The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 3rd Edition (TRUE PDF)

The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine- Volume 1
Front Cover
Front Matter
Other Series
Copyright
Section Editors
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Symbols and abbreviations
Key to recommendation tables and levels of evidence
Contributors
PART 1 Introduction to the cardiovascular system
SECTION 1 Cardiovascular history and physical examination
Chapter 1.1 Approach to cardiovascular assessment
Chapter 1.2 Cardiovascular symptoms
Chapter 1.3 Cardiovascular signs
SECTION 2 Developmental biology of the heart
Chapter 2.1 Cardiac embryogenesis
Chapter 2.2 The molecular basis of cardiac embryogenesis
Chapter 2.3 From heartforming region to ballooning chambers
Chapter 2.4 Development of the ventricles and valves
Chapter 2.5 Development of the cardiac conduction system
Chapter 2.6 Epicardial and coronary vascular development
Chapter 2.7 Cardiomyocyte development from midgestation through preadolescence
SECTION 3 Functional anatomy of the heart
Chapter 3.1 Introduction
Chapter 3.2 Cardiac anatomy in the interventional era: an overview
Chapter 3.3 Normal conduction system, coronary arteries, and coronary veins
Chapter 3.4 Normal atrial and ventricular myocardial structures
Chapter 3.5 The heart as a functional unit
Chapter 3.6 Ventricular structure and function
Chapter 3.7 Functional anatomy of atria
Chapter 3.8 Functional anatomy of left heart valves
Chapter 3.9 Functional anatomy of right heart valves
Chapter 3.10 Functional anatomy of myocardial perfusion
SECTION 4 Cardiovascular physiology
Chapter 4.1 The heart as a pump: governing principles
Chapter 4.2 Cardiac electrophysiology
Chapter 4.3 Cardiovascular physiology: regulation of coronary circulation
Chapter 4.4 Regulation of blood pressure
Chapter 4.5 Heart/ kidney interactions
Chapter 4.6 Cardiovascular response to exercise
Chapter 4.7 Cardiovascular response to mental stress
Chapter 4.8 The cardiovascular system during sleep
Chapter 4.9 The ageing heart
Chapter 4.10 Alterations in cardiovascular physiology in pathological states
SECTION 5 Cardiovascular pharmacology
Chapter 5.1 Renin– angiotensin system and neprilysin
Chapter 5.2 Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
Chapter 5.3 Autonomic nervous system drugs
Chapter 5.4 Pharmacology of vasodilators
Chapter 5.5 Positive inotropes
Chapter 5.6 Antiarrhythmics
Chapter 5.7 Pharmacology of oral antiplatelet drugs
Chapter 5.8 Fibrinolytic therapy
Chapter 5.9 Lipidlowering drugs
Chapter 5.10 Oral diabetes treatments and cardiovascular disease
Chapter 5.11 Renal pharmacology for the cardiologist
Chapter 5.12 Potassium binders
Chapter 5.13 Cardiovascular effects of noncardiovascular drugs
Chapter 5.14 Drug– drug interactions
Chapter 5.15 Local drugs in interventional cardiology pharmacology
SECTION 6 Anticoagulation
Chapter 6.1 An overview of haemostasis, in relation to atherothrombotic, thromboembolic, and venous cardiovascular disease
Chapter 6.2 Current targets of anticoagulants
Chapter 6.3 Epidemiology of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in heart disease
Chapter 6.4 Unfractionated heparin
Chapter 6.5 Lowmolecularweight heparin
Chapter 6.6 Fondaparinux and its derivatives
Chapter 6.7 Bivalirudin and argatroban
Chapter 6.8 Reversal of parenteral anticoagulants
Chapter 6.9 Vitamin K antagonists
Chapter 6.10 The NOACs: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
Chapter 6.11 The NOACs: clinical pharmacology
Chapter 6.12 The NOACs in special situations: the elderly, renal impairment, and combination with antiplatelet agents or thrombo
Chapter 6.13 Reversal of oral anticoagulants
Chapter 6.14 Epidemiological data on the use of traditional anticoagulants in cardiovascular disease
SECTION 7 Epidemiology and global burden
Chapter 7.1 Strategies for assessment of global disease burden
Chapter 7.2 Epidemiology and global burden of hypertension
Chapter 7.3 Epidemiology and global burden of ischaemic heart disease
Chapter 7.4 Epidemiology and global burden of cardiomyopathy
Chapter 7.5 Epidemiology and global burden of arrhythmias
Chapter 7.6 Epidemiology and global burden of rheumatic heart disease
Chapter 7.7 Epidemiology and global burden of myocarditis and pericarditis
Chapter 7.8 Epidemiology and global burden of infective endocarditis
Chapter 7.9 Epidemiology and global burden of peripheral arterial disease and aortic aneurysms
PART 2 Investigations
SECTION 8 Electrocardiogram
Chapter 8.1 Introduction
Chapter 8.2 Atrial abnormalities
Chapter 8.3 Ventricular hypertrophy
Chapter 8.4 Intraventricular conduction disturbances
Chapter 8.5 ECG patterns of ischaemia and necrosis
Chapter 8.6 ECG patterns related to arrhythmias and sudden death: channelopathies, early repolarization, and preexcitation
Chapter 8.7 ECG in syncope, palpitations, dyspnoea, and chest pain
Chapter 8.8 The abnormal ECG without apparent heart disease and the normal ECG in serious heart diseases: two extremes
Chapter 8.9 Ambulatory ECG monitoring
SECTION 9 Chest radiography
Chapter 9.1 Normal anatomy with a focus on the cardiac silhouette and the great vessels
Chapter 9.2 Pulmonary venous hypertension
Chapter 9.3 Pulmonary arterial hypertension and acute and chronic thromboembolism
Chapter 9.4 Pulmonary infections
Chapter 9.5 Focal abnormalities
Chapter 9.6 Lines, tubes, and implantable devices
SECTION 10 Cardiac ultrasound
Chapter 10.1 Principles of echocardiographic imaging and velocity assessment by Doppler and speckle tracking
Chapter 10.2 Technical equipment for echocardiography
Chapter 10.3 Transthoracic echocardiography and the standard examination of specific cardiac structures
Chapter 10.4 Stress echocardiography
Chapter 10.5 Contrast echocardiography
Chapter 10.6 Threedimensional echocardiography
Chapter 10.7 Coronary heart disease
Chapter 10.8 Hypertension and diabetes
Chapter 10.9 Transoesophageal echocardiography
Chapter 10.10 Left ventricular function, heart failure, and resynchronization therapy
Chapter 10.11 Assist devices
Chapter 10.12 Cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and the transplanted heart
Chapter 10.13 Cardiac valves
