Participatory approaches that involve local communities in their own development have gained substantial support among international donors over the past quarter-century and have become increasingly important in the work of the World Bank. Community participation is an approach to development that can be used with any Bank lending instrument and across sectors. Projects can involve communities in different ways—by sharing information, consulting, collaborating, or empowering them. The process of involving communities in project activities is also expected to contribute in most cases to community capacity enhancement.
Author(s): Nalini Kumar
Year: 2005
Language: English
Pages: 176
Contents......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 9
Foreword......Page 11
Executive Summary......Page 13
Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 19
1 Origin, Scope, Design, and Methodology of Evaluation......Page 21
1.1: The Universe of CBD/CDD Projects......Page 22
Some Limitations of the Study Design......Page 24
Ways That CBD/CDD Projects Differ from Those in the Non-CBD/CDD Portfolio......Page 27
Relevance......Page 31
3.1: Change in Social Capital and Empowerment as a Means of Assessing the Community Capacity–Enhancing Impact of Bank CBD/CDD Interventions......Page 35
Targeting the Poor Is Not Enough to Reach the Poor......Page 42
Efficiency......Page 45
Institutional Enhancement......Page 49
4.2: Sustainability Has Been Consistently Lower for CBD/CDD Projects but Is Improving......Page 56
The Bank Has Attempted to Adapt Its Policies to Design and Implement CBD/CDD Projects......Page 61
Bank Capacity to Ensure Effective Implementation of CBD/CDD Interventions......Page 65
6 Conclusions......Page 69
7 Recommendations......Page 71
Annexes......Page 73
Annex A: Definition of “Community”......Page 75
Annex B: Results Chain for World Bank CDD Projects......Page 77
Annex C: World Bank Guidance on Key Design Principles for CDD......Page 79
Annex D: Study Framework, Methods, and Instruments......Page 83
Annex E: The Universe of CBD/CDD Projects and Its Distribution......Page 87
Annex F: Sample of CBD/CDD and CDD Projects......Page 91
Annex G: OED Ratings of Completed Projects......Page 97
Annex H: Focus on CBD/CDD and Related Aspects in Bank and Borrower Strategy......Page 101
Annex I: Central Government and Local Government Surveys......Page 105
Annex J: Efficiency......Page 109
Annex K: Nkayi District Formal and Informal Systems......Page 115
Annex L: Results of Bank Staff Survey......Page 117
Annex M: Methodology for Community-Level Data Collection and Analysis......Page 123
Annex N: Enhancing Community Capacities......Page 139
Annex O: Poverty Targeting......Page 161
Annex P: Evidence from Fieldwork on Sustainability......Page 163
Annex Q: Safeguard Thematic Study: A Summary......Page 167
Annex R: Advisory Committee Comments......Page 171
Annex S: Management Response......Page 179
Annex T: Chairman’s Summary: Committee on Development Effectiveness......Page 193
Endnotes......Page 197
References......Page 211
1.1: Primary Data Collection for the Evaluation of CBD/CDD Projects......Page 23
3.2: Highly Satisfactory Aspects of Design and Implementation in Selected CBD/CDD Projects......Page 37
3.3: Local Champions Can Effectively Use Bank CBD/CDD Funds: A Case from Ghana......Page 38
3.4: Example of Sophisticated Poverty Targeting in Two Recent Vietnam CDD Projects......Page 44
4.1: Inconsistent Strategies: The Road Sector Experience in Nepal......Page 52
4.2: Bank CDD Projects Have Added to the Proliferation of Municipal Councils in Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil)......Page 53
4.3: Why Formal Groups Do Not Last Long......Page 60
5.1: The Meaning of the Environmental Categories......Page 63
5.2: The Fiduciary Challenge: The Case of Vietnam......Page 64
5.3: Some Monitoring and Evaluation Features to Emulate: The Case of the Indonesia Kecamatan Development Project......Page 68
2.1b: Africa Has the Largest Share of Projects with CBD/CDD Approaches......Page 28
2.2: Communities Have More Responsibility in CDD Projects......Page 29
3.1: Outcome Ratings of CBD/CDD Projects Have Been Better Than Those of Non-CBD/CDD Projects......Page 32
3.2b: CBD/CDD Projects in Education and Social Protection Do Better Than Projects in Health and Rural Development......Page 33
3.3: CBD/CDD Is Increasingly Important in Country Programs......Page 34
3.4: Community Priorities Are Better Met When There Is Greater Choice......Page 36
3.5: Focus Groups Report Significant Decision Making by Local Leaders......Page 40
3.6: Subproject Cycle Is Too Short for Meaningful Enhancement of Community Capacity......Page 41
3.7: CBD/CDD Projects Cost the Bank More Than Non-CBD/CDD Projects......Page 46
4.1: Low-Income Countries Work with More Partners......Page 54
ES.1: Overview of CBD/CDD Strengths and Weaknesses......Page 14
