The Food Security, Biodiversity, and Climate Nexus

Foreword by Prof. Kazuhiko Takeuchi
Foreword by Fred Kruidbos
Acknowledgements
About the Publishing Institutions
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Abbreviations and Acronyms
List of Figures
List of Tables
The Food Security, Biodiversity, and Climate Nexus—Introduction
1 The Volume’s Background, Scope, and Objectives
2 The Volume’s Content
References
Managing the Food Security, Biodiversity, and Climate Nexus: Transformative Change as a Pathway
1 Introduction
2 Understanding the Food-Biodiversity-Climate Nexus
2.1 Food and Biodiversity Linkages in the Context of Climate Change
2.2 Food and Climate Change Linkages in the Context of Biodiversity
3 Transformative Change as a Pathway to Manage the Nexus
4 The Transformative Change Framework
4.1 Making Transformative Change a Pathway: Key Drivers/Enablers
4.2 Pressures and Hurdles in the Way of Transformative Change
5 Prerequisites for an Efficient Transformative Change Process
6 Conclusion
References
The Importance of Protected Areas in Mitigating Climate Change and Conserving Ecosystems in Latin America and the Caribbean
1 Introduction
2 Climate Change in Latin America
3 The Importance of Protected Areas in Latin America and Climate Change
4 Latin American and Caribbean Protected Areas
5 Traditional Knowledge, Climate Change, and Protected Areas
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity Resources, Especially Forests and Wildlife Distribution
1 Introduction
2 Impacts of Climate Change on Vegetation Structure and Composition
3 Climate Change Impacts on Different Wildlife Fauna Species
3.1 Climate Change Impacts on Amphibians
3.2 Climate Change Impacts on Avian Species
3.3 Climate Change Impacts on Mammal Species
3.4 Climate Change Impacts on Reptilian Species
4 Solutions to Mitigate Climate Change Impacts
5 Important Steps to Halt Climate Change Impacts
6 Conclusion
References
Climate Change and Disappearing Habitats: The Case of Majuli Island in Northeast India
1 Background
2 The Island and the People
3 The Issue
4 Displacement
5 Conflict
6 Conflict with the Wild
7 Conclusion
References
Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Pakistan: Current Challenges and Policy Recommendations
1 Introduction
2 Biodiversity of Pakistan: An Overview
2.1 Protected Areas in Pakistan
2.2 Current Situation
3 Climate Change and Biodiversity: Global and National Facts
4 Pakistan’s Response to Climate Change and Biodiversity Concerns
4.1 Vision 2030
4.2 National Climate Change Policy
4.3 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
4.4 Green Pakistan Program/Ten Billion Trees Tsunami Program
5 Gaps and Challenges in Conserving Biodiversity
5.1 Weak Legislation and Implementation of Policies and Laws
5.2 Lack of Awareness Among Masses and Decision Makers About Biodiversity Components
5.3 Absence or Weak Community-Based Biodiversity Management Systems
6 Recommendations and Conclusion
References
Some Physiological Plant Characteristics to Adapt to the Changing Climate in Indonesia
1 Introduction
2 Indonesia Geographic Condition and its Flora and Fauna
3 Climate Change Intensity and Impact in Indonesia
3.1 Rainfall Pattern and Intensity
3.2 Temperature
4 How Plants Respond to Climate Change in the Tropics?
4.1 CO2
4.2 Temperature
4.3 Rainfall Intensity
4.4 Reduced Seasonality
4.5 Plant Phenotypes and Physiological Characteristics to Adapt to Climate Change
5 Conclusion
References
Effects of Climate Change on Insect Pollinators and Implications for Food Security — Evidence and Recommended Actions
1 Introduction
2 Morocco’s Climate Context
3 Crop Production in Morocco
4 Pollinators, Pollination, and Food Production
4.1 Role of Pollinators
4.2 Economic Value of Insect Pollination
4.3 Pollinators for Food Security
5 Climate Change Impacts on Insect Pollinators
5.1 Pollinator Decline
5.2 Pollination and Ecosystem Functions
6 Pollinators Adaptation to Climate Change
7 Conclusion
References
Impacts of Climate Change on Food Security and Health: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in the Pamir Region of Tajik and Afghan Badakhshan
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Research Design
2.2 Data Collection
2.3 Focus Group Discussion
3 Results
3.1 Contribution of MAPs to Local Culinary and Food
3.2 Contribution of MAPs to Traditional Health System
3.3 Contribution of MAPs to Livelihoods
3.4 Impact of Climate Change on MAPs in Pamir Region
3.5 Reasons Behind MAPs the Depletion in Natural Habitats
4 Effects of Climate Change on Smallholder Farmers of Pamirs
5 Discussion
6 Suggestions and Recommendations
7 Conclusion
References
Burgeoning Desert Locust Population as a Transboundary Plant Pest: A Significant Threat to Regional Food Security