Chapter 10.14 Echocardiography in transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Chapter 10.15 Transcatheter mitral valve repair: from edgetoedge to annuloplasty
Chapter 10.16 Prosthetic valve evaluation
Chapter 10.17 Pulmonary hypertension and the right ventricle
Chapter 10.18 Echocardiographic assessment: diseases of the aorta
Chapter 10.19 Atrial fibrillation, cardiogenic embolism, and tumors
Chapter 10.20 Emergency echocardiography
SECTION 11 Cardiovascular magnetic resonance
Chapter 11.1 Normal anatomy and function
Chapter 11.2 Cardiovascular magnetic resonance physics, techniques, and contrast agents
Chapter 11.3 Coronary artery disease
Chapter 11.4 Cardiomyopathies
Chapter 11.5 Congenital heart disease
Chapter 11.6 Valvular heart disease
Chapter 11.7 Atherosclerosis imaging
Chapter 11.8 Angiography
Chapter 11.9 Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in less common pathologies
SECTION 12 Cardiovascular computed tomography
Chapter 12.1 Technology of cardiac computed tomography
Chapter 12.2 Coronary calcium
Chapter 12.3 Coronary computed tomography angiography: detection of coronary artery stenosis
Chapter 12.4 Coronary computed tomography angiography: imaging of coronary atherosclerotic plaque
Chapter 12.5 Computed tomography myocardial perfusion
Chapter 12.6 Computed tomography for cardiac morphology, function, and valve disease
Chapter 12.7 Computed tomography for cardiac interventions
SECTION 13 Nuclear cardiology and positron emission tomography
Chapter 13.1 Basic principles and technological state of the art: SPECT
Chapter 13.2 Basic principles and technological state of the art: PET
Chapter 13.3 Basic principles and technological state of the art: hybrid imaging
Chapter 13.4 Assessment of coronary artery disease: chronic stable angina
Chapter 13.5 Assessment of coronary artery disease: imagingguided management and therapy
Chapter 13.6 Integration of stress nuclear imaging in the diagnostic and management algorithms of stable coronary artery disease
Chapter 13.7 Assessment of coronary artery disease: nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging in specific patient populations
Chapter 13.8 Heart failure
Chapter 13.9 Endocarditis and device infection
Chapter 13.10 Infiltrative disease (amyloidosis/ sarcoidosis)
Chapter 13.11 Future potential
SECTION 14 Invasive imaging and haemodynamics
Chapter 14.1 Haemodynamic data
Chapter 14.2 Coronary angiography and ventriculography
Chapter 14.3 Intravascular ultrasound imaging
Chapter 14.4 Optical coherence tomography
Chapter 14.5 Nearinfrared spectroscopy
Chapter 14.6 Functional coronary assessment: fractional flow reserve
Chapter 14.7 Functional coronary assessment: instantaneous wavefree ratio and other indices
SECTION 15 Selection of imaging techniques
Chapter 15.1 Choice of imaging techniques
PART 3 Heart diseases
SECTION 16 Genetics of cardiovascular diseases
Chapter 16.1 Introduction
Chapter 16.2 Genetic counselling
Chapter 16.3 Principles of cascade screening
Chapter 16.4 Principles of molecular genetic testing
Chapter 16.5 Basic principles of genetic disease
Chapter 16.6 Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases: genetics of arrhythmias— long QT syndrome
Chapter 16.7 Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases: genetics of arrhythmias— short QT syndrome
Chapter 16.8 Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases: genetics of arrhythmias— Brugada syndrome
Chapter 16.9 Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases: genetics of arrhythmias— catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricula
Chapter 16.10 Postmortem genetic testing in sudden death cases
Chapter 16.11 Genetics of cardiomyopathies: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Chapter 16.12 Genetics of cardiomyopathies: dilated cardiomyopathy
Chapter 16.13 Genetics of cardiomyopathies: left ventricular noncompaction
Chapter 16.14 Genetics of cardiomyopathies: arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Chapter 16.15 Genetics of cardiomyopathies: cardiac manifestations of genetic mitochondrial diseases
Chapter 16.16 Genetics of cardiomyopathies: myocardial infiltration
Chapter 16.17 Genetics of vascular disease: Marfan syndrome and aortic disease
Chapter 16.18 Structural diseases of the heart: genetics of congenital heart diseases
Chapter 16.19 Structural diseases of the heart: syndromes affecting the cardiovascular system
Chapter 16.20 Complex cardiovascular diseases: atherosclerosis— genetic factors
Chapter 16.21 Complex cardiovascular diseases: dyslipidaemias— genetic factors
Chapter 16.22 Complex cardiovascular diseases: genetic determinants of atrial fibrillation
Chapter 16.23 Complex cardiovascular diseases: the genetics of arterial hypertension
SECTION 17 Congenital heart disease in children and adults
Chapter 17.1 Introduction
Chapter 17.2 Nomenclature
Chapter 17.3 Epidemiology and incidence
Chapter 17.4 Aetiology, genes, and environment
Chapter 17.5 Fetal circulation and perinatal programming
Chapter 17.6 Clinical presentations and initial investigations
Chapter 17.7 Echocardiography
Chapter 17.8 Crosssectional imaging/ modelling
Chapter 17.9 Functional testing
Chapter 17.10 Electrophysiological abnormalities and Arrhythmias
Chapter 17.11 Interventional catheterization
Chapter 17.12 Longterm outcomes
Chapter 17.13 Arterial disease in the young
Chapter 17.14 Contraception and pregnancy
Chapter 17.15 Pulmonary hypertension
Chapter 17.16 Heart failure
Chapter 17.17 Support/Transplantation
Chapter 17.18 Atrial septal defect
Chapter 17.19 Atrioventricular septal defect
Chapter 17.20 Ventricular septal defect
Chapter 17.21 Patent ductus arteriosus
Chapter 17.22 Pulmonary valve stenosis
Chapter 17.23 Vascular rings
Chapter 17.24 Aortic stenosis and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction
Chapter 17.25 Coarctation
Chapter 17.26 Tetralogy of Fallot
Chapter 17.27 Ebstein’s anomaly
Chapter 17.28 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Chapter 17.29 Single ventricle/ total cavopulmonary connection (Fontan circulation)
Chapter 17.30 Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Chapter 17.31 Complete transposition of the great arteries
Chapter 17.32 Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries
