Reparations programs seeking to provide for victims of gross and systematic human rights violations are becoming an increasingly frequent feature of transitional and post-conflict processes. Given that women represent a very large proportion of the victims of these conflicts and authoritarianism, and that women arguably experience conflicts in a distinct manner, it makes sense to examine whether reparations programs can be designed to redress women more fairly and efficiently and seek to subvert gender hierarchies that often antecede the conflict. Focusing on themes such as reparations for victims of sexual and reproductive violence, reparations for children and other family members, as well as gendered understandings of monetary, symbolic, and collective reparations, The Gender of Reparations gathers information about how past or existing reparations projects dealt with gender issues, identifies best practices to the extent possible, and articulates innovative approaches and guidelines to the integration of a gender perspective in the design and implementation of reparations for victims of human rights violations.
Author(s): Ruth Rubio-Marin
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
Language: English
Pages: 434
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 9
Contributors......Page 11
Photo Credits: “Gender, Memorialization, and Symbolic Reparations,” in The Gender of Reparations......Page 16
International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ)......Page 17
Introduction: A Gender and Reparations Taxonomy......Page 19
Structure and contents of the book......Page 23
Gender and a taxonomy of reparations programs......Page 29
1 Gender and Violence in Focus: A Background for Gender Justice in Reparations......Page 36
Gender and normative violence against women......Page 42
Is there a “continuum” of violence in conflict?......Page 46
Male Exchanges through Violence toward Women......Page 51
The Symbolism of Gender and Punishment of Women’s (and Men’s) Gender Transgression......Page 53
Specifically Sexual or Reproductive Coercion, Harm, Torture, and Mutilation......Page 54
Targeting Women’s Mothering......Page 56
Women and Property......Page 57
Women asand Social Capital......Page 59
Quandaries of Shame and Exclusion......Page 60
Women’s Insecure Testimonial Positions......Page 63
Relevant categories of violence and harm to women......Page 65
1. Gender-Normative Violence and Harm......Page 67
2. Sex-, Reproductive-, and Care-Specific Violence......Page 68
3. Gender-Skewed Violence and Harm......Page 69
4. Gender-Multiplied Violence and Harm......Page 70
Conclusion......Page 76
2 The Gender of Reparations in Transitional Societies......Page 81
I. Reparations programs in transitional settings: individual and societal aims......Page 85
II. Reparations as recognition of the wrongful violations of victims’ rights......Page 90
1. Enabling Women to Speak Their Truth......Page 92
2. Feminizing Dehumanization......Page 96
3. “De-Normalizing” Discrimination on the Grounds of Sex......Page 100
III. Reparations as an acknowledgment of state responsibility for the violation of victims’ rights......Page 103
IV. Reparations as the recognition of harms resulting from the violation of victims’ rights......Page 106
1. Rights Violations and the Interrelatedness of Harms......Page 109
2. Engendering Harm......Page 115
V. Reparations as a genuine attempt to help victims cope with the effects of violations and to subvert preexisting structures of subordination......Page 119
1. Material Restitution and Compensation......Page 121
2. Rehabilitation and Reintegration......Page 127
3. Symbolic Recognition......Page 132
4. Guarantee of Nonrepetition......Page 134
VI. conclusion......Page 137
Introduction......Page 139
Sexual and reproductive violence in the context of armed conflict or political repression and its impacts......Page 143
Selected experiences in addressing SRV in state reparations programs......Page 149
What Forms of SRV Have Been Included in Reparations Programs?......Page 150
Who Has Been Included and Who Has Been Left Out?......Page 154
Experiences with Material Reparations......Page 156
Experiences with Nonmaterial Reparations......Page 167
Dealing with the present, planning for the future: the transformative potential of reparations......Page 171
Reframing Restitution: Victims’ Right to Reputation, Family Life, and Citizenship......Page 172
Guarantees of Nonrepetition: Legal Reforms......Page 173
4 Reparations as a Means for Recognizing and Addressing Crimes and Grave Rights Violations against Girls and Boys during Situations of Armed Conflict and under Authoritarian and Dictatorial Regimes......Page 180
Political violence and children......Page 184
