate of Increase
-- The Use of _r_ for the Measurement of Selective Differences
-- The Distribution of Progeny Size
-- The Size of Investigations Needed to Measure Selection Intensity
-- Evolutionary Advance and the Index of Opportunity for Selection
-- The Fitness Flow Sheet
-- Sources of Data
7. "Inbreeding"
-- Consanguinity and Inbreeding
-- The Inbreeding Coefficient
-- Consequences of Inbreeding for Mendelian Populations
-- Average Inbreeding in Human Populations
-- Consequences of Inbreeding: Genetic Loads
-- Analysis of Data on Inbreeding Effects on Mortality
-- Effects of the Inbreeding Level on Equilibrium Gene Frequencies
-- Consanguinity and Detrimental Recessives
-- Retrospective Studies on Consanguinity Effects
-- The Number of Genes Determining Mental Deficiency, Deafmutism, and Blindness
-- Estimation of Overall Mutation Rates for Recessive Genes, Taking Account of Inbreeding

8. "Population Structure"
-- Random Genetic Drift
-- Prediction of the Extent of Variation of Gene Frequencies After _n_ Generations
-- Heterogeneity Between Populations under Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Wahlund's Formula
-- Equilibrium Between Drift and Linear Evolutionary Pressures
-- The Interaction of Drift and Selection: Some Further Considerations
-- The Fate of Single Mutant Genes
-- The Number of Alleles That Can Be Maintained in a Finite Population
-- Population Effective Size
-- Subdivision of a Species and Models of Isolation
-- Demographic Data Relevant to the Analysis of Drift
-- Genetic Migration: the Distribution of Distances Between Birthplaces of Parent and Offspring
-- Analysis of Geographic Variation
-- Analysis of Correlation and Covariation with Distance
-- Migration Matrices
-- Predicting Drift by Computer Simulation
-- Drift in Time
-- Inbreeding and Drift
-- Estimation of the Expected Proportions of Consanguineous Matings
-- Isonymy
-- A Comparison and Summary of Methods of Measuring the Amount of Kinship and Ascertaining the Effect of Drift
-- The Problem of Isolate Size
-- Gene Diffusion
-- Gene Flow
9. "Quantitative Characters, Polygenic Inheritance, and Environmental Interactions"
-- The Physiology of Continuous Variation
-- Genetic Models of Quantitative Variation
-- Interaction of Genotype and Environment
-- The Basic Model of Polygenic Inheritance
-- Skin Color as an Example of Polygenic Inheritance
-- Partitioning the Genetic Variance in a Random-mating Population
-- Assortative Mating and its Effect on Quantitative Characters
-- Inbreeding Effects
-- Heritability of Threshold Characters
-- The Biological Basis of Twinning
-- The Use of Twins for the Study of the Genetic Determination of Traits
-- The Problem of Nature versus Nurture and the Limitations to the Concept of Heritability
-- The Effect of Natural Selection on Quantitative Characters
-- The Genetics of Schizophrenia
10. "The Sexual Dimorphism"
-- Sex Determination
-- The X-Chromosome Map
-- Sex-chromosome Abnormalities
-- Y-linkage and Partial Sex Linkage
-- Dosage Compensation and X-inactivation
-- The Sex Ratio
-- Natural Selection and the Sex Ratio
-- The Evolution of the Sexual Dimorphism
11. "Human Evolution"
-- Fossil Evidence on the Origin of Man
-- Primates, Hominoids, and Hominids
-- Paleolithic and Neolithic Man
-- Racial Differentiation in Man
-- Measurement of Genetic Similarity and Distance Between Populations, Using Polymorphic Genes
-- Analysis of Racial Differences on the Basis of Polymorphic Genes
-- Methods of Phylogenetic Analysis
-- The Frequency of Polymorphisms and Its Meaning
-- Molecular Evolution and the Fate of Amino Acid Substitutions in Proteins
-- Theoretical Considerations on the Mean Time for Gene Substitution
-- The Relative Roles of Natural Selection and Drift in Human Evolution
12. Eugenics, Euphenics, and Human Welfare
-- The History of Eugenics and some General Problems of Its Practice
-- Prospects for Negative Eugenics
-- Eugenic Potentialities of Consanguineous and Assortative Mating
-- Methods of Positive Eugenics
-- Euphenics and Genetic Engineering
-- Cultural Evolution and Its Effect on Natural Selection
-- Other Interactions of Cultural and Biological Evolution in Man
-- Patterns of Fertility
-- Migration
-- Environmental Pollution and Mutagenicity
-- Segregation and Amalgamation
-- Race and Society
-- Changes in the Complexity of Society
- Appendix 1: "Statistics and Probability"
-- Introduction
-- Distribution
-- Expected Values
-- The Normal Distribution
-- Variance
-- Parameters
-- Change of Scale and Location-Mean and Variance of a Function of the Original Variable
-- Moments
-- The Combination of Probabilities
-- The Binomial Distribution
-- The Poisson Distribution
-- The Geometric Distribution
-- The Negative Binomial Distribution
-- The Multinomial Distribution
-- The Gamma Distribution
-- Distributions of Sums of Variables in Some Special Cases
-- The Exponential Distribution
-- Beta Distributions
-- The Lognormal Distribution
-- Analysis of Data
-- Statistics and Estimation
-- Maximum Likelihood Estimation
-- Significance Tests and Confidence Limits
-- Significance of the Difference Between Observed Means
-- One-way Analysis of Variance and the _F_ or Variance Ratio Distribution
-- Analysis of Variance
-- Goodness of Fit and the Chi-square Test
-- 2 x 2 Contingency Tables
-- 2 x _k_ and _l_ x _k_ Contingency Tables
-- Goodness of fit of the Poisson Distribution
-- Pairs of Measurements, Correlation, and Regression
-- The Bivariate Normal Distribution
-- Multinomial Distributions
-- Analysis of Observed Pairs of Measurements
-- Linear Regression Analysis
-- Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
-- Fisher's Scoring Method for the Solution of Maximum Likelihood Equations: One Parameter
-- Scoring for Several Parameters
-- An Example of a Computer Program
- Appendix II: "Segregation and Linkage Analysis in Human Pedigrees and the Estimation of Gene Frequencies"
-- Pedigrees and Segregation Analysis
-- Modes of Ascertainment
-- Truncate Selection
-- Single Selection
-- Multiple Selection
-- Sporadic Cases
-- Inbreeding in Sporadic Cases
-- Estimation of Prevalence with Incomplete Selection
-- The Separation of Segregating and Nonsegregating Families with Complete Selection
-- Incorporation of Family-size Distributions for the Estimation of Prevalence
-- Analysis of Linkage in Human Pedigrees
-- Linkage Analysis by Likelihood
-- Heterogeneity of Linkage Estimates
-- General Methods and Tables for Linkage Analysis
-- Partial Sex Linkage
-- Map Length and Physical Length
-- Assignment of Genes to Chromosomes
-- Estimation of Gene Frequencies
-- Samples of Related Individuals
- Appendix III: "Sample Problems"
- Literature Cited
- Indexes