SECTION 18 Prevention in cardiovascular disease and rehabilitation
Chapter 18.1 Introduction
Chapter 18.2 Cardiovascular risk estimation at the individual level
Chapter 18.3 Risk factor management at the level of the individual using lifestyle changes
Chapter 18.4 Risk factor intervention at the population level
Chapter 18.5 Cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training
Chapter 18.6 Prevention in cardiovascular disease and rehabilitation
Chapter 18.7 Settings and stakeholders
SECTION 19 Diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome
Chapter 19.1 Introduction
Chapter 19.2 Dysglycaemia: definition, classification, and diagnosis
Chapter 19.3 Vascular complications of dysglycaemia
Chapter 19.4 Cardiovascular risk assessment in diabetes and prediabetes
Chapter 19.5 Preventing cardiovascular complications in patients with dysglycaemia
Chapter 19.6 Special conditions: acute coronary syndromes
Chapter 19.7 Special conditions: revascularization
Chapter 19.8 Diabetes and heart failure
Chapter 19.9 Diabetes and arrhythmias
Chapter 19.10 Diabetes and lower extremity arterial disease
Chapter 19.11 Special conditions: kidney disease
Chapter 19.12 Personcentred care
SECTION 20 Heart and the brain
Chapter 20.1 Acute ischaemic stroke: classification and diagnosis
Chapter 20.2 Impact of stroke on heart function
Chapter 20.3 Causes of cardioembolic stroke
Chapter 20.4 Embolic stroke of undetermined source
Chapter 20.5 Treatment of acute stroke
Chapter 20.6 Closure of a patent foramen ovale for the prevention of stroke
Chapter 20.7 Secondary stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation
Chapter 20.8 Management of vascular risk factors and comorbidities in secondary stroke prevention
Chapter 20.9 Intracranial haemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation on anticoagulants
Chapter 20.10 Atrial fibrillation and dementia
SECTION 21 Cardiovascular problems in chronic kidney disease
Chapter 21.1 Epidemiology and chronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk factor
Chapter 21.2 Causes of death in renal disease
Chapter 21.3 Pathophysiology
Chapter 21.4 Cardiovascular imaging in chronic kidney disease
Chapter 21.5 Prevention and drug therapy in chronic kidney disease
Chapter 21.6 Device therapy in chronic kidney disease (implantable cardioverter defibrillator, cardiac resynchronization therapy
Chapter 21.7 Special considerations in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy and kidney transplant patients
SECTION 22 Erectile dysfunction
Chapter 22.1 Sex and the heart
Chapter 22.2 Erectile dysfunction: definition and size of the problem
Chapter 22.3 Asking
Chapter 22.4 Erectile dysfunction as a marker and predictor of cardiovascular disease
Chapter 22.5 Testosterone, erectile dysfunction, and the heart
Chapter 22.6 Sexual function and dysfunction in women (and the effect for the couple)
Chapter 22.7 Lifestyle issues
Chapter 22.8 Drugs
Chapter 22.9 Surgery
Chapter 22.10 Management of a patient with erectile dysfunction with or without known cardiovascular disease
SECTION 23 Lung disease
Chapter 23.1 Epidemiological relationships between respiratory and cardiovascular diseases
Chapter 23.2 Longterm oxygen therapy/ ventilation and cardiovascular outcomes in chronic lung and respiratory diseases
Chapter 23.3 Effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment on cardiovascular outcome
Chapter 23.4 Muscle weakness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure
Chapter 23.5 Pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic lung disease and heart failure
Chapter 23.6 Sleep apnoea: definition, prevalence, and role in cardiovascular diseases
Chapter 23.7 Sleeprelated breathing disorders: classification and diagnosis
Chapter 23.8 Sleep apnoea: treatment options and sleep/ cardiovascular outcome
Chapter 23.9 Beyond positive airway pressure therapy: experimental and nonconventional treatments in sleep apnoea
Chapter 23.10 Atmospheric pollution and cardiovascular risk
Chapter 23.11 Highaltitude pulmonary oedema
SECTION 24 Gastrointestinal disease
Chapter 24.1 Introduction
Chapter 24.2 Gut microbiome, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis
Chapter 24.3 Gut microbiota and coronary artery disease
Chapter 24.4 The gut and cardiovascular diseases
Chapter 24.5 Intestinal absorption and drug levels
Chapter 24.6 Chronic heart failure and liver function
Chapter 24.7 Proteinlosing enteropathy associated with heart disease
SECTION 25 Rheumatoid arthritis and the heart
Chapter 25.1 Introduction
Chapter 25.2 Mechanisms of inflammation
Chapter 25.3 Inflammatory diseases: inflammation and cardiovascular disease
Chapter 25.4 Rheumatoid arthritis: basic mechanisms in joints
Chapter 25.5 Antiinflammatory therapies for cardiovascular disease
Chapter 25.6 Treatment aims in rheumatoid arthritis
Chapter 25.7 Inflammatory bowel disease: basic mechanisms
Chapter 25.8 Inflammatory bowel disease and the heart
Chapter 25.9 Psoriasis
SECTION 26 Rheumatic heart disease
Chapter 26.1 Introduction
Chapter 26.2 Epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
Chapter 26.3 Pathogenesis: from acute rheumatic fever to rheumatic heart disease
Chapter 26.4 Clinical features and diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever
Chapter 26.5 Echocardiography in acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
Chapter 26.6 Prevention and definitive therapy of acute rheumatic fever
Chapter 26.7 Chronic rheumatic disease
Chapter 26.8 Clinical scenarios in chronic rheumatic heart disease
Chapter 26.9 Therapeutic options in chronic rheumatic heart disease
SECTION 27 Cardiooncology
Chapter 27.1 Introduction
Chapter 27.2 Radiationinduced heart disease: surveillance and management
Chapter 27.3 Surveillance for cardiotoxicity in patients receiving potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy
Chapter 27.4 Anthracyclinerelated cardiotoxicity: epidemiology, surveillance, prophylaxis, management, and prognosis
Chapter 27.5 Trastuzumabrelated cardiotoxicity: epidemiology, surveillance, management, prophylaxis, and prognosis
Chapter 27.6 Cardiovascular complications of novel kinase inhibitors
