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The Dortmund Lumbar Load Atlas: A Contribution to Objectifying Lumbar Load and Load-Bearing Capacity for an Ergonomic Work Design of Manual Materials Handling

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This handbook supports the identification of inappropriate work design in manual materials handling and thus the prevention of overloading the body and of the development of health disorders. The approach at hand, The Dortmund Lumbar Load Atlas, is focussed exclusively on biomechanical aspects of loading, overload criteria and signs of overloading in the form of verifiable low-back diseases due its strikingly frequently affectedness.

Manual materials handling is understood to be the holding, lifting or lowering, pulling or pushing as well as carrying of load objects and thus the application of forces mostly with one or both hands on the item handled. Due to the biomechanical similarity, special handling tasks are also addressed, such as shoveling bulk material, transporting goods via wheelbarrow and moving people manually in the care sector.

The book aims to promote interest in biomechanical approaches and provides information to all persons involved in the design, evaluation and redesign of manual materials handling, e.g. ergonomists, occupational physicians, orthopaedists, employers or researchers, lecturers and students. This handbook enables analysis of manual materials handlings regarding potential lumbar overload and contains the following:

  • a comprehensive collection of data on lumbar load in typical manual materials handling activities―a load register on interbranch activities,
  • synopses of previously analysed biomechanically challenging occupational activities―a load register on branch-specific activities,
  • explanations of the methodological approach to predicting moments and forces as well as their components in relation to the lumbar spine via biomechanical modelling and
  • criteria for the evaluation of load data with regard to potential lumbar overloading during single operations, working shifts and the entire occupational life.

The new recommendations on maximum daily exposure for lifelong work for both men and women are bridging the former gap of biomechanically justified action frequency limits and now offer the possibility of a completely biomechanical path for risk assessment of manual materials handling. The book provides hence a serious contribution to the objectification of lumbar load and load-bearing capacity aiming at an ergonomic work design of manual materials handling for short- as well as long-term exposures.


Author(s): Matthias Jäger
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 591
City: Cham

Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Scope and Intended Users
1.2 Statistical Aspects and Research Consequences
1.3 Human Loading and Disorder Causation
1.4 Aims of a Biomechanically Based Disease Justification
1.5 Situational and Cumulative Load Estimation
1.6 Main Features of Following Chapters
1.6.1 Overview
1.6.2 Chapter 2—Basics
1.6.3 Chapter 3—Interbranch Activities
1.6.4 Chapter 4—Branch-Specific Activities
1.6.5 Chapter 5—Overload Criteria
1.7 Limitations and Opportunities
References
2 Biomechanical Basics
2.1 Anatomical Designations
2.1.1 Planes and Axes
2.1.2 Areas and Directions
2.1.3 Limb Movements
2.1.4 Trunk Movements
2.1.5 Spinal Sections
2.2 Biomechanical Modelling for Lumbar-Load Estimation
2.2.1 Lumbar-Load Indicators
2.2.2 A Very Simple Model—The Law of Leverage
2.2.3 Model Extensions—Asymmetry, Mass Inertia, Intra-Abdominal Pressure
2.2.4 The Dortmunder—An Easily Applicable 3-D Dynamic Simulation Tool
2.3 Lumbar Load for Different Discs, Anthropometries and Postures
2.3.1 Development of Compressive and Shear Forces
2.3.2 Influence of Object Weight at Various Trunk and Arm Positions while Holding
2.3.3 Influence of Body Weight and Height while Holding Objects
2.3.4 Distribution Pattern of Disc Forces while Lifting Objects
2.3.5 Influence of Execution Mode while Lifting Objects
References
3 Lumbar-Load Register for Interbranch Activities
3.1 Holding of Objects Held with Hands
3.1.1 Holding with Sagittally Flexed Postures
3.1.2 Holding with Superimposed Positioning Forces at Shelf Loading
3.1.3 Typical Holding Situations in Everyday Working Life
3.2 Lifting of Objects
3.2.1 Sagittal Lifting—Two-Handed and Symmetrical to Mid-Sagittal Plane
3.2.2 Sagittal Lifting—One-Handed in the Shoulder-Sagittal Plane
3.2.3 Two-Handed Lifting with Lateral Components
3.2.4 One-Handed Lifting with Lateral Components
3.2.5 Exemplary Comparisons
3.3 Pulling and Pushing of Objects
3.3.1 Sagittal Two- and One-Handed Pulling with Diverse Trunk Inclinations
3.3.2 Sagittal Two-Handed Pulling and Pushing for Diverse Grasp Heights
3.3.3 Pulling and Pushing for Typical Situations in Everyday Working Life
3.4 Carrying of Objects
3.4.1 Exemplary Laboratory Measurements
3.4.2 Typical Situations in Everyday Working Life
3.5 Postures with Applying Low Forces at Most
3.5.1 Sitting Postures
3.5.2 Standing-Upright Postures
3.5.3 Constrained Postures
3.5.4 Summarising Conclusions Regarding Posture Evaluation
References
4 Lumbar-Load Register for Previous Branch-Specific Examinations
4.1 Bricklaying
4.2 Stacking Sacks in a Ship’s Bottom
4.3 Shoveling of Bulk Materials—Civil Engineering and Construction
4.3.1 Pilot Study—A Tessera of the First Lumbar-Load Register ‘DOLLY 2’
4.3.2 Shoveling Study Initiated by the German Social Accident Insurance
4.4 Transporting Goods via Wheelbarrow
4.5 Roller Skate Spin Acrobatics—Professional Circus Performances
4.5.1 Action Forces
4.5.2 Lumbar-Load Prediction
4.5.3 Specifics—Varied Trunk Inclination
4.5.4 Specifics—Varied Point of Force Application
4.6 Moving Trolleys Aboard Aircraft
4.6.1 Background of the Study
4.6.2 Service at Flight
4.6.3 Perceived Load and Subjective Complaints
4.6.4 Laboratory Conditions and Subject Sample
4.6.5 Action Forces
4.6.6 Postures and Movements
4.6.7 Lumbar-Load Prediction
4.6.8 Lumbar-Load Evaluation
4.6.9 Hints for Back-Friendly Trolley Handling
4.7 Manual Patient Handling—Health and Elderly Care
4.7.1 Background of the Study
4.7.2 Laboratory Conditions and Subjects
4.7.3 Lumbar-Load Prediction
4.7.4 Hints for Back-Friendly Manual Patient Handling
4.8 Shift Monitoring—Cumulative Dose Approach
4.8.1 Occupational Fields
4.8.2 Video Documentation and Evaluation
4.8.3 Exemplary Frequency Distributions
4.8.4 Lumbar-Load Monitoring—Time Courses
4.8.5 Lumbar-Load Monitoring—Cumulative Dose
References
5 Biomechanical Evaluation—Criteria of Overload
5.1 Evaluation Criteria for Short-Term Exposures
5.1.1 Moment at the Lumbosacral Disc
5.1.2 Tolerance of the Lumbar Spine to Compression
5.1.3 Tolerance of the Lumbar Spine to Shear
5.2 Evaluation Criteria for Long-Term Exposures
5.2.1 Legislative Impetus
5.2.2 Drafting a Cumulative Dose Model Related to the Load on the Lumbar Spine
5.2.3 Examination of the Assessment Criteria
5.2.4 Derivation of Best Estimates as Assessment Criteria
5.3 Individual Values for Lumbar Ultimate Compressive Strength
References