This book focuses on the topic of ecotoxicology of aquatic macrophytes and is wide ranging, including the use of macrophytes for remediation of contaminated sites. Many human activities are threats to the equilibrium of natural ecosystems. Pollution from point and non-point sources can be assessed using a variety of techniques, such as biomonitoring, biomarkers and biosensors. In aquatic ecosystems, biomonitoring of pollutants is mostly conducted by analysis of the tissues of invertebrates and fishes, and biomarker studies are also more widely applied to animals rather than in plants. Aquatic macrophytes occupy a key niche in aquatic ecosystems and provide a range of ecosystem services. In addition to their role in primary production, vegetation plays a key role in the cycling and retention of nutrients and generally acts as a sink for pollutants. Therefore, because of their importance to aquatic ecosystems, more attention should be paid to understanding the fate of pollutants and to developing methods to evaluate the health status of macrophytic plants in freshwater, marine and estuarine environments.
Author(s): Mirta L. Menone, Chris Metcalfe
Series: Environmental Contamination Remediation and Management
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 227
City: Cham
Foreword
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
1 The Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Macrophytes: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Importance of Macrophytes in Aquatic Ecosystems
1.3 Ecotoxicology Studies with Aquatic Macrophytes
1.4 Conclusions
References
2 Biomarkers in Aquatic Macrophytes: Traditional and Novel Approaches for Monitoring Responses to Exposure to Pollutants
2.1 Biomarker Definition and Classification
2.2 Physiological Biomarkers
2.3 Biochemical Biomarkers
2.3.1 Oxidative Stress
2.4 Detoxification/biotransformation
2.5 Genotoxicity Biomarkers
2.6 Molecular Biomarkers
2.7 Hypothetical Integrative Models of Biomarker Responses
2.8 Biomarker Responses to Copper
2.9 Biomarker Responses to Atrazine
2.10 Biomarker Responses to Ciprofloxacin
2.11 Biomarker Responses to PFAS
2.12 Conclusions
References
3 Metal(loid)s in Macrophytes from the Americas
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Laboratory Studies
3.2.1 Accumulation of Metal(loid)s in P. pusillus and Impact on Biochemical Parameters
3.2.2 Distribution of Metal(loid)s in P. pusillus Tissues
3.2.3 Accumulation and Translocation of Metal(loid)s in Mangrove Plants
3.3 Field Studies
3.3.1 Potamogeton pusillus as a Bioindicator of Elemental Contamination
3.3.2 Mangrove Plants as Bioindicators of Metal Contamination
3.3.3 Stable Isotopes in Mangrove Plants as Bioindicators of Environmental Pollution
3.4 Conclusions
References
4 Global Perspective for the Use of Aquatic Macrophytes in Regulatory Risk Assessment for Contaminants
4.1 Introduction to Aquatic Macrophytes as Relevant to Risk Assessment
4.1.1 Macrophyte Growth Forms
4.1.2 Macrophyte Plasticity
4.1.3 Role of Macrophytes in Aquatic Ecosystems
4.1.4 Ecosystem Services Provided by Macrophytes
4.2 Current Use of Macrophytes in Ecological Risk Assessments
4.2.1 Overview and Rationale for Ecological Risk Assessments
4.2.2 Macrophyte Use in Ecological Risk Assessments
4.2.3 Phytotoxicity Assessment Using Standardized Test Protocols
4.2.4 Standard Test Species for Phytotoxicity Assessment
4.2.5 Tier 1 (Lower-Tier) Phytotoxicity Tests with Macrophytes
4.2.6 Higher-Tier Phytotoxicity Tests with Macrophytes
4.2.7 Ecotoxicological Endpoints for Macrophytes
4.2.8 Sensitivity of Macrophyte Species and Endpoints
4.3 Global Examples of the Use of Macrophytes in Regulatory Risk Assessment
4.3.1 North America
4.3.2 South America
4.3.3 Europe
4.3.4 Africa
4.3.5 Australia
4.3.6 Global Perspective on the Risk Assessment for Macrophytes
4.4 Conclusion and Outlook: Future Ecological Risk Assessments with Macrophytes
References
5 Wild Rice (Zizania spp.) as a Model Macrophyte Toxicity Test Species for Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Wild Rice Life History
5.3 Wild Rice Ecological Relevance
5.4 Wild Rice Socio-Cultural and Economic Importance
5.5 Review of the Current State of Northern Wild Rice Ecotoxicology
5.5.1 Background
5.5.2 Methods
5.5.3 Results
5.5.4 Discussion
5.6 Summary and Conclusions
References
6 Recovery of Freshwater Aquatic Macrophytes After Exposure to Herbicides and the Implications for Ecological Risk Assessment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Concept of Recovery and Ecotoxicology
6.3 Recovery and Macrophytes
6.4 Herbicides, Macrophytes, Recovery, and Ecological Risk Assessment
6.5 Review of the Current State and Quality of Evidence for Macrophyte Recovery Following Exposure to Herbicides
6.5.1 Materials and Methods
6.5.2 Results
6.5.3 Strength of Method Scores
6.5.4 Ecological Relevance of Endpoint Scores
6.6 How to Improve the Assessment of Macrophyte Recovery for Ecological Risk Assessment
6.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
7 Vegetated Ditches for Mitigation of Contaminants in Agricultural Runoff
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Why Ditches?
7.3 Case Studies in Contaminant Mitigation
7.3.1 Pesticides
7.3.2 Nutrients
7.3.3 Complex Mixtures
7.3.4 New Technologies in VADDs
7.3.5 Challenge: VADD Maintenance
7.3.6 Future Directions
References
8 The “Green Liver” Concept: Green Liver Systems as Low-Impact Systems for Bioremediation Using Aquatic Macrophytes
8.1 Necessity of Sustainable Water Remediation
8.2 Biotransformation of Pollutants
8.3 Phytoremediation Using Aquatic Macrophytes
8.4 Green Liver System Development and Optimization
8.5 Large-Scale Green Liver Systems
8.6 Green Liver System Advantages and Limitations
8.7 Conclusion
References