Chapter 27.7 Cardiovascular complications of novel multiple myeloma treatments
Chapter 27.8 Cardiovascular risk in men with prostate cancer
Chapter 27.9 Cardiac arrhythmias and cancer therapies
SECTION 28 HIV
Chapter 28.1 Introduction
Chapter 28.2 Epidemiology of HIVassociated cardiovascular complications
Chapter 28.3 HIVassociated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis
Chapter 28.4 Pericarditis and myopericarditis in HIV
Chapter 28.5 Vascular disease: coronary, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease
Chapter 28.6 Pulmonary hypertension: definitions, classification, diagnosis, and management
Chapter 28.7 Antiretroviral treatment
SECTION 29 Acute coronary syndromes
Chapter 29.1 Introduction
Chapter 29.2 The plaque
Chapter 29.3 Epidemiology of acute coronary syndromes
Chapter 29.4 General risk factors of acute coronary syndromes
Chapter 29.5 Pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes
Chapter 29.6 Thrombotic response
Chapter 29.7 Development of myocardial infarction
Chapter 29.8 Diagnosis and risk stratification of acute coronary syndromes
Chapter 29.9 Treatment of nonST elevation acute coronary syndromes
Chapter 29.10 Treatment of ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes
SECTION 30 Takotsubo syndrome
Chapter 30.1 Introduction
Chapter 30.2 Incidence and definition of takotsubo syndrome
Chapter 30.3 Mechanisms of takotsubo syndrome
Chapter 30.4 Signal transduction pathways initiated by catecholamines in takotsubo syndrome: focus on nitrosative stress and ene
Chapter 30.5 Triggers of takotsubo syndrome
Chapter 30.6 Clinical presentation of takotsubo syndrome
Chapter 30.7 Diagnostic testing in takotsubo syndrome
Chapter 30.8 ECG features and arrhythmias in takotsubo syndrome
Chapter 30.9 Comorbidities in takotsubo syndrome
Chapter 30.10 Management of takotsubo syndrome
Chapter 30.11 Takotsubo syndrome complications, outcome, and prognosis
SECTION 31 Chronic ischaemic heart disease
Chapter 31.1 Introduction
Chapter 31.2 Pathology of stable coronary artery disease
Chapter 31.3 Pathophysiology of the coronary circulation
Chapter 31.4 Myocardial ischaemia: definition and causes
Chapter 31.5 Importance of the coronary collateral circulation
Chapter 31.6 Coronary artery disease: from atherosclerosis to obstructive disease, inducible ischaemia, and the ischaemic cascad
Chapter 31.7 Clinical symptoms of stable ischaemic heart disease
Chapter 31.8 Noninvasive functional evaluation
Chapter 31.9 Invasive and noninvasive (computed tomography) angiography
Chapter 31.10 Invasive functional evaluation
Chapter 31.11 Intracoronary imaging
Chapter 31.12 Risk stratification and risk scores
Chapter 31.13 Medical management: lifestyle and behavioural changes
Chapter 31.14 Medical management: pharmacological therapy
Chapter 31.15 Myocardial revascularization: symptomatic and prognostic indications
Chapter 31.16 Costeffectiveness
Chapter 31.17 Patient reported outcome measures in cardiovascular disease
Chapter 31.18 Ischaemic heart disease and diabetes
Chapter 31.19 Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting
Chapter 31.20 Refractory angina
Chapter 31.21 Chronic ischaemic cardiomyopathy
Chapter 31.22 Microvascular angina
Chapter 31.23 Vasospastic angina
SECTION 32 Myocardial disease
Chapter 32.1 Introduction
Chapter 32.2 Classification of cardiomyopathies
Chapter 32.3 General approach to diagnosis of cardiomyopathies
Chapter 32.4 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: genetics
Chapter 32.5 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: diagnosis and assessment of symptoms
Chapter 32.6 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: medical management of heart failure symptoms and arrhythmias
Chapter 32.7 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: invasive management of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction
Chapter 32.8 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevention of sudden cardiac death
Chapter 32.9 Dilated cardiomyopathy: genetics
Chapter 32.10 Dilated cardiomyopathy: clinical diagnosis and medical management
Chapter 32.11 Dilated cardiomyopathy: management of arrhythmia and prevention of sudden cardiac death
Chapter 32.12 Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Chapter 32.13 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: genetics
Chapter 32.14 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: diagnosis
Chapter 32.15 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: management of symptoms and prevention of sudden cardiac death
Chapter 32.16 Left ventricular noncompaction: genetics and embryology
Chapter 32.17 Left ventricular noncompaction: diagnosis and clinical management
Chapter 32.18 Myocarditis: aetiology and histopathological diagnosis
Chapter 32.19 Myocarditis: clinical presentation
Chapter 32.20 Myocarditis: imaging techniques
Chapter 32.21 Myocarditis: treatment of myocarditis
Chapter 32.22 The heart in neuromuscular disease: primary mitochondrial diseases
Chapter 32.23 The heart in neuromuscular disease: myotonic dystrophy
Chapter 32.24 The heart in neuromuscular disease: Duchenne and limb girdle muscular dystrophies
Chapter 32.25 The heart in inherited metabolic disorders: lysosomal and glycogen storage diseases
Chapter 32.26 Cardiac amyloidosis
Chapter 32.27 Peripartum cardiomyopathy
Chapter 32.28 Childhood cardiomyopathy
Index
The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine- Volume 2
Front Cover
Front Matter
Other Series
Copyright
Section Editors
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Symbols and abbreviations
Key to recommendationtables and levels of evidence
Contributors
PART 3 Heart diseases
SECTION 33 Pericardial disease
Chapter 33.1 Overview of pericardial syndromes
Chapter 33.2 Acute and recurrent pericarditis
Chapter 33.3 Pericardial effusion
Chapter 33.4 Cardiac tamponade
Chapter 33.5 Constrictive pericarditis
Chapter 33.6 Pericardial masses and congenital abnormalities
Chapter 33.7 Pericardial involvement in neoplastic disease
Chapter 33.8 Multimodality imaging of pericardial diseases
Chapter 33.9 Interventional therapies for pericardial diseases
Chapter 33.10 Surgical therapies for pericardial disease
Chapter 33.11 What next?
