The Future Circle of Healthcare: AI, 3D Printing, Longevity, Ethics, and Uncertainty Mitigation

Contents
About the Editors
Abbreviations (Future Circle of Healthcare)
Introduction: Trends, Puzzles, and Hopes for the Future of Healthcare
1 The Essentials
2 Longevity and Aging
3 The Technological Turn
4 Uncertainty Everywhere
5 Puzzles and Paradoxes
6 Hopes
References
Innovations in Psychiatric Care Models: Lessons from the Past to Inform the Future
1 Introduction
2 The Chronic Care Model: Applicability to Psychiatric Care
3 Psychiatry and Measurement-Based Care
4 Current Innovative Psychiatric Care Models
4.1 Collaborative Care
4.2 Reverse Integrated Care
5 A Psychiatric Care Model for the Future
6 Conclusions
References
Mobile Sensors in Healthcare: Technical, Ethical, and MedicalAspects
1 Mobile Sensors in Healthcare
2 Technical Aspects
3 Ethical Aspects
4 Medical Aspects
5 Conclusions
References
New Horizons in Studying the Cellular Mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease
1 Introduction
2 Usage of Mechanistic Concepts and Context of AD Research in Biology
2.1 Actual Mechanisms, Mechanistic Models and Mechanistic Explanations
2.2 AD Research as a Quintessential Mechanistic Research Programme
3 Problems for the Mainstream Biomedical Research Approach to AD
3.1 The Amyloid Cascade Mechanistic Explanation
3.2 Capturing the Full Complexity of the Disease
4 `New Mechanism' and Clues for Moving Past the Explanatory Problem
5 Toward an Ideal `Principled Mechanistic' Explanation in the Context of AD
6 Two Biological Principles Relevant to AD
6.1 Principle of Cellular Synchrony
6.2 Principle of Generative Protein Domains
7 Biological Principles and Mechanistic Explanations
8 Conclusions
References
Harnessing AI and Genomics to Accelerate Drug Discovery
1 Introduction
2 Target Identification in the Era of Genomics and AI
2.1 Genomics Data as a Key Source of Potential Drug Targets
2.2 AI to Prioritize Drug Targets with a Genetic Basis
2.3 Knowledge Graphs in AI-Driven Target Discovery
3 AI to Accelerate Drug Discovery
3.1 Data Are Key
3.2 Deep Learning and De Novo Drug Design
3.3 AlphaFold 2.0 and Drug Discovery
4 Future Directions and Challenges Ahead
5 Conclusion
References
Ethical Challenges in Applying New Technologies in OrthopedicSurgery
1 Introduction
2 Non-Maleficence and Beneficence
2.1 Safety
2.2 Efficacy
2.3 Proficiency
2.4 Monitoring Outcomes
3 The Relationship Between the Physician and the Industry
4 Cost Considerations
4.1 The Cost of Healthcare and Health Outcomes
4.2 Containing Cost
5 Conclusion
References
An Assessment of the AI Regulation Proposed by the European Commission
1 Introduction
2 Analysis and Assessment
2.1 The Definition of AI Is Too Broad
2.2 There Is No Need for AI-Specific Regulation
2.3 A Lack of Delimitation from the Existing Regulations
2.4 The Proposal Includes Unfulfillable Requirements for ``High-Risk Applications''
2.5 Overregulation Would Strengthen Chinese and US Corporations
2.6 Missing Points
3 Recommendations
4 Conclusions
References
Post-Truth Implications for COVID-Era Healthcare: Verification, Trust, and Vaccine Skepticism
1 Introduction
2 Key Concepts
2.1 Established Institutions
2.2 Epistemology/Epistemic
2.3 Post-Truth
3 Truth and Authority in Scientific Knowledge
3.1 Knowledge, Truth, Verification
3.2 Trust
4 When Banknotes Are Refused
4.1 Sources of Mistrust
4.1.1 Established Institutions (such as the US Government) Do Bad Things
4.1.2 A Class Division
4.2 “The Science Says …”