A brief gendered analysis of the worst forms of direct and indirect harm children endure during situations of armed conflict and under authoritarian and dictatorial regimes......Page 187
Reparations and children: lessons from the past to inform the future......Page 191
Gender-Just Reparations Programs for Children......Page 192
Recognizing and Acknowledging Crimes against Children......Page 194
Children as Dependants or “Secondary” Victims......Page 202
Age- and Time-Limited Reparations Benefits......Page 203
Age-Appropriate Reparation Benefits......Page 204
Selecting Crimes and Defining Them in Ways that Exclude Most Child Victims......Page 205
Individual Benefits......Page 207
Cash benefits: pensions, lump sum awards, awards in installments......Page 208
Restitution of property......Page 212
Education, health, and shelter services......Page 213
Psychological rehabilitation......Page 217
Services that offer closure on violations......Page 219
Collective Benefits......Page 220
Creative Approaches for Collective Reparations Programs for Children......Page 224
Challenges for Childrens Participation in Individual and Collective Benefits and Redress......Page 225
Symbolic reparations and children......Page 227
Conclusion......Page 229
I. Introduction......Page 233
II. Reparations under the regional human rights systems: the basics......Page 237
1. The European Framework......Page 239
2. The Inter-American Framework......Page 241
1. The ECtHR and the Payment of Pecuniary and Moral Damages to Successors......Page 243
2. The IACtHR and the Payment of Pecuniary and Moral Damages to Successors......Page 246
IV. Reparations to family members as victims and injured parties......Page 249
1. The Approach of the ECtHR to Family Members as Victims of Gross Human Rights Violations in Their Own Right......Page 250
2. The Approach of the IACtHR to the Next of Kin of Victims of Gross Human Rights Violations as Victims or as Injured Parties......Page 257
a) The IACtHR and Moral Damages for Victims and Injured Parties......Page 263
b) The IACtHR and Material Damages for Next of Kin as Victims and Injured Parties......Page 275
V. Family members under reparations programs......Page 280
1. Defining Victims: From Family Members as Heirs and Dependants to Victims in Their Own Right......Page 285
2. Defining Beneficiaries: Going Beyond Terminology......Page 287
3. Whether Benefits and Their Modality of Distribution are Shaped to Reflect the Needs or Harms of Family Members......Page 289
a) The Treatment of Different Family Members......Page 292
b) Distribution Mechanisms: Priority Orders among Family Members Versus Apportioning......Page 300
c) Complexity of Reparations Programs: The Relevance of Combining Economic Compensation with Social Services......Page 302
VI. Conclusions......Page 304
Introduction......Page 309
Compensation as a Constituent of Doing Justice......Page 312
Not Just Money: Torts as Recognition......Page 315
Honoring Both (and Mediating between) Security and Freedom through Reparations......Page 318
Enhancing Security......Page 319
Enhancing Freedom......Page 320
Nomenclature: “Microfinance”......Page 321
Choosing among Means to Convey Pecuniary Reparations through Microfinance......Page 322
Simple Transfer Payments Contrasted......Page 325
Microfinance payments as sources of gender fairness and welfare......Page 330
Ameliorating the Additional Injustice of Having Been Deprived of a Fair Measure of Control Over Money......Page 331
Fairness through Shareholding rather than the Receipt of Quick Cash......Page 334
Reparations through Microfinance as a Source of Gender-Egalitarian Welfare......Page 336
Conclusion......Page 340
7 Gender, Memorialization, and Symbolic Reparations......Page 342
Overview of symbolic reparations......Page 345
1. Violations and the Politics of “Privilege”......Page 349
2. Representing Womens Agency......Page 357
3. Individual and Collective Representations and Actions......Page 364
4. Consultation and Voice......Page 372
Increasing the gendered impact of symbolic reparations......Page 374
1. Embodying Individual Meaning and Significance......Page 376
2. Reconnecting Women Victims with Society and the State......Page 382
(a) Process......Page 383
(b) Discourse......Page 385
(c) Context......Page 392
Conclusions and policy recommendations......Page 394
8 Gender and Collective Reparations in the Aftermath of Conflict and Political Repression......Page 399
I. Collective reparations and group-based harm......Page 403
II. The gendered meanings of violence against women and the violence continuum......Page 405
III. Gender-based violence and collective reparations: from victims to agents of change......Page 411
IV. Concluding reflections: on reparations and democracy......Page 417
Index......Page 421