1 Introduction
2 Challenges to Food Security
2.1 Desert Locust, a Bigger Threat?
3 FAO’s Role in Fighting Desert Locust
3.1 Famine Early Warning Systems Network
3.2 An Estimation on Hunger and Food Security
3.3 The World Bank’s Initiative
3.4 Substantive Risk
3.5 Colossal Scale, Urgency, and Complexity of Current Desert Locust Crisis
4 Innovation and New Technologies in Combating Desert Locust
4.1 The Use of Remote Sensing
5 The Way Forward and Conclusions
References
The Potential of Edible Wild Fruits as Alternative Option to Ensure Food Security in a Changing Climate: A Case Study from Pakistan
1 Introduction
2 Edible Wild Fruits: A Source of Food and Nutrition
3 EWFs: Combating Food and Health Insecurity
4 EWFs: Medicinal and Dietary Significance
5 The Nutritional Value and Dietary Requirements of EWFs
6 The Antioxidant Potential of EWFs
7 The Diversity of EWFs in Pakistan
8 Traditional Uses of EWFs
9 EWFs: Family Rosaceae
10 Climate-Smart Agriculture and Climate Change
11 Methodology
11.1 Collection and Identification of WEFs
11.2 Processing and Preservation of WEFs for Analysis
11.3 Analytical Methods
12 Description of Rosaceous EWFs
12.1 Nutritional Composition of Fragaria nubicola
12.2 The Antioxidant Capacity and Potential Constituents of Fragaria nubicola
12.3 The Nutritional Composition of Rosa moschata
12.4 The Antioxidant Capacity and Potential Constituents of Rosa moschata
12.5 Nutritional Composition of Rosa webbiana
12.6 Nutritional Composition of Rubus anatolicus
12.7 Antioxidant Capacity and Potential Constituents of Rubus anatolicus
13 Conclusion
References
The Potential of Coconut By-Products to Foster Food Security and Sustainability in Sri Lanka
1 Introduction
1.1 Impacts of Climate Change
1.2 Impact of Land Fragmentation
1.3 Impact of Pest and Diseases
2 Utilization of Coconut By-Products
2.1 Coconut Shell
2.2 Coconut Testa
2.3 Utilization of Mature Nut Water
2.4 Coconut Sap Liquid
3 Concluding Remarks
References
Potential of the Medicinal Flora in Pakistan and the Risk of Extinction: The Need for a Conservation Strategy
1 Introduction
2 The Global Demand and Supply of Herbal Medicines
3 Medicinal Plants in Pakistan and Their Scope
4 Threats to Medicinal Plants in Pakistan
5 Herbal Medicine Research in Pakistan
6 Protection of Herbal Medicines: Recommended Measures
7 Conclusion
References
Fostering Health Security Through Biodiversity: A Case Study from Ogun and Lagos States, Nigeria
1 Introduction
2 Results and Discussion
3 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Fostering the Sustainable Forest Management in Saudi Arabia from Resilience and Mitigation Perspectives
1 Introduction
2 Linkages Between Climate Change and Forests
3 Forests Land in Al-Baha, Taif, and Asir Regions of KSA
4 The Climate of KSA and Asir Region
5 Climate Change Impacts in Central and West Asia
6 Forest Degradation Dynamics in KSA
6.1 Factors Affecting Juniperus Procera Dieback in KSA
6.2 Mountainous and Grassland Ecosystems Under Stress
7 Forest Management and the Role of Local Populations
7.1 Saudi Arabians’ Attitudes and Reliance on Natural Forests
7.2 Local People’s Attitudes Regarding Natural Forests Around Al-Baha Region
8 The KSA’s Climate Change Policy
9 Sustainable Forest Management in KSA: The Need for a National Plan
9.1 The Need for Participatory Forestry Approaches and the Consideration of Indigenous Knowledge
9.2 The Need for Climate Impact Assessment Studies in Forest Ecosystem
10 Some Case Studies from KSA and Pakistan
10.1 Sustainable Forest Management and Tribal Protection System (TPS): A Case Study from KSA
10.2 Case Studies from Pakistan
11 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Human–Wildlife Conflict: The Case of Crop Raiding and Its Socio-economic Implications Around Pendjari Biosphere Reserve, Northern Benin
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Data Collection and Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Respondents’ Demographic and Socio-economic Characteristics
3.2 Farming Activities Around Pendjari Biosphere Reserve
3.3 Crop Raiding
3.4 Crop Raiders
3.5 Economic Impact of Crop Raiding
3.6 Mitigation Measures
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Human Activities as a Potential Risk to the Sustenance of Barawa Forest Reserve in Katsina State, Northern Nigeria
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Materials and Method
3.1 Materials Used in the Study
3.2 Methods of Data Collection
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents
4.2 Background History of Barawa Forest Reserve
4.3 Nature and Composition of Barawa Forest Reserve
4.4 Human Activities Generating Potential Risk for the Sustenance of Barawa Forest Reserve
5 Impacts of Human Activities in Barawa Forest Reserve
6 Measures Adopted to Sustain the Forest Reserve
7 Strategies for Ensuring Resilience and Viability
8 Conclusion
References
Non-timber Forest Product Income: What Implications for Social Safety-Nets in Afaka Forest Reserve Communities, Kaduna-Nigeria?