5 Prognostications and Recommendations
5.1 Options for Established Public Health Institutions
5.2 A Tentative Recommendation for Individual Healthcare Providers
6 Conclusion
References
Patents on Inventions Involving AI in the Life Sciences andHealthcare
1 Introduction
2 Patent Basics
2.1 Definition of a Patent
2.1.1 Who Is Entitled to Apply for a Patent?
2.1.2 The Inventors' Right
2.1.3 Duration of a Patent
2.1.4 Scope of Protection of a Patent
2.1.5 Rights Conferred by a Patent
2.2 Patentable Inventions
2.3 Exclusions from Patentability
3 AI in the Context of Patent Law
3.1 Definition of AI in the Context of Patent Law
3.2 Categories of Inventions
3.3 Computer-Implemented Inventions (CII)
3.4 Technical Character of Inventions Involving AI
4 Patentability of AI-Implemented Inventions
4.1 Clarity of the Claims that Define an AI-Implemented Invention
4.2 Sufficiency of Disclosure of an AI-Implemented Invention
4.2.1 Example of a Sufficient Disclosure
4.2.2 Example of Insufficient Disclosure
4.2.3 Important Aspects of Sufficient Disclosure
4.3 Novelty of an Invention
4.4 Inventive Step of an Invention
4.4.1 An Example of a Patent Was Revoked Because It Did Not Include an Inventive Step
4.4.2 Example of a Nonobvious Invention
4.5 Summary of the Patentability of AI-Implemented Inventions
5 Examples of Patentable Inventions Involving AI in the Life Sciences and Healthcare
6 Ethics of Patents
6.1 Directive 98/44/EC
6.2 In View of the Pandemic
6.3 Ethics and AI Inventions in Life Sciences and Healthcare
7 The Future
References
Redesigning Relations: Coordinating Machine Learning Variables and Sociobuilt Contexts in COVID-19 and Beyond
1 Prequel
2 Introduction: Process and Use of AI in Decision-Making
3 Representing Sociobuilt Contexts: Problems in Parameterization
3.1 New Directions in Variable Choice
3.2 Sociobuilt Contexts
3.3 Evidence-Based Design and Transdisciplinary Research
4 Reassessment of Relations
4.1 “Embodiment” and “Hermeneutic” Relations
4.2 Representations of Complex Systems
4.3 Ethical Relations
5 Conclusion
References
Sensor Devices, the Source of Innovative Therapy and Prevention
1 Introduction
2 Sensors
2.1 Active Versus Passive Sensors
2.2 Physical Sensors
2.2.1 Mechanical Sensors
2.2.2 Radiation Sensors
2.2.3 Thermal Sensors
2.2.4 Optical Sensors
2.2.5 Magnetic Sensors
2.3 Chemical Sensors
3 Innovative Applications
3.1 Diagnosis
3.2 Monitoring and Prevention
3.3 Therapy
4 Recent Advances
5 Challenges
6 Conclusion
References
Digital and Computational Pathology: A Specialty Reimagined
1 Transformations of the Past
2 Digital Pathology
3 Computational Pathology
3.1 Background and Definitions
3.2 Applications of CPATH
3.3 AI Applications Beyond Histopathologic Analysis
3.4 Challenges in Pathology AI
3.5 Pathologist vs. AI?
3.6 Reference Databases, DP Repositories, and Large-Scale Initiatives in CPATH
4 Broader Effects on Other Specialties, Education, and Research
4.1 Integrative Pathology and Other Specialties
4.2 Education and Outreach
4.3 Nonclinical Settings: Biobanking, Experimental and Veterinary Pathology, Toxicology, and Pharmaceutical Development
5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Modern Home Care: A Glimpse into the Future of Patient-Centered Healthcare Systems