SECTION 34 Tumours of the heart
Chapter 34.1 Masses and cardiac tumours: classification and diagnosis
Chapter 34.2 Benign cardiac tumours
Chapter 34.3 Malignant tumours, pericardial tumours, and therapy
SECTION 35 Valvular heart disease
Chapter 35.1 Introduction and general comments
Chapter 35.2 Aortic regurgitation
Chapter 35.3 Aortic stenosis
Chapter 35.4 Mitral regurgitation
Chapter 35.5 Mitral stenosis
Chapter 35.6 Tricuspid regurgitation
Chapter 35.7 Tricuspid stenosis
Chapter 35.8 Combined and multiple valve diseases
Chapter 35.9 Prosthetic valves
Chapter 35.10 Management during noncardiac surgery
Chapter 35.11 Management during pregnancy
SECTION 36 Infective endocarditis
Chapter 36.1 Epidemiology and physiopathology
Chapter 36.2 Diagnosis
Chapter 36.3 Prognosis and complications
Chapter 36.4 Prosthetic valve endocarditis
Chapter 36.5 Cardiac devicerelated endocarditis
Chapter 36.6 Rightsided infective endocarditis
Chapter 36.7 Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
Chapter 36.8 Congenital heart disease
Chapter 36.9 Indications for surgery: guidelines
Chapter 36.10 Surgical techniques
Chapter 36.11 Antibiotic prophylaxis and prevention of infective endocarditis
Chapter 36.12 Conclusion and future directions
SECTION 37 Heart failure
Chapter 37.1 Epidemiology of heart failure
Chapter 37.2 Definition, epidemiology, and burden of disease: HFrEF
Chapter 37.3 Definition, epidemiology, and burden of disease: HFpEF
Chapter 37.4 Definitions: quality of life, health, and healthrelated quality of life
Chapter 37.5 Chronic heart failure diagnosis: symptoms, signs, and the ECG
Chapter 37.6 Chronic heart failure diagnosis: HFpEF
Chapter 37.7 Chronic heart failure diagnosis: echocardiography
Chapter 37.8 Chronic heart failure diagnosis: cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging
Chapter 37.9 Chronic heart failure diagnosis: biomarkers
Chapter 37.10 Chronic heart failure diagnosis: genetics
Chapter 37.11 Estimating prognosis: prognostic scores
Chapter 37.12 Estimating prognosis: biomarkers
Chapter 37.13 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): atrial fibrillation
Chapter 37.14 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): diabetes mellitus
Chapter 37.15 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): hypertension
Chapter 37.16 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): renal dysfunction
Chapter 37.17 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): anaemia/ iron deficiency
Chapter 37.18 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): obesity, cachexia, sarcopenia, and the impact of nutrition
Chapter 37.19 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): lung disease
Chapter 37.20 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): sleepdisordered breathing
Chapter 37.21 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): cancer
Chapter 37.22 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): valvular heart disease
Chapter 37.23 HFrEF pharmacological treatment: diuretics
Chapter 37.24 HFrEF pharmacological treatment: ACE Is and/ or AR Bs
Chapter 37.25 HFrEF pharmacological treatment: angiotensin receptor– neprilysin inhibitors
Chapter 37.26 HFrEF pharmacological treatment: beta blockers
Chapter 37.27 HFrEF pharmacological treatment: ivabradine
Chapter 37.28 HFrEF pharmacological treatment: digitalis glycosides
Chapter 37.29 HFrEF pharmacological treatment: hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate
Chapter 37.30 HFrEF other treatment: indications and results of implantable cardioverter defibrillator and cardiac resynchroniza
Chapter 37.31 HFrEF other treatment: revascularization
Chapter 37.32 HFrEF other treatment: ventricular assist devices
Chapter 37.33 HFrEF other treatment: transplantation
Chapter 37.34 HFrEF other treatment: nurseled heart failure management programmes
Chapter 37.35 HFpEF treatment: pharmacological therapy
Chapter 37.36 Patient monitoring in heart failure
Chapter 37.37 Exercise rehabilitation in heart failure
Chapter 37.38 Palliative care in heart failure
Chapter 37.39 Acute heart failure: diagnosis
Chapter 37.40 Acute heart failure: immediate management/ stabilization
Chapter 37.41 Acute heart failure: treatment
SECTION 38 Bradycardia
Chapter 38.1 Introduction
Chapter 38.2 Aetiology and epidemiology of bradyarrhythmias
Chapter 38.3 Classification of bradyarrhythmias
Chapter 38.4 Methods and tools for the diagnosis of intermittent and persistent bradycardia
Chapter 38.5 Anatomy and physiology of the sinus node
Chapter 38.6 The sinus node: normal and abnormal chronotropic response and drug effects
Chapter 38.7 Sinus node disease: pathophysiology and natural history
Chapter 38.8 Sinus node disease: ECG patterns and diagnosis
Chapter 38.9 Sinus node disease: the role of electrophysiological testing
Chapter 38.10 Atrial tachyarrhythmias in bradycardia– tachycardia syndrome: characterization and evolution
Chapter 38.11 Anatomy and physiology of the atrioventricular node
Chapter 38.12 Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: ECG patterns and diagnosis
Chapter 38.13 Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: role of electrophysiology testing
Chapter 38.14 Congenital atrioventricular block: clinical presentation, clinical evaluation, and management
Chapter 38.15 Carotid sinus syndrome: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management
Chapter 38.16 Bradycardia in athletes: clinical evaluation and management
Chapter 38.17 Cardiac pacing: basic concepts
Chapter 38.18 Temporary pacing
Chapter 38.19 Permanent cardiac pacing in bradyarrhythmias: device coding
Chapter 38.20 Pacing for bradycardia: device features and algorithms and clinical impact
Chapter 38.21 Electrocardiographic patterns of cardiac pacemakers: normal and abnormal findings
Chapter 38.22 Followup of pacemaker patients with bradyarrhythmias: scope of followup and organizational issues
Chapter 38.23 Pacemakers in children and adolescents
Chapter 38.24 Lead management
Chapter 38.25 Electromagnetic interference in pacemaker patients
Chapter 38.26 Pacemaker syndrome
SECTION 39 Syncope
Chapter 39.1 Definition, epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology
Chapter 39.2 Diagnostic evaluation
Chapter 39.3 Reflex syncope
Chapter 39.4 Cardiac syncope
Chapter 39.5 Orthostatic intolerance: orthostatic hypotension and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Chapter 39.6 Unexplained syncope in patients with high risk of sudden cardiac death
Chapter 39.7 Recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (versi
SECTION 40 Supraventricular
tachycardias
Chapter 40.1 Introduction
Chapter 40.2 Epidemiology of supraventricular tachycardias
Chapter 40.3 Atrial premature beats
Chapter 40.4 Definitions, clinical presentation, symptoms, quality of life, and patient preferences