1 Introduction
2 Conceptual Framework
2.1 Social Environmental Protection
2.2 Non-timber Forest Products
2.3 Poverty and Inequality
2.4 Measurement of Inequality
3 Methodology
3.1 Study Area
3.2 Data Collection
3.3 Data Analysis
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Decomposition of Gini Index by Income Sources
4.2 Decomposition of NTFP Income Gini Index by Selected Socio-economic Characteristics
5 Conclusion
References
Potential of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) in Adaptation to the Environmental Change
1 Introduction
2 Study Site
3 Research Methods
3.1 Socio-economic Data
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Importance of Baobab in Food Security and Poverty Alleviation
4.2 Role of Baobab in Medical Uses
4.3 Other Contributions of Baobab in Study Site
4.4 Value Chain of Adansonia digitata L. in Study Site
4.5 Heterogeneous Factors Affecting Baobab Marketing
5 Conclusion
References
Realizing Food Security in Saline Environments in a Changing Climate: Mitigation Technologies
1 Introduction—Cracking Salinity
2 Salty Rhizospheres—Physical, Chemical, and Biological Mitigation Technologies in Saline Environments
3 Coding for Salt Tolerance and Desert’s Genetics
4 Advances in Urban Agriculture
5 Conclusion
References
Crop Diversification Using Saline Resources: Step Towards Climate-Smart Agriculture and Reclamation of Marginal Lands
1 Introduction
1.1 Climate Change—A Global Conundrum
1.2 Impact of Climate Change on Food Production
1.3 Malpractices in Agriculture and Land Degradation
2 Crop Diversification Using Saline Resources: Halophytes as a Climate-Smart Option
2.1 Making Devastated Saline and Polluted Lands Reusable by Cultivating Halophytes (Land Reclamation)
2.2 Intercropping of Halophytes with Food Crops
2.3 Intercropping of Non-conventional Forage Crops
2.4 Salt- and Drought-Resistant Plants as Minor Crops
3 Crop Halophytism—Future Perspective
4 Conclusions
References
Land Use Land Cover Change in Salt Range Wetlands Complex of Pakistan in Response to Climate Change
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Description of Study Area
2.2 Data Acquisition and Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Land Use Land Cover Change (LULC) Detection in SRWC
3.2 Assessment of Change in Average Wetland Area Based on Climatic Conditions
3.3 Predictive Future Changes Using Climate Scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5)
4 Conclusion
References
Bioresource Nutrient Recycling and Its Relationship with Soil Health Under Irrigated Agro-ecosystems
1 Introduction
2 Indicators of Soil Quality and Soil Health
2.1 Physical Indicators
2.2 Chemical Indicators
2.3 Microbiological Indicators
3 Agricultural Practices and Their Impact on Soil Quality
4 Impact of Inorganic Fertilizers on the Soil Health
5 Organic Amendments and Soil Health
6 Green Manuring and Soil Health
6.1 Effect of Green Manuring on Soil Health and Fertility Management
6.2 Green Manuring in Relation to Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties
7 Crop Residues Management and Soil Health
7.1 Influence of Crop Residue and Biochar on Soil Quality
7.2 Influence on Soil Chemical Properties
7.3 Influence on the Soil Physical Properties
7.4 Influence on the Soil Biological Properties
8 Conclusion
References
Managing the Soil Erosion Through the Use of Polyacrylamide: An Empirical Study
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Part
2.1 Materials
2.2 Preparation of Samples
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Thermal Analysis by DSC of PAM
3.2 Surface Morphology of PAM and PAM + Clay
3.3 Soil Loss
4 Conclusion
References
Postface