1 A Glimpse into the Future
2 The Situation in 2020
3 What Is Still to Be Done?
4 Social Relevance
5 Conclusion
References
Teledermatology: Current Indications and Future Perspectives
1 Introduction
2 Practical Examples
3 Chances
4 Limits
5 The Future of Teledermatology
6 Conclusion
References
Using Artificial Intelligence for the Specification of m-Health and e-Health Systems
1 Introduction
2 Requirements Statement Example: The Stroke Recovery Assistant Case Study
3 Requirements Formalisation Process and Techniques
3.1 Natural Language Processing
3.2 Machine Learning
3.3 Requirements Formalisation from Diagrams
3.4 Deriving Data Model Specifications from Requirements Statements
3.5 Deriving Behavioural Model Specifications from Requirements Statements
4 Integration of Automated Requirements Engineering into an Agile MDE Process
5 Related Work
6 Conclusions
References
The Outlook for Novel Pharmaceutics
1 Introduction
2 Personalised Medicine
2.1 Personalised Medicine in the Market
2.2 The Outlook for Personalised Medicine
3 Gene Therapy
3.1 Gene Therapy and Gene Delivery
3.2 The Outlook for Gene Therapy
4 Nanomedicine
4.1 Nanomedicine in the Market
4.2 Nanomedicine beyond Cancer
4.3 The Outlook for Nanomedicine
5 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
5.1 Regenerative Therapies in the Market
5.2 The Outlook for Regenerative Medicine
6 Conclusions
References
The Future Open Innovation Approach in Health Care Needs Patients' Support
1 Introduction
2 Study 1
2.1 Theoretical Background
2.2 Research Design
2.3 First Study
2.4 Follow-Up Study
2.5 Prototype Model of a Future Health-Care Service Using IT
2.6 Findings
2.7 Conclusions
3 Study 2
3.1 Theoretical Background
3.2 Research Design
3.3 An Open Innovation Ecosystem Platform for Developing Medical Technology Products
3.4 Findings
4 Conclusions
References
Uncertainty in Medicine: An Active Definition
1 Introduction
2 Philosophical Definition of Uncertainty
2.1 The Gap Argument
2.2 Shortcomings of the Gap Argument
3 Active Definition of Uncertainty
4 Conclusion: From Definition to Action
References
Innovations for Sustainable Healthcare
1 Introduction
2 Sustainability in Healthcare
2.1 Building a High-Value Health System
2.2 Green Hospitals
2.3 Sustainability and Resilience
2.4 Sustainable Development Goals
3 Examples of Sustainable Practices in Healthcare
3.1 Sustainable Buildings
3.2 Sustainable Healthcare Organizations
4 Recent Challenges
4.1 Challenges for Global Public Health
4.2 Challenges for Rural Health
5 Research and Innovation
6 Conclusion
References
Medical Additive Manufacturing in Surgery: Translating Innovation to the Point of Care
1 Introduction
2 Applications in Medicine
2.1 Benefits of Medical 3D Printing
2.2 Popular 3D Printing Technologies in Medicine
2.3 Research Activities in Medical 3D Printing
3 Point-of-Care Manufacturing
3.1 Prerequisites for Technology Integration
4 Relevant Studies and Publications for Point-of-Care 3D Printing in Basel
4.1 A Desktop 3D Printer Vs. a Professional Device
4.2 Evaluation of 3D Printers for Guided Implant Surgery (Wegmüller et al., 2021)
4.3 An Interactive, Fully Digital Design Workflow for a Custom, 3D-Printed, Facial Protection Orthosis (Face Mask) (Sharma et al., 2020c)
4.4 Computer-Assisted Virtual Planning and Surgical Template Fabrication for Fronto-Orbital Advancement (Soleman et al., 2015b)
4.5 Craniofacial Reconstruction through a Cost-Efficient, Hybrid Process that Uses 3D Printing and Intraoperative Fabrication (Msallem et al., 2017)
4.6 “Hybrid” Patient-Specific Implants in Orbital Floor Fractures (Sigron et al., 2020, 2021)
4.7 A 3D-Printed, Patient-Specific Scaphoid Replacement: A Cadaveric Study (Honigmann et al., 2017)
4.8 Patient-Specific Surgical Implants Made of 3D-Printed PEEK: Material, Technology, and Scope of Surgical Application (Honigmann et al., 2018)
4.9 An in Vitro Study of Osteoblast Response on Fused-Filament Fabrication 3D-Printed PEEK for Dental and Craniomaxillofacial Implants (Han et al., 2019)
4.10 An in Vitro Mechanical and Biological Properties of 3D-Printed Polymer Composite and β-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffold on Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (Cao et al., 2020)
5 Conclusions
References
The Future of Medical Education
1 Introduction
2 Curriculum
3 Technology and the Future of Medical Education
4 Conclusion
References
Personalized Dental Medicine with Specific Focus on the Use of Data from Diagnostic Dental Imaging
1 General Introduction
2 Applicability of Personalized Dental Medicine in Various Specialties
2.1 Implantology/Oral Surgery
2.2 Oral Oncology
2.3 Periodontology
2.4 Cariology
2.5 Orthodontics
3 Applicability of Personalized Dental Medicine in Diagnostic Dental Imaging
4 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
Index