Chapter 40.5 Differential diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardias
Chapter 40.6 Acute management of supraventricular tachycardias with and without established diagnosis (termination and/ or rate
Chapter 40.7 Management of rapid heartbeats/ tachycardias with rhythm or rate control in the absence of ECGverified diagnosis
Chapter 40.8 Management of specific supraventricular tachycardias
Chapter 40.9 Sinus noderelated tachycardias: physiological sinus tachycardia, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, sinus node reentr
Chapter 40.10 Atrial tachycardias: focal and multifocal atrial tachycardias
Chapter 40.11 Atrial tachycardias: macroreentrant atrial tachycardias, CTIdependent atrial flutter (clockwise, anticlockwise), a
Chapter 40.12 Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia
Chapter 40.13 Accessory pathwaysrelated tachycardias: Wolff– Parkinson– White syndrome and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardi
Chapter 40.14 Concealed accessory pathways and related tachycardias
Chapter 40.15 Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia
Chapter 40.16 Preexcitation related to Mahaim physiology
Chapter 40.17 Asymptomatic preexcitation
Chapter 40.18 Nonreentrant junctional tachycardias
Chapter 40.19 Health economy
SECTION 41 Atrial fibrillation
Chapter 41.1 Introduction
Chapter 41.2 Epidemiology
Chapter 41.3 Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: electrophysiological basis
Chapter 41.4 Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: genetics
Chapter 41.5 Mechanisms of atrial remodelling
Chapter 41.6 Types of atrial fibrillation
Chapter 41.7 Silent atrial fibrillation
Chapter 41.8 Atrial fibrillation progression and prevention
Chapter 41.9 Clinical investigation of patients presenting with atrial fibrillation
Chapter 41.10 Management of acute presentation with atrial fibrillation rate control
Chapter 41.11 Restoration of sinus rhythm: direct current cardioversion
Chapter 41.12 Pharmacological cardioversion for atrial fibrillation
Chapter 41.13 Rate control: medical therapy
Chapter 41.14 Rate control: ablation and device therapy (ablate and pace)
Chapter 41.15 Rhythm control: antiarrhythmic drugs
Chapter 41.16 Development of atrial fibrillation catheter ablation and ablation strategies
Chapter 41.17 Rhythm control: surgical ablation
Chapter 41.18 Rate versus rhythm control therapy for atrial fibrillation
Chapter 41.19 Followup of patients with atrial fibrillation
Chapter 41.20 Stroke risk factors and risk stratification in atrial fibrillation
Chapter 41.21 Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation
Chapter 41.22 Bleeding risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation
Chapter 41.23 Thromboprophylaxis in atrial fibrillation: device therapy and surgical techniques
Chapter 41.24 Classification and mechanisms of atrial flutter
Chapter 41.25 Atrial flutter: clinical presentation
Chapter 41.26 Atrial flutter: management
Chapter 41.27 Atrial fibrillation and heart failure
Chapter 41.28 Atrial fibrillation and athletes
Chapter 41.29 Atrial fibrillation in the elderly
Chapter 41.30 Atrial fibrillation after cardiopulmonary surgery
Chapter 41.31 Atrial fibrillation and hypertension
Chapter 41.32 Atrial fibrillation and hyperthyroidism
Chapter 41.33 Atrial fibrillation and obesity
Chapter 41.34 Atrial fibrillation and sleep apnoea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chapter 41.35 Atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease
Chapter 41.36 Atrial fibrillation in pregnancy
Chapter 41.37 Atrial fibrillation associated with adult congenital heart disease
Chapter 41.38 Integrated care management in atrial fibrillation
Chapter 41.39 Patient education
SECTION 42 Ventricular tachycardia
Chapter 42.1 Classification of ventricular tachycardias
Chapter 42.2 Evaluation and acute management of wide QRS complex tachycardia
Chapter 42.3 Classification and treatment of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia
Chapter 42.4 Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with structural heart disease: classification, assessment,
Chapter 42.5 Bundle branch reentry tachycardia
Chapter 42.6 Electrical storm
Chapter 42.7 Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia: the role of catheter ablation
Chapter 42.8 Sustained and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and no associated heart disease (idiopathic ventricular tachycar
Chapter 42.9 Polymorphic ventricular tachycardias including torsade de pointes
SECTION 43 Sudden cardiac death
Chapter 43.1 Epidemiology and underlying substrates
Chapter 43.2 Arrhythmic mechanisms of sudden cardiac death: bradycardia and tachycardia
Chapter 43.3 Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in the general population
Chapter 43.4 Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in ischaemic cardiomyopathy
Chapter 43.5 Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in dilated cardiomyopathy
Chapter 43.6 Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Chapter 43.7 Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Chapter 43.8 Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in primary electrical disorders
Chapter 43.9 New techniques for risk assessment in sudden cardiac death
Chapter 43.10 Prevention of sudden cardiac death in the general population
Chapter 43.11 Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in ischaemic cardiomyopathy
Chapter 43.12 Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in ischaemic cardiomyopathy
Chapter 43.13 Primary prevention of sudden death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
Chapter 43.14 Secondary prevention of sudden death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
Chapter 43.15 Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Chapter 43.16 Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Chapter 43.17 Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Chapter 43.18 Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Chapter 43.19 Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death after catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia
Chapter 43.20 Prevention of sudden cardiac death in primary electrical disorders
Chapter 43.21 The implantable cardioverter defibrillator, conclusions on sudden cardiac death, and future perspective
SECTION 44 Systemic hypertension
Chapter 44.1 Epidemiology and pathophysiology of hypertension
Chapter 44.2 Blood pressure measurement in hypertension: definition and classification of blood pressure levels
Chapter 44.3 Target organ damage, cardiovascular disease risk, and clinical evaluation of the hypertensive patient
Chapter 44.4 Secondary causes of hypertension
Chapter 44.5 Blood pressure thresholds for treatment and blood pressure treatment targets in hypertension
Chapter 44.6 Sodium and potassium intake, blood pressure, and cardiovascular prevention
Chapter 44.7 Drug treatment of hypertension
Chapter 44.8 Devicebased treatment for hypertension
Chapter 44.9 Hypertension in specific conditions/ comorbidities
Chapter 44.10 Hypertension in special situations
PART 4 Vascular disease
SECTION 45 Pulmonary hypertension
Chapter 45.1 Introduction
Chapter 45.2 Pulmonary hypertension: definition
Chapter 45.3 Pulmonary hypertension: epidemiology
Chapter 45.4 Pathophysiological mechanisms in pulmonary hypertension
Chapter 45.5 Pulmonary hypertension genes as major diagnostic tools
Chapter 45.6 Mechanisms of right ventricular failure
Chapter 45.7 Clinical presentation of pulmonary hypertension
Chapter 45.8 Lifethreatening complications of pulmonary hypertension
Chapter 45.9 Pulmonary hypertension: clinical classification
Chapter 45.10 Echocardiographic findings in pulmonary hypertension
Chapter 45.11 Screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension
Chapter 45.12 Diagnosis and clinical investigation of patients presenting with pulmonary hypertension
Chapter 45.13 Management of pulmonary hypertension: basic treatment
Chapter 45.14 Management of pulmonary hypertension: targeted therapies
Chapter 45.15 Management of pulmonary hypertension: treatment algorithm
Chapter 45.16 Lung transplantation in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Chapter 45.17 Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Chapter 45.18 Heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension
Chapter 45.19 Pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by drugs and toxins
Chapter 45.20 Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease
Chapter 45.21 Portopulmonary hypertension
Chapter 45.22 Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart diseases
Chapter 45.23 Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with HIV infection
Chapter 45.24 Pulmonary venoocclusive disease and pulmonary capillary haemangiomatosis
Chapter 45.25 Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases
Chapter 45.26 Pulmonary hypertension due to chronic lung diseases
Chapter 45.27 Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
Chapter 45.28 ‘Group 5’ pulmonary hypertension due to multiple and/ or unclear mechanisms
Chapter 45.29 Referral centres and patient education
Chapter 45.30 Genetic counselling in precapillary pulmonary hypertension
Chapter 45.31 Risk assessment and treatment goals in patients presenting with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Chapter 45.32 Conclusion
SECTION 46 Diseases of the aorta
Chapter 46.1 Introduction
Chapter 46.2 The normal aorta
Chapter 46.3 Aortic aneurysm: thoracic aortic aneurysm— diagnostic approach
Chapter 46.4 Aortic aneurysm: thoracic aortic aneurysm— therapeutic options
Chapter 46.5 Aortic aneurysm: aortic arch aneurysm
Chapter 46.6 Aortic aneurysm: abdominal aortic aneurysm— diagnostic approach
Chapter 46.7 Aortic aneurysm: abdominal aortic aneurysm— therapeutic options
Chapter 46.8 Aortic sclerosis: clinical signs and diagnosis
Chapter 46.9 Aortic sclerosis: therapy
Chapter 46.10 Acute aortic syndrome: diagnostic strategy and clinical features
Chapter 46.11 Acute aortic syndrome: emerging role of biomarkers
Chapter 46.12 Acute aortic syndrome: aortic dissection— ascending aortic dissection
Chapter 46.13 Acute aortic syndrome: aortic dissection— descending aortic dissection
Chapter 46.14 Acute aortic syndrome: intramural haematoma
Chapter 46.15 Penetrating aortic ulcer
Chapter 46.16 Acute aortic syndrome: traumatic aortic injury
Chapter 46.17 Acute aortic syndrome: iatrogenic aortic trauma
Chapter 46.18 Genetic diseases of the aorta: chromosomal and inherited diseases
Chapter 46.19 Genetic diseases of the aorta: aortic diseases related to Marfan syndrome and other genetic abnormalities
Chapter 46.20 Genetic diseases of the aorta: aortic diseases associated with bicuspid aortic valves
Chapter 46.21 Aortitis: infectious and noninfectious diseases
Chapter 46.22 Aortic tumour
Chapter 46.23 Longterm followup in patients with aortic diseases
Chapter 46.24 Aortic centres
SECTION 47 Trauma to the cardiovascular system
Chapter 47.1 Trauma to the cardiovascular system
SECTION 48 Noncardiac surgery
Chapter 48.1 Introduction and epidemiology
Chapter 48.2 Preoperative evaluation: surgical risk for cardiac events and functional capacity risk indices
Chapter 48.3 Preoperative evaluation: biomarkers
Chapter 48.4 Preoperative evaluation: noninvasive testing
Chapter 48.5 Preoperative evaluation: angiography
Chapter 48.6 Risk reduction strategies: perioperative management of cardiovascular medication
Chapter 48.7 Risk reduction strategies: perioperative management in patients on antithrombotic therapy
Chapter 48.8 Risk reduction strategies: coronary revascularization before noncardiac surgery
Chapter 48.9 Specific diseases: chronic heart failure/ hypertension
Chapter 48.10 Specific diseases: valvular heart disease
Chapter 48.11 Specific diseases: arrhythmias
Chapter 48.12 Specific diseases: renal disease
Chapter 48.13 Specific diseases: stroke
Chapter 48.14 Specific diseases: pulmonary diseases
Chapter 48.15 Perioperative monitoring: transoesophageal echocardiography
Chapter 48.16 Perioperative monitoring: right heart catheterization
Chapter 48.17 Perioperative monitoring: glycaemic control
Chapter 48.18 Perioperative monitoring: anaesthesiology
Chapter 48.19 Conclusions and recommendations
SECTION 49 Peripheral arterial diseases
Chapter 49.1 Introduction
Chapter 49.2 Epidemiology and risk factors
Chapter 49.3 General aspects
Chapter 49.4 Antithrombotic drugs in peripheral arterial diseases
Chapter 49.5 Extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease
Chapter 49.6 Upper extremity artery disease
Chapter 49.7 Mesenteric artery disease
Chapter 49.8 Renal artery disease
Chapter 49.9 Lower extremity artery disease
Chapter 49.10 Multisite artery disease
Chapter 49.11 Cardiac conditions in peripheral arterial diseases
Chapter 49.12 Gaps in evidence
SECTION 50 Venous thromboembolism
Chapter 50.1 Introduction
Chapter 50.2 Epidemiology and socioeconomic consequences of venous thromboembolism
Chapter 50.3 Predisposing factors for first and recurrent venous thrombosis
Chapter 50.4 Pathophysiology of acute pulmonary embolism
Chapter 50.5 Diagnosis: clinical prediction rules and laboratory tests
Chapter 50.6 Diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism and evolving imaging modalities
Chapter 50.7 Prognostic assessment
Chapter 50.8 Treatment: haemodynamic and respiratory support
Chapter 50.9 Treatment: anticoagulation
Chapter 50.10 Treatment: thrombolysis
Chapter 50.11 Treatment: catheterbased intervention and inferior vena cava filters
Chapter 50.12 Management of pulmonary embolism in pregnancy
Chapter 50.13 Management of pulmonary embolism in patients with cancer
Chapter 50.14 Risk of recurrence and optimal duration of anticoagulation
Chapter 50.15 Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
SECTION 51 Venous disease
Chapter 51.1 Epidemiology and classification of venous disease
Chapter 51.2 Imaging for venous thrombosis
Chapter 51.3 Venous recanalization
Chapter 51.4 Varicose veins
Chapter 51.5 Chronic venous insufficiency and postthrombotic syndrome
PART 5 Specific populations - gender and race
SECTION 52 Cardiovascular
disease in women
Chapter 52.1 Background
Chapter 52.2 Sex and gender differences overview
Chapter 52.3 Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors
Chapter 52.4 Nontraditional cardiovascular disease risk factors unique to or predominant in women
Chapter 52.5 Cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines
Chapter 52.6 Ischaemic heart disease in women
Chapter 52.7 Heart failure in women
Chapter 52.8 Valvular heart disease
Chapter 52.9 Cardiac rehabilitation
Chapter 52.10 Peripheral arterial disease in women
Chapter 52.11 Future directions
SECTION 53 Pregnancy and
heart disease
Chapter 53.1a General considerations
Chapter 53.1b Pregnancy risk assessment
Chapter 53.2 Gynaecological, obstetric, and neonatological aspects
Chapter 53.3a Congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension
Chapter 53.3b Aortic diseases
Chapter 53.4 Valvular heart disease
Chapter 53.5 Ischaemic heart disease in pregnancy
Chapter 53.6 Arrhythmias in pregnancy
Chapter 53.7 Cardiomyopathies and heart failure
Chapter 53.8 Hypertensive disorders
Chapter 53.9 Venous thromboembolism in the peripartum period
Chapter 53.10 Drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding
SECTION 54 Ethnicity
Chapter 54.1 Global perspectives of hypertension and cardiovascular disease
Chapter 54.2 Ethnicity and cardiovascular risk factors
Chapter 54.3 Ethnicity and coronary artery disease
Chapter 54.4 Ethnicity and hypertension
Chapter 54.5 Ethnicity and cardiac arrhythmias
Chapter 54.6 Ethnicity and heart failure
Chapter 54.7 Ethnicity and inherited cardiac disease
Chapter 54.8 Ethnic differences in responses to cardiovascular drugs
PART 6 Other aspects
SECTION 55 Sports and
heart disease
Chapter 55.1 Cardiovascular adaptation to exercise and sport: (according to type of sport, gender, and ethnicity)
Chapter 55.2 Clinical assessment of the athlete’s heart: normal and abnormal ECGs in athletes
Chapter 55.3 Imaging testing for differential diagnosis of the athlete’s heart from structural cardiac diseases
Chapter 55.4 Sudden cardiac death in athletes: implications for preparticipation evaluation and safety in sport arenas
Prevention of sudden death in athletes
Chapter 55.5 Exercise and sport in the management of cardiovascular diseases (ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, and hypert
SECTION 56 Elderly
Chapter 56.1 Multimorbidity and polypharmacy in the elderly with cardiovascular diseases
Chapter 56.2 Palliative and endoflife care in elderly subjects with cardiovascular disease
Chapter 56.3 Dementia and cardiovascular diseases
Chapter 56.4 Frailty, sarcopenia, and falls in cardiovascular disease
Chapter 56.5 Socioeconomic issues and cardiovascular disease (with emphasis on the caregivers)
Chapter 56.6 Comprehensive geriatric assessment in cardiovascular disease
Chapter 56.7 Degenerative cardiovascular disease in the elderly
Chapter 56.8 Lessons from European Society of Cardiology Guidelines
Chapter 56.9 Arterial stiffness: from isolated systolic hypertension to syncope
Chapter 56.10 Special situations in the elderly: sport, physical activity, and travel
Chapter 56.11 Interventions in the elderly: special considerations
SECTION 57 Precision medicine
Chapter 57.1 Personalized medicine: an introduction
Chapter 57.2 Personalized management of coronary artery disease
Chapter 57.3 Disease mechanisms guiding therapy
Chapter 57.4 Personalized management of atrial fibrillation
Chapter 57.5 Individualized valve therapy
Chapter 57.6 Genetically modified animals as tools to personalize the study of arrhythmia mechanisms and treatment
Chapter 57.7 Opportunities for personalized approaches in heart failure
Chapter 57.8 Personalized therapies for cardiac channelopathies
SECTION 58 Decisionmaking and Heart Team
Chapter 58.1 The Heart Team: introduction
Chapter 58.2 Heart Teams in coronary artery disease
Chapter 58.3 Decisionmaking and Heart Teams in valvular heart disease: the transcatheter aortic valve implantation team model
Chapter 58.4 Heart Teams in atrial fibrillation
Chapter 58.5 Heart Teams in grownup congenital heart disease
Chapter 58.6 The Heart Team: conclusions and future perspectives
SECTION 59 Psychological factors
and heart disease
Chapter 59.1 Introduction
Chapter 59.2 Psychological factors and incident heart disease
Chapter 59.3 Psychological impact of heart disease
Chapter 59.4 Impact of psychological factors on outcomes
Chapter 59.5 Mechanisms: psychological factors and outcomes
Chapter 59.6 The wider psychosocial context
Chapter 59.7 Interventions: what works for whom?
Chapter 59.8 Clinical implications and future perspectives
Chapter 59.9 Conclusions
Chapter 59.10 Likely developments over the next 5– 10 years
Chapter 59.11 Personal perspective
SECTION 60 Interpretation of clinical trials
Chapter 60.1 Trial design from a clinical perspective
Chapter 60.2 Clinical trial design: statistical issues
Chapter 60.3 Reporting cardiovascular clinical trials
Chapter 60.4 Principles and methods of intervention research
Chapter 60.5 Interpretation
Chapter 60.6 Metaanalysis
SECTION 61 Environment
Chapter 61.2 Introduction
Chapter 61.1 Summary
Chapter 61.3 Pathophysiology of noiseinduced cardiovascular diseases
Chapter 61.4 Pathophysiology of air pollutionmediated cardiovascular events
Chapter 61.5 Epidemiology of traffic noise and cardiometabolic disease
Chapter 61.6 Epidemiology of air pollution and cardiometabolic diseases
Chapter 61.7 Strategies to mitigate cardiovascular effects of noise and air pollution
Chapter 61.8 Future perspectives
Chapter 61.10 Development and challenges over the next decade
Chapter 61.9 Conclusions
SECTION 62 Occupational and regulatory aspects
Chapter 62.1 Occupational risk factors for heart disease
Chapter 62.2 Regulations concerning individual risk and public safety
SECTION 63 Economics and costeffectiveness
Chapter 63.1 Introduction to health economics and costeffectiveness of cardiovascular prevention
Chapter 63.2 Health and economic impact of nonadherence to preventative cardiovascular medicines
Chapter 63.3 Economics of new therapies in electrophysiology
Chapter 63.4 Medical economics and interventional cardiology
Chapter 63.5 Economics of new therapies for heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and hypercholesterolaemia
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Cardiovascular disease risk estimation
Appendix 2 Patient reported outcome measures